Leveraging Advanced Machine Learning Algorithms for Energy Efficiency and Carbon Footprint Reduction in Diesel Engines
Abstract
In this study, machine learning-based models were employed to estimate brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) using the data derived from 300 experimental engine tests conducted under varying loads, EGR ratios, and fuel combinations. Eleven alternative algorithms, including AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, SVM, and Neural Network, were evaluated using datasets derived from real engine data. Statistical tools such as the R² coefficient and Mean Square Error (MSE) were utilized to assess the performance of the models. The best results were derived using Gradient Boosting (R² = 0.9998), AdaBoost (R² = 0.9998), and Random Forest (R² = 0.9997). In the prediction process of the Gradient Boosting model, the minimum absolute error was found to be 0.0000000, and the maximum absolute error was found to be 0.000002. The model's prediction accuracy ranges from 98.30% to 99.39%. This degree of accuracy demonstrates that fuel consumption can be predicted from engine data alone, without installing fuel-measurement equipment. The model's forecasting performance has been examined by analyzing the most and least successful examples. The results simplify fuel-consumption measurement procedures, provide the infrastructure for AI-supported test systems, and reduce time and labor. In this respect, the study significantly advances the digitization of engine testing in both academia and industry.
Keywords
Artificial Intelligence in Combustion Analysis Diesel Engine Fuel Consumption Prediction Machine Learning Mean Squared Error (MSE) Supervised Learning
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Internal Combustion Engines, Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering, Automotive Engineering (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | February 23, 2026 |
| Acceptance Date | March 27, 2026 |
| Publication Date | April 1, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1896122 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA34CF28BL |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 10 Issue: 1 |
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Writing - review & editing : Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary or revision – including pre- or post-publication stages.
The corresponding author may use the following example to state author contributions as authorship credits:
Hamit Solmaz: Conceptualization, Supervision, H. Serdar Yücesu: Conceptualization, Writing-original draft, Validation, Alper Calam: Data curation, Formal analysis, Emre Yılmaz: Writing-original draft, writing-review&editing, software.
Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/leap.1210
References should be listed at the end of the paper in font 9. They should be numbered consecutively and referred in square brackets. While referring a journal paper, volume, number, page numbers and year must be given. From 2021, the reference list should be prepared using the Vancouver referencing style. Attention!: Article citations should demonstrate the integration of the published work in the scholarly community and surrounding research field. Articles reporting lists of references citing non scholarly documents, such as, webpages, blogs, commercial products, manuals of any device or software as well as references that cannot be accessed, are not acceptable.
[1] Setiyo M, Waluyo B. Mixer with Secondary Venturi: An Invention for the First-Generation LPG Kits. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2019;3(1):21–26.
[2] Can Ö, Öztürk E, Solmaz H, Aksoy F, Çinar C, Yücesu HS. Combined effects of soybean biodiesel fuel addition and EGR application on the combustion and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine. Appl Therm Eng. 2016;95:115–124.
[3] Sezer İ. A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: Effects on CO emissions. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2019;3(1):6–20.
[4] İlker Ö, Kul BS, Ciniviz M. A Comparative Study of Ethanol and Methanol Addition Effects on Engine Performance , Combustion and Emissions in the SI Engine. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2020;4(2):59–69.
[5] Solouk A, Shakiba-Herfeh M, Kannan K, Solmaz H, Dice P, Bidarvatan M, et al. Fuel Economy Benefits of Integrating a Multi- Mode Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) Engine in a Series Extended Range Electric Powertrain. In: SAE Technical Papers. 2016.
[6] Gupta HN. Fundamentals of internal combustion engines. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.; 2012.
Manuscript Temptale
Ethical Principles and Publication Policy
The International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is committed to maintaining the highest standards of integrity, transparency, and ethical conduct in scholarly publishing. This statement outlines the ethical responsibilities of all parties involved in the publication process, including authors, reviewers, editors, editorial board members, and the publisher.
IJASTECH is an international, open access, peer-reviewed journal published by the Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey (Otomotiv Mühendisleri Derneği). The journal publishes articles in English and applies a single-blind peer review process. The journal follows a continuous publication model with issue-based structure. This ethics statement is prepared in line with internationally accepted principles of publication ethics and is informed by the guidance and core practices of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
1. Ethical Framework
IJASTECH expects all participants in the publication process to act in accordance with the principles of:
- academic honesty,
- originality,
- transparency,
- accountability,
- fairness,
- confidentiality,
- responsible research reporting,
- and respect for research participants, animals, institutions, and the scholarly record.
