Multicriteria Optimization of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Fuel, Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil and Waste Transformer Oil Ternary Blends Using Response Surface Methodology

Muhammet Kaan Yeşilyurt; Mustafa Köksal İnce

doi:10.30939/ijastech..1888700

Multicriteria Optimization of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Fuel, Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil and Waste Transformer Oil Ternary Blends Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

This study aims to experimentally investigate the effects of fuel mixtures containing waste transformer oil (WTRO) and waste tire pyrolysis oil (WTPO) on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a single-cylinder diesel engine and to determine the most suitable operating conditions using response surface methodology (RSM)-based multicriteria optimization. Experiments were conducted at different engine speeds between 1200 and 2400 rpm. In addition to pure diesel (D100) as fuel, binary and ternary mixtures such as WTRO30, WTRO10WTPO20, WTRO20WTPO10, and WTPO30 were used. Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions were measured as the main response parameters. Second-order RSM models were created by considering engine speed and fuel mixture ratios as independent factors. The best operating point was selected using a multi-criteria desirability score function to optimize multiple performance and emission targets simultaneously. According to the main findings, the optimum operating conditions were determined to be an engine speed of approximately 1900 rpm and a fuel mixture with a WTRO ratio of 17.50% and a WTPO ratio of 12.50%. The values predicted by the model at this optimum point were: 22.00% for BTE, 396.79 g/kWh for BSFC, 7287 ppm for CO emission, and 471 ppm for total NOx emission. The results showed that the optimization algorithm minimizes emissions by pulling the engine speed to a medium-high level (1900 rpm) while keeping the total waste oil ratio at the maximum level of 30% within the constraints. Under the tested steady-state conditions, the WTRO-WTPO ternary blend demonstrated promising short-term operability as a fuel alternative for diesel engines without requiring immediate modifications to the engine setup, accompanied by slight improvements in output parameters.

Keywords

References

[1] Das AK, Mohapatra T, Panda AK, Sahoo SS. Study on the performance and emission characteristics of pyrolytic waste plastic oil operated CI engine using response surface methodology. J Clean Prod 2021;328:129646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129646
[2] Uçar M, Kocagul M, Tanyeri B, Fırat M. Dizel motorlarda benzin ve atık araç lastiklerinden elde edilen pirolitik yağın dizel yakıt ile karışımlarının araştırılması. Fırat Univ Muh Bilim Derg 2024;36(1):97–104. https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1239300
[3] Sahin S, Eryilmaz T, Orhan N, Ertuğrul M. Hybrid experimental–ML–RSM framework for optimizing diesel engine performance with waste tire oil blends. Energy 2025;334:137491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.137491
[4] Vellaiyan S. Energy extraction from waste plastics and its optimization study for effective combustion and cleaner exhaust engaging with water and cetane improver: A response surface methodology approach. Environ Res 2023;231(Pt 1):116113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116113
[5] Kumar A, Pali HS. Optimizing the conversion of waste plastic into suitable engine fuel through response surface methodology. Process Saf Environ Prot 2024;191:1089–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.08.127
[6] Şen S, Çelik MB. Modeling the effect of plastic oil obtained from XLPE cable waste on diesel engine performance and emission parameters with the response surface method. Sci Tech Energ Transition 2024;79:58. https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024059
[7] Katekaew S, Suiuay C, Senawong K, Seithtanabutara V, Intravised K, Laloon K. Optimization of performance and exhaust emissions of single-cylinder diesel engines fueled by blending diesel-like fuel from Yang-hard resin with waste cooking oil biodiesel via response surface methodology. Fuel 2021;304:121434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121434
[8] Zaid H, Al-sharify Z, Hamzah MH, Rushdi S. Optimization of different chemical processes using response surface methodology: a review. JEASD 2022;26(6):1–12. https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.26.6.1

