Advisor Based Modelling of Regenerative Braking Performance of Electric Vehicles at Different Road Slopes

Abstract

In this study, an electrical vehicle model, which has 75kW AC asynchronous engine and 25kW NiCad batteries, has been composed by means of (ADVISOR-Advanced Vehicle Simulator) programme. During the driving cycle formed for the designed electrical vehicle, charging state of batteries, braking losses, battery temperatures and fuel consumption have been analysed at different road slopes. The study has shown that power to batteries is provided by regenerative braking at all slopes and if the slope is downside, more energy is stored into batteries due to regenerative braking. In simulation of the modelled device, maximum brake power loss of 4.43 kW has decreased at road slope of ∝=-%1.5 by means of regenerative recovery. At road slope of α=-4.5, the highest charging level has been obtained as 99.1%.

Keywords

• ADVISOR,regenerative braking,electric vehicle,road slope,battery charge

References

1. [1] Amaç A. E., Şahin Y. G., Aras F. "ADVISOR ile Otomotiv Elektrik Sistemlerinin Benzetişimi ve Analizi", 5. Uluslararası İleri Teknolojiler Sempozyumu (IATS'09), Karabük, Türkiye, (2009).
2. [2] Arslan M. Ö., "Ticari Taşıt Aerodinamiğinin Temelleri Ve Sayısal Yöntemlerle İncelenmesi", Available online: https://polen.itu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11527/9968. (accessed on 21 May 2019).
3. [3] Chen J. J., Zhou L. X., Ning X. B., Zhao C. L., "Design of Hybrid Electric Bus on Regenerative Braking System", Applied Mechanics and Materials, 300: 333-337, (2013).
4. [4] Demirkale B., Güven F., "Kinetik Enerji Geri Kazanım Sistemlerinin Elektrikli Araçlarda Kullanımının İncelenmesi", Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(6): 1550-1557, (2017).
5. [5] EPA New York City Cycle (NYCC), "Emission Test Cycle", Available online: https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/nycc.php. (accessed on 21 May 2019).
6. [6] Gantt L. R., "Energy Losses for Propelling and Braking Conditions of an Electric Vehicle", Available online: https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/32879. (accessed on 21 May 2019).
7. [7] Guirong Z., "Research of the regenerative braking and energy recovery system for electric vehicle", World Automation Congress 2012, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, (2012).
8. [8] Güven F., Rende H., "Elektrikli Araçların Tasarımında Malzeme Seçiminin Önemi", Mühendis ve Makine, 58: 81-95, (2017).

9. [9] DHForum, Available online: https://forum.donanimhaber.com/otomobilin-hareketine-etki-eden-kuvvetlerverimlilik-54983830. (accessed on 15 November 2018).
10. [10] Whiting J. M. W., "A Regenetive Braking System Ford", Journal of Science and Technology, 48: 170-175, (1982).
11. [11] Kunt M. A., "Use of Thermoelectric Generators in the Internal Combustion Engine Waste Heat Recovery", El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering, 3: 192-203, (2016).
12. [12] Kunt M. A., "A Design of a Liquid Cooling Thermoelectric Generator System for the Exhaust Systems of Internal Combustion Engines And Experimental Study on the Effect Refrigerant Fluid Quantity on Recovery Performance", Pamukkale Univ. Müh. Bilim. Derg., 25(1): 7-12, (2019).
13. [13] Larminie J., Lowry J., "Electric Vehicle Technology Explained", 2nd ed., John Willey&Sons.:West Sussex, United Kingdom, (2012), ISBN-13: 978-11-1994-273-3.
14. [14] Malode S., Adware R., "Regenerative Braking System in Electric Vehicles", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3(3): 394-400, (2016).
15. [15] Markel T., Brooker A., Hendricks T., Johnson V., Kelly K., Kramer B., Wipke K., "ADVISOR: a Systems Analysis Tool for Advanced Vehicle Modeling", Journal of Power Sources, 10(2): 255-266, (2002), doi: 255-266, 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00189-1.
16. [16] Pugi L., Pagliai M., Nocentini A., Lutzemberger G., Pretto A., "Design of a hydraulic servo-actuation fed by a regenerative braking system", Applied Energy, 187: 96-115 (2017).
17. [17] Rashid M. I., Danial H., "ADVISOR Simulation and Performance Test of Split Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conversion", Energy Procedia, 105: 1408–1413, (2017), doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.524.
18. [18] Suvak H., Erşan K., "The Simulation of a Full Electric Vehicle Using the City Cycle", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 5(2): 38-46, (2016).
19. [19]Walsh J., Muneer T., Celik A. N., "Design and analysis of kinetic energy recovery system for automobiles", Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 3(1): 849-856, (2011), doi:10.1063/1.3549152.
20. [20] Zhang Y., Zhang C. "ADVISOR and its application in electric vehicle simulation", Proceedings of the 30th Chinese Control Conference, Yantai, China, (2011).
21. [21] Husain I., Islam M. S., "Design, Modeling and Simulation of an Electric Vehicle System", SAE Technical Paper, No. 1999-01-1149, (1999).