The journal does not tolerate plagiarism, data fabrication, data falsification, citation manipulation, duplicate publication, peer-review manipulation, undisclosed conflicts of interest, or any other form of publication misconduct.
2. Duties and Responsibilities of Editors
2.1 Editorial Independence and Fair Decision-Making
Editors evaluate submitted manuscripts exclusively on the basis of their academic merit, originality, methodological rigor, clarity, relevance to the journal’s scope, and contribution to automotive science and technology. Editorial decisions are made without discrimination based on race, ethnicity, nationality, gender, religious belief, political opinion, institutional affiliation, or personal characteristics of the authors.
2.2 Confidentiality
Editors and editorial staff must treat all submitted manuscripts as confidential documents. Information regarding a submission may only be shared with the corresponding author, reviewers, editorial advisers, and the publisher when necessary for editorial processing.
2.3 Conflict of Interest
Editors must not be involved in decisions regarding manuscripts in which they have a personal, institutional, academic, collaborative, or financial conflict of interest. In such cases, editorial responsibility must be transferred to another qualified editor.
2.4 Peer Review Oversight
Editors are responsible for ensuring that each manuscript undergoes a fair, unbiased, and timely single-blind peer review process. Editors should select reviewers with relevant expertise and should avoid reviewers with conflicts of interest.
2.5 Handling Misconduct
Editors will take appropriate action when ethical concerns are raised regarding a submitted or published work. Such action may include requesting clarification, seeking evidence, contacting authors’ institutions, rejecting the manuscript, publishing a correction, issuing an expression of concern, retracting the article, or applying other appropriate measures.
2.6 Corrections and Retractions
When serious errors or misconduct are identified, editors are responsible for protecting the integrity of the scholarly record. Depending on the nature of the issue, the journal may publish a correction, retraction, editorial note, or expression of concern.
3. Duties and Responsibilities of Authors
3.1 Originality and Plagiarism
Authors must submit only original work. Manuscripts must not contain plagiarism, self-plagiarism, copied data, manipulated images, or improperly reused material. All sources must be properly cited. Quotations, ideas, methods, data, figures, and tables taken from other works must be clearly acknowledged.
All submitted manuscripts may be screened with similarity-detection software before peer review and/or before final acceptance.
3.2 Authorship and Contributorship
Authorship must be limited to those who have made a substantial scholarly contribution to the conception, design, execution, analysis, interpretation, or writing of the study. All persons who made significant contributions must be listed as authors, and all listed authors must approve the submitted and final versions of the manuscript.
The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that:
- all eligible contributors are listed as authors,
- no ineligible persons are listed as authors,
- all authors have seen and approved the manuscript,
- and author contribution statements are provided where required.
3.3 Accurate Reporting
Authors must present their work honestly, clearly, and accurately. The manuscript should contain sufficient methodological detail and appropriate references so that the work can be understood, assessed, and, where applicable, reproduced by others. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements are unethical and unacceptable.
3.4 Data Integrity and Data Availability
Authors are responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and preservation of the data underlying their study. When requested by the editors, authors should be prepared to provide raw data, processed data, codes, or supporting documentation for editorial evaluation. Authors should retain research data for a reasonable period after publication.
3.5 Multiple, Redundant, or Concurrent Submission
A manuscript submitted to IJASTECH must not be simultaneously under consideration by another journal or publication venue. Authors must not submit previously published work unless the journal explicitly permits justified secondary publication with full transparency and appropriate permission.
Redundant publication, salami slicing, and unjustified overlap with the authors’ own previously published work are considered unethical.
3.6 Acknowledgment of Sources
Authors must acknowledge the work of others appropriately. Relevant prior studies should be cited fairly and accurately. Citation manipulation, excessive self-citation, coercive citation, or citation of irrelevant sources solely to influence metrics is unethical.
3.7 Funding and Conflict of Interest Disclosure
Authors must clearly disclose all sources of funding, financial support, project sponsorship, and any relationships or interests that could influence, or appear to influence, the interpretation of the results. Examples include employment, consultancy, stock ownership, patents, paid expert testimony, grants, and institutional affiliations.