[9] Ahmad A, Yadav AK, Singh A, Singh DK. Modeling and optimization of biogas production via ultrasonic pretreatment: assessment of its usability on dual fuel engine powered by waste plastic oil–hydrogen blends. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2025;119:271–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.276
[10] Suchocki T, Kazimierski P, Januszewicz K, Lampart P, Gawron B, Białecki T. Exploring performance of pyrolysis-derived plastic oils in gas turbine engines. Energies 2024;17(16):3903. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163903
[11] Usman M, Nomanbhay S, Ong MY, et al. Response surface methodology routed optimization of performance of hydroxy gas enriched diesel fuel in compression ignition engines. Processes 2021;9(8):1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081355
[12] Das AK, Mohapatra T, Panda AK, Mishra M, Kumar S. Multi-objective optimization and 4E's analysis of a VCR diesel engine fueled with binary fuel mixtures of diesel and pyrolysis oil derived from different plastics waste. J Energy Inst 2023;110:101359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2023.101359
[13] Elkelawy M, El Shenawy EA, Bastawissi HAE, et al. Predictive modeling and optimization of a waste cooking oil biodiesel/diesel powered CI engine: an RSM approach with central composite design. Sci Rep 2024;14(1):30474. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77234-8
[14] Das AK, Mohapatra T, Kumar Panda A. Multiple response optimization for performance and emission of a CI engine using waste plastic oil and biogas in dual fuel mode operation. Sustain Energy Technol Assess 2023;57:103170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103170
[15] Kumar A, Pali HS, Kumar M. Effective utilization of waste plastic derived fuel in CI engine using multi objective optimization through RSM. Fuel 2024;355:129448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.129448
[16] Kumar M, Gautam R, Ansari NA. Optimisation of an experimental and feasibility research on a CRDI diesel engine based on a blend of waste cooking oil and waste plastic oil using RSM: a value addition for disposed waste oil. J Energy Inst 2024;117:101564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2024.101564
[17] Kanchan S, Priyadarshini M, Kumar P, et al. Multi-objective statistical optimisation utilising response surface methodology to predict engine performance using biofuels from waste plastic oil in CRDi engines. Green Process Synth 2024;13(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2023-0159
[18] Rao PV, Venkateswarulu S, Venkataiah S, Narendar G, Pavani J, Mahith Simha Reddy GI. Evaluating the performance of a diesel engine with a diesel-plastic fuel blend as an alternate fuel. J Phys Conf Ser 2025;3066(1):012013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3066/1/012013
[19] Köse S, Babagiray M, Kocakulak T. Response surface method based optimization of the viscosity of waste cooking oil biodiesel. Eng Pers 2021;1(1):30–7. https://doi.org/10.29228/sciperspective.49697
[20] Ardebili MS, Nacak Ç, Kocakulak T, Babagiray M. Experimental investigation and optimization of HCCI engine fueled by isopropanol and heptane mixture. Eng Pers 2021;2(2):63–79. https://doi.org/10.29228/eng.pers.51253
[21] Manojkumar N, Muthukumaran C, Sharmila G. A comprehensive review on the application of response surface methodology for optimization of biodiesel production using different oil sources. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci 2022;34(3):198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2020.09.012
[22] Varuvel EG, Seetharaman S, Joseph Shobana Bai FJ, Devarajan Y, Balasubramanian D. Development of artificial neural network and response surface methodology model to optimize the engine parameters of rubber seed oil–hydrogen on PCCI operation. Energy 2023;283:129110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.129110
[23] Kheiralipour K, Khoobbakht M, Karimi M. Effect of biodiesel on environmental impacts of diesel mechanical power generation by life cycle assessment. Energy 2024;289:129948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.129948
[24] Yadav SPR, Sathyanarayanan S, Saravanan CG, et al. Utilization of catalytically cracked waste transformer oil in compression ignition engines: effects of combustion chamber geometry on efficiency and emission characteristics. Atmos Environ X 2026;29:100402. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AEAOA.2025.100402
[25] Karthikeyan S, Ravishankar S, Rajaram K, et al. Investigation on the combined effect of hydrogen premixing and nanoparticle mixed pyrolysed oil of transformer oil waste in engine characteristics. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2024;73:885–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.05.304
[26] Sethuraman N, Karthikeyan D, Vinodraj S, Thamizhvel R, Kumarasamy G. Performance and emission characteristics on CI engine by using waste cooking oil and waste transformer oil as substitute fuel with coconut shell as a catalyst. Mater Today Proc 2023;72:2469–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.457
[27] Belkhode PN, Ganvir VN, Shende AC, Shelare SD. Utilization of waste transformer oil as a fuel in diesel engine. Mater Today Proc 2022;49:262–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.008
[28] Chow CC, Anuar MA, Chiong MC, Wang X, Hung YM, Ooi JB. Waste tire oil in quaternary fuel blends: optimizing performance and emissions in a light-duty diesel engine using response surface methodology. Therm Sci Eng Prog 2025;66:104023. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TSEP.2025.104023
[29] Paneerselvam P, Panithasan MS, Venkatesan G, Malairajan M. Optimization of common rail direct injection diesel engine performance with Melia dubia methyl ester peppermint oil blend using response surface methodology approach and investigation of hydrogen and hydroxy influence. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2024;50:796–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.07.274