If no conflict of interest exists, authors should explicitly state that there is no conflict of interest.
3.8 Ethical Approval for Research Involving Humans or Animals
If the study involves human participants, human data, human samples, surveys, driver behavior experiments, ergonomic assessments, medical information, or any research requiring ethical oversight, the manuscript must include the name of the ethics committee/institutional review board, approval number, and approval date where applicable.
If the study involves animals, authors must confirm that all applicable institutional, national, and international guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed and that necessary approvals were obtained.
Where informed consent is required, authors must confirm that informed consent was obtained.
3.9 Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools
If generative AI or AI-assisted tools are used in the preparation of the manuscript, authors must disclose this use transparently and explain how the tools were used. AI tools cannot be listed as authors because they cannot take responsibility for the work. Authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, validity, and ethical integrity of all submitted content.
3.10 Copyright, Permissions, and Reuse
Authors are responsible for obtaining written permission for any copyrighted material reused in the manuscript, including figures, tables, photographs, or substantial text passages, where permission is required. Appropriate acknowledgments must be included in the manuscript.
3.11 Corrections After Publication
If authors discover a significant error or inaccuracy in their submitted, accepted, or published work, they must promptly notify the editorial office and cooperate fully in correcting or retracting the article where necessary.
4. Duties and Responsibilities of Reviewers
4.1 Contribution to Editorial Decisions
Reviewers assist editors in making editorial decisions and help authors improve the quality of their manuscripts through constructive, scholarly, and objective feedback.
4.2 Competence and Timeliness
Reviewers should accept review assignments only if the manuscript falls within their area of expertise and they can complete the review within the requested time. If a reviewer feels unqualified or unavailable, the editor should be informed immediately.
4.3 Confidentiality
Manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. Reviewers must not share, discuss, copy, use, or distribute the manuscript or its contents for personal, academic, or commercial advantage.
4.4 Objectivity and Professionalism
Reviews must be objective, respectful, evidence-based, and constructive. Personal criticism of authors is inappropriate. Reviewers should clearly explain their evaluations and support their recommendations with reasoned arguments.
4.5 Identification of Relevant Sources
Reviewers should identify important published work relevant to the manuscript that has not been cited by the authors. Reviewers should also alert the editor to any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under review and any other work of which they are aware.
4.6 Conflict of Interest
Reviewers must decline to review manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest arising from personal relationships, institutional connections, direct competition, collaboration, or financial interests.
5. Duties and Responsibilities of the Publisher
The publisher supports the editorial process but does not interfere with editorial decisions. The publisher is committed to safeguarding editorial independence, supporting ethical publishing practices, and ensuring that suspected misconduct is handled appropriately and transparently.
6. Complaints, Appeals, and Allegations of Misconduct
IJASTECH takes all complaints and allegations of misconduct seriously, whether they arise before or after publication. Complaints may relate to editorial decisions, peer review, plagiarism, data integrity, authorship, conflicts of interest, citation manipulation, ethical approval, or any other ethical concern.
Such cases will be evaluated by the editorial office and, where necessary, by the Editor-in-Chief and publisher in accordance with journal policies and recognized ethical guidance. Additional documents, explanations, or institutional clarification may be requested.
Authors may appeal editorial decisions when they believe a serious procedural or scientific misunderstanding has occurred. Appeals must be reasoned, evidence-based, and submitted in writing.
7. Actions in Cases of Ethical Violations
If misconduct or serious ethical violations are identified, IJASTECH reserves the right to take one or more of the following actions:
- reject the manuscript,
- return the manuscript for clarification,
- suspend editorial evaluation,
- inform the authors’ institution(s) or funding body,
- publish a correction,
- publish an expression of concern,
- retract the article,
- restrict future submissions from the responsible party for a defined period,
- or take any other measure deemed necessary to protect the integrity of the scholarly record.
8. Post-Publication Responsibility
Publication does not end ethical responsibility. Authors, reviewers, editors, and readers are encouraged to notify the journal if they identify significant errors, ethical concerns, or misconduct in published work. IJASTECH is committed to evaluating such notifications fairly and transparently.
9. Final Statement
All parties involved in the publication process of IJASTECH are expected to comply with this policy. Submission of a manuscript to the journal implies that the authors agree to these ethical standards and accept the journal’s procedures for editorial assessment, peer review, and the handling of potential misconduct.