[30] Büyükoğlu M, Doğan TH, Arpa O, Nadaroğlu H, Öner İV. Experimental investigation of engine performance and emissions, and characterization, of waste transformer oils and diesel blends with biodiesel produced from olive oil wastes in a CI engine. J Therm Anal Calorim 2024;149(11):5381–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-024-13207-3
[31] Pumpuang A, Klinkaew N, Wathakit K, Sukhom A, Sukjit E. The influence of plastic pyrolysis oil on fuel lubricity and diesel engine performance. RSC Adv 2024;14(14):10070–87. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA08150H
[32] Sambandam P, Punitha N, Vijetha K, et al. Effect of graphite nanoadditives on the behavior of a diesel engine fueled with pyrolysis fuel recovered from used plastics. ACS Omega 2024;9(38):39584–95. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSOMEGA.4C03715
[33] Şen NS, Doğan TH, Arpa O, Öner İV. Investigation of the effects on fuel, performance and emission properties of modify ternary transformer oil fuel blends in a diesel engine. Int J Ambient Energy 2025;46(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2025.2500502
[34] Yıldız A, Altun Ş. The use of waste transformer oil as alternative fuel in a diesel power generator. Int J Automot Eng Technol 2019;8(3):117–24. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.564043
[35] Sakthivel R, Ramesh K, Purnachandran R, Mohamed Shameer P. A review on the properties, performance and emission aspects of the third generation biodiesels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2018;82:2970–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.037
[36] Prakash S, Naina Mohamed S, SG S, Ponnusamy K. Enhanced performance of novel microbial desalination cell using sago effluent as an anolyte: a response surface optimization approach. J Water Process Eng 2024;59:105004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105004
[37] Ahmadi S, Khormali A, Meerovich Khoutoriansky F. Optimization of the demulsification of water-in-heavy crude oil emulsions using response surface methodology. Fuel 2022;323:124270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124270
[38] Montgomery DC. Design and analysis of experiments. 10th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2020.
[39] Lai CM, Loo DL, Teoh YH, et al. Optimization and performance characteristics of diesel engine using green fuel blends with nanoparticles additives. Fuel 2023;347:128462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128462
[40] Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis. 7th ed. Harlow: Pearson; 2014.
[41] James G, Witten D, Hastie T, Tibshirani R. An introduction to statistical learning. New York (NY): Springer US; 2021.
[42] Draper NR, Smith H. Applied regression analysis. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley; 1998.
[43] Jain A, Varshney A. Optimizing thermomechanical processing routes to achieve desired grain size in SS 304 using response surface methodology. Metallogr Microstruct Anal 2024;13(5):850–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-024-01077-y
[44] Rai R, Sahoo RR, Kumar D, Bhatia HS. Diesel engine performance and emission parameters optimization using Taguchi and response surface methodology. IJME 2024. https://doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v1i1.1362
[45] Yilmaz N, Atmanli A, Hall MJ, Vigil FM. Determination of the optimum blend ratio of diesel, waste oil derived biodiesel and 1-pentanol using the response surface method. Energies 2022;15(14):5144. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145144
[46] Padmanabha HSA, Mohanty DK. Response surface methodology-based optimization of variable compression ratio diesel engine characteristics with Jatropha biodiesel. JMMF 2024:1925–38. https://doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2023/35629
[47] Derringer G, Suich R. Simultaneous optimization of several response variables. J Qual Technol 1980;12(4):214–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224065.1980.11980968
[48] Myers RH, Montgomery DC, Anderson-Cook CM. Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments. 4th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2016.
[49] Field A. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics: and sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll. 4th ed. Los Angeles: Sage; 2013.
[50] Box GEP, Hunter JS, Hunter WG. Statistics for experimenters: design, innovation, and discovery. 2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Interscience; 2005.
[51] Alenezi RA, Awad OI, Mamat R, Najafi G. Set-up of the experiment and improve the performance and emissions of diesel fuel with fusel oil additive from waste products. J Eng Res 2023;11(1):1–21. https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.16829
[52] Heywood JB. Internal combustion engine fundamentals. International ed. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 1988.
[53] Khairil, Syaukani M, Bahri S, et al. Experimental study the effect of using fuels from pyrolysis of waste tire oil-diesel blends on the CI-engine performance. Results Eng 2025;26:104701. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RINENG.2025.104701
[54] Savaş A, Uslu S, Saral Ş. Enabling a Sustainable Diesel Future: Emission Control and Performance Enhancement with B₂O₃ Nanoparticles via RSM Optimization. International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology. 2025 ;9(2):174-85. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1679467
[54] Köse S, Aylanşık G, Babagiray M, Kocakulak T. Biodiesel production from waste sunflower oil and engine performance tests. Int J Automot Sci Technol 2020;4(4):206–12. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..770309
[56] Sathish T, Surakasi R, KishoreTL, et al. Waste to fuel: pyrolysis of waste transformer oil and its evaluation as alternative fuel along with different nanoparticles in CI engine with exhaust gas recirculation. Energy 2023;267:126595. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2022.126595
[57] Yadav SPR, Saravanan CG, Kannan M. Influence of injection timing on DI diesel engine characteristics fueled with waste transformer oil. Alex Eng J 2015;54(4):881–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AEJ.2015.07.008

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Muhammet Kaan Yeşilyurt ^*
0000-0002-7207-1743
Türkiye

Mustafa Köksal İnce
0009-0009-0767-3770
Türkiye

Publication Date

March 27, 2026

Submission Date

February 13, 2026

Acceptance Date

March 26, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1888700

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA98WY86KX

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yeşilyurt, M. K., & İnce, M. K. (2026). Multicriteria Optimization of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Fuel, Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil and Waste Transformer Oil Ternary Blends Using Response Surface Methodology. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, 10(1), 203-221. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1888700

AMA

1.Yeşilyurt MK, İnce MK. Multicriteria Optimization of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Fuel, Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil and Waste Transformer Oil Ternary Blends Using Response Surface Methodology. IJASTECH. 2026;10(1):203-221. doi:10.30939/ijastech.1888700

Chicago

Yeşilyurt, Muhammet Kaan, and Mustafa Köksal İnce. 2026. “Multicriteria Optimization of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Fuel, Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil and Waste Transformer Oil Ternary Blends Using Response Surface Methodology”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 10 (1): 203-21. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech. 1888700.

EndNote

Yeşilyurt MK, İnce MK (March 1, 2026) Multicriteria Optimization of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Fuel, Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil and Waste Transformer Oil Ternary Blends Using Response Surface Methodology. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 10 1 203–221.

IEEE

[1]M. K. Yeşilyurt and M. K. İnce, “Multicriteria Optimization of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Fuel, Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil and Waste Transformer Oil Ternary Blends Using Response Surface Methodology”, IJASTECH, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 203–221, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.30939/ijastech..1888700.

ISNAD

Yeşilyurt, Muhammet Kaan - İnce, Mustafa Köksal. “Multicriteria Optimization of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Fuel, Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil and Waste Transformer Oil Ternary Blends Using Response Surface Methodology”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 10/1 (March 1, 2026): 203-221. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech. 1888700.

JAMA

1.Yeşilyurt MK, İnce MK. Multicriteria Optimization of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Fuel, Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil and Waste Transformer Oil Ternary Blends Using Response Surface Methodology. IJASTECH. 2026;10:203–221.

MLA

Yeşilyurt, Muhammet Kaan, and Mustafa Köksal İnce. “Multicriteria Optimization of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Fuel, Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil and Waste Transformer Oil Ternary Blends Using Response Surface Methodology”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, vol. 10, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 203-21, doi:10.30939/ijastech. 1888700.

Vancouver

1.Muhammet Kaan Yeşilyurt, Mustafa Köksal İnce. Multicriteria Optimization of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Fuel, Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil and Waste Transformer Oil Ternary Blends Using Response Surface Methodology. IJASTECH. 2026 Mar. 1;10(1):203-21. doi:10.30939/ijastech. 1888700