Price Policy
The Journal aim to publish extensive and reliable information on current developments, innovative technologies and discoveries about automotive science and technology. Papers will be freely accessible online without any subscriptions and restrictions to researchers worldwide. Original research papers, review papers, letter to the editor, case reports, short communications are welcome for publishing without any publishing or submission payment.
Indexes
Citation Indexes
Journal Boards
Editor in Chief
Co-Editor in Chief
Section Editors
M.M. Topaç is a senior researcher in automotive engineering at Dokuz Eylül University Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Main research topics:
• Vehicle engineering / Automotive systems,
• Vehicle design,
• Chassis systems engineering,
• Vehicle suspensions & steering,
• Ground vehicle dynamics,
• Failure analysis and prevention in vehicle design,
• Vehicle structures,
• Applied optimisation in vehicle engineering,
• Defence engineering,
• Electromobility.
Current research interests:
• Chassis systems design for special purpose vehicles: multi-axle land platforms, heavy-duty commercial vehicles, articulated vehicles / trailers, tracked vehicles,
• Alternative urban transportation: design of electric vehicles / urban electric microcars,
• Failure analysis and optimal design of vehicle components and structures,
• Dynamics of special purpose land vehicles,
• Modelling, design, optimisation and manufacturing of vehicle suspensions, axle systems and steering systems (including multi-axle steering systems for special purpose land vehicles and trailers),
• Design and optimisation of chassis and vehicle body structure,
• Powertrain modelling / Drivetrain dynamics.
Since 2006, he has been serving as a project consultant for automotive industry. He has been directing projects related to design and optimisation of suspensions, steering linkages, chassis, body and the other mechanical subsystems of wheeled vehicles. Moreover, he is investigating the effects of the design parameters of suspension and steering systems on handling behaviour and dynamics of wheeled and tracked land vehicles. He is also interested in topology optimisation-based lightweight design applications in vehicle engineering.
He is a member of SAE International.
Ir Prof Pak Kin Wong received the Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, in 1997. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Dean of Graduate School, University of Macau. He is also the Fellow of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers and Chartered Fellow of Chartered Association of Building Engineers, U.K. His research interests include automotive engineering, artificial intelligence for medical applications, fluid transmission and control and mechanical vibration. He has published over 354 scientific papers. 238 out of 354 are refereed journal papers.
Dr. Yanan Camaraza-Medina is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Mexico. He received his M.Sc. in thermal engineering from the Universidad de Matanzas “Camilo Cienfuegos” in 2011 and the M.Sc. in electrical engineering from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2015. He received his Ph.D. (Doctor in Technical Sciences) from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2019. His research interests include problems of the heat transfer and fluid mechanics, with a special focus on thermal radiation, convective heat transfer and numerical modeling of thermal processes. He is a member of Editorial Advisory Board of three Scopus Indexed Journals, Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems (IIETA), Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés (IIETA), Recent Patents on Engineering (Bentham Science). Dr. Camaraza-Medina is the author and coauthor of more than 60 papers and several books.
Dr. Ramazan Şener is an expert in thermofluids, CFD and ICEs. He earned his PhD at Marmara University focusing on engine performance improvement and emissions reduction using advanced simulation tools and experimental methods. He also had the opportunity to conduct his research at the University of Catania, Italy. He is currently an Associate Professor at Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, where he teaches and conducts research in thermofluids, optimization, ICEs, and renewable energy systems.
Dr. Gang Li is an Assistant Professor at Michael W. Hall School of Mechanical Engineering at Mississippi State University. His research interests include the fields of renewable energy technologies, applied artificial intelligence, dynamics and vibration, control theory, condition monitoring algorithms, structural health monitoring, and life cycle assessment, and involve AI for engineering, numerical simulation, experimental validation, and industrial application. Dr. Li is a recipient of the NSF EPSCoR Research Fellow Award and DOE EnergyTech UP Faculty Explorer Award. Dr. Li's research has been funded by NSF, DOE, the Maryland Energy Innovation Institute's Energy Innovation Seed Grant, the Maryland Technology Development Corporation’s Maryland Innovation Initiative (MII) Grant, the Maryland Offshore Wind Energy Research (MOWER) Challenge Grant Program, General Electric (GE), and Baltimore Gas and Electric (BGE). Dr. Li is a member of ASME, IEEE, and SAE International.
Editorial Board
International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is published by Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey
