The Mediating Role of Locus of Control in the Effect of Organizational Justice on Organizational Cynicism in School Organizations
Year 2022,
Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 329 - 345, 03.06.2022
Muhammed Bahadır
,
Faruk Levent
Abstract
In this study, the mediating role of locus of control in the effect of organizational justice on organizational cynicism in schools was examined. The research started with a detailed literature review, and information on the definitions and theories of organizational justice, organizational cynicism and locus of control in the literature was obtained, and a research model was created by developing hypotheses in line with this information. This research was carried out with 385 participants determined by simple random sampling method among teachers working in public schools. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyzes of the obtained data were performed using SPSS and AMOS statistical package programs. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that there is a negative relationship between organizational justice and organizational cynicism, and that locus of control plays a mediating variable in the relationship between organizational justice and organizational cynicism.
References
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- Andersson, L. M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Human Relations, 49(11), 1395-1418.
- Aquino, K., Douglas, S., & Martinko, M. J. (2004). Overt expressions of anger in response to perceived victimization: The moderating effects of attributional style and organizational norms. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(2), 152-164.
- Bedeian, A. G. (2007). Even if the tower is “ivory,” it isn't “white”: understanding the consequences of faculty cynicism. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6(1), 9-32.
- Bemmels, B. (1991). Attribution theory and discipline arbitration. ILR Review, 44(3), 548-562.
- Berman, E. M. (1997). Dealing with cynical citizens. Public Administration Review, 57(2) 105-112.
- Bernerth, J. B., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Walker, H. J. (2007). Justice, cynicism, and commitment: A study of important organizational change variables. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(3), 303-326.
- Beugr, C. D. (2002). Understanding organizational justice and its impact on managing employees: An African perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(7), 1091-1104.
- Bosora, J. F. C. (2014). “The moderating effect of power distance on the relationship between organizational justice and counterproductive work behavior”. (Unpublished master's thesis). Purdue University, Indiana.
- Bozbayındır, F., & Kayabaşı, E. (2014). The reasons and effects of organizational cynicism in secondary schools. Gaziantep University Journal of Social, 13(1), 211-227.
- Brandes, P. M. (1997). “Organizational cynicism: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences”. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Brandes, P., Castro, S. L., James, M. S., Martinez, A. D., Matherly, T. A., Ferris, G. R., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2007). The interactive effects of job insecurity and organizational cynicism on work effort following a layoff. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 14(3), 233-247.
- Byrne, S. (2011). Does individual locus of control matter in a JIT environment? Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research, 9(1), 37-57.
- Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(2), 278-321.
- Choi, S. (2011). Organizational justice and employee work attitudes: The federal case. The American Review of Public Administration, 41(2): 185-204.
- Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: a construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 386-400.
- Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. L. H., & Yee, K. N. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 425-445.
- Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M.S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31, 874-900.
- Cropanzano, R., Bowen, D. E., & Gilliland, S. W. (2007). The management of organizational justice. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(4), 34-48.
- Dean Jr, J. W., Brandes, P. & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational cynicism. The Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 341-352.
- Dehaghani, M. V., & Mirhadi, F. S. (2013). Impressing organizational justice rules based on information technology (Case study: Telecommunication Company). International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(4), 197-207.
- Di Fabio, A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2019). Positive relational management for sustainable development: Beyond personality traits-The contribution of emotional intelligence. Sustainability, 11(2), 330-339.
- Eaton, J. A. (2000). “A social motivation approach to organizational cynicism” (Unpublished master's thesis), York University, Toronto.
- Evans, W. R., Goodman, J. M., & Davis, W. D. (2010). The impact of perceived corporate citizenship on organizational cynicism, OCB, and employee deviance. Human Performance, 24(1), 79-97.
- Fleming, P., & Spicer, A. (2003). Working at a cynical distance: Implications for power, subjectivity and resistance. Organization, 10(1), 157-179.
- Fischer, R. (2008). Organizational justice and reward allocation. In P. Smith, M. Peterson, & D. C. Thomas (Eds), Handbook of cross-cultural management research (pp. 135-150). Sage.
- Fitzgerald, M. R. (2002). “Organizational cynicism: Its relationship to perceived organizational injustice and explanatory style” (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati.
- Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R. (2001). Fairness theory: justice as accountability (Greenberg, J. & Cropanzano, R. Ed.). Advances in organizational justice (pp. 1-55). California: Standford University.
- Folger, R., & Konovsky, M. A. (1989). Effects of procedural and distributive justice on reactions to pay raise decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 32(1), 115-130.
- Forte, A. (2005). Locus of control and the moral reasoning of managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 58, 65–77.
- Greenberg, J. (1987). A taxonomy of organizational justice theories. Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 9-22.
- Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(2), 399-432.
- Greenberg, J. (2011). Behavior in organizations (10th Edition), USA: Pearson.
- Haybattollahi, M. & Gyekye, S. A. (2014). The moderating effects of locus of control and job level on the relationship between workload and coping behavior among Finnish nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 22, 811-821.
- Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
- Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Hodgins, P. (2014). Make them endure, give them space: On the loss of academic cynicism. Emotion, Space and Society, 11, 28-35.
- Hox, J. J. & Bechger, T. M. (1998). An introduction to structural equation modeling. Family Science Review, 11, 354-373.
- Hulse, S. H., Egeth, H. & Deese, J. (1980). The psychology of learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- James, M. S. (2005). “Antecedents and consequences of cynicism in organizations: An examination of the potential positive and negative effects on school systems” (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Florida State University College of Business, Florida.
- Johnson, J. L., & O'Leary‐Kelly, A. M. (2003). The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: Not all social exchange violations are created equal. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(5), 627-647.
- Kanter, D. L., & Mirvis, P. H. (1989). The cynical Americans: Living and working in an age of discontent and disillusion. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Kaplan, S. E., Reneau, J. H., & Whitecotton, S. (2001). The effects of predictive ability information, locus of control, and decision maker involvement on decision aid reliance. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 14(1), 35-50.
- Karagöz, Y. (2002). Liberal öğretide adalet, hak ve özgürlük. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 26(2), 267-295.
- Kart, M. E. (2015). Örgütsel sinizm. Bağlamsal performans ve etik ideoloji. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
- Kaygusuz, K. (1995). Experimental and theoretical investigation of latent heat storage for water based solar heating systems. Energy Conversion and Management, 36(5), 315-323.
- Keltner, D., Ellsworth, P. C., & Edwards, K. (1993). Beyond simple pessimism: effects of sadness and anger on social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(5), 740-752.
- Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford.
- Köybaşı, F., Uğurlu, C.T. & Öncel, A. (2017). Examining the relationship between teachers' organizational justice perceptions and organizational cynicism levels. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 18(1), 1-14.
- Kruglanski, A. W. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational bases. New York, NY: Plenum.
- Kutanis, R. Ö., & Çetinel, E. (2010). Does perception of injustice trigger cynicism? A case study. Dumlupinar University Journal of Social Sciences, 26(1), 186-195.
- Lambert, E. (2003). The impact of organizational justice on correctional staff. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 155-169.
- Latham, G. P. (2007). Work motivation: History, theory, research, and practice. London: Sage Publications Series.
- Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2015). Practical research. Planning and design (11th Ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
- Levent, F. & Keser, S. (2016). Examining the organizational cynicism among teachers at schools a mixed methods study. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(21), 2009-2020.
- Lindsay, P. H., & Norman, D. A. (1977). Human information processing: An introduction to psychology. New York: Academic Press.
Martin, R., Thomas, G., Charles, C., Epitropaki, O., & McNamara, R. (2005). The role of leader-member exchanges in mediating the relationship between locus of control & work reactions. Journal of Organizational & Occupational Psychology, 78, 141-147.
- Mazella D. (2007). The making of modern cynicism. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
Onwuegbuzie, A. J. & Collins, K. M. T. (2007). A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. The Qualitative Report, 12(2), 281-316.
- Öztürk, A. G. (2020). “A phenomenological study on teachers’ organizational justice perceptions” (Unpublished master's thesis). Gazi University, Ankara.
- Polat, S., & Kazak, E. (2014). The correlation between school principals’ favoritist behaviors and attitudes and teachers’ perception of organizational justice. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 1(1), 71-92.
- Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717-731.
- Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. (2013). Organizational behavior (15th. Edition). Boston: Pearson.
- Rotter, J. B., Change, J. E. & Phares, E. J. (Eds.) (1972). Applications of a social learning theory of personality. Toronto: Holt-Rinehart.
Sağır, T. & Oğuz, E. (2012). Developing of organizational cynicism scala for teachers. International Journal of Human Sciences, 9(2), 1094-1106.
Saunders, M., & Thornhill, A. (2003). Organizational justice, trust and the management of change. Personnel Review, 32(3), 360-375.
Schultz, D. P. & Schultz, S. E. (2015). Theories of personality. USA: Cengage Learning.
- Spector, P. E. (1982). Behavior in organizations as a function of employee's locus of control. Psychological Bulletin, 91(3), 482-297.
- Stein, C. M., Morris, N. J., & Nock, N. L. (2012). Structural equation modeling. In: Elston R., Satagopan J., Shuying, S. (eds), Statistical human genetics: Methods and protocols, methods in molecular biology. (pp. 495-512), NY: Springer.
- Stroh, L. K., Northcraft, G. B. & Neale, M. A. (2002). Organizational behavior: A management challenge. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Şamdan, T., & Başkan, G. A. (2019). An analysis of the relationship between organizational justice and organizational cynicism according to the perceptions of teachers. PAU Journal of Education, 47, 17-40.
- Şenses, B. (2018). Organizational cynicism: A behavior shaping according to leadership styles. International Journal of Leadership Studies: Theory and Practice, 1(1), 13-28.
- Taylor, A. J. W. (2003). Justice as a basic human need. New Ideas in Psychology, 21(3), 209-219.
- Turunç, Ö. & Çelik, M. (2010). The effect of perceived organizational support on work-family conflict, family-work conflict, organizational identification and turnover intention: A research on defense sector. Ataturk University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 14(1), 209-232.
- Vice, S. (2011). Cynicism and morality. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 14(2), 169-184.
- Wallston, K. A. (1997). Perceived control and health behavior. In A. Baum, S. Newman, J. Weinman, R. West & C. McManus (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of psychology, health and medicine (pp. 151-154). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Austin, J. T. (2000). Cynicism about organizational change measurement, antecedents, and correlates. Group and Organizational Management, 25(2), 132-153.
- Wong-McDonald, A. & Gorsuch, R. L. (2004). A multivariate theory of god concept, religious motivation, locus of control, coping and spiritual well-being. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32(4), 318-334.
- Yangil, M. F., Baş, M., & Aygün, S. (2014). A review on hotel employees within the context of general & organizational cynicism. Optimum Journal of Economics & Management Sciences, 1(1), 99-112.
- Yildiz, K., Akgun, N., & Yildiz, S. (2013). The relationship between work alienation and organizational cynicism. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(6), 1253-1284.
Year 2022,
Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 329 - 345, 03.06.2022
Muhammed Bahadır
,
Faruk Levent
References
- Abraham, R. (2000). Organizational cynicism: Cases and consequences. Generic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, 126(3), 269-297.
- Andersson, L. M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Human Relations, 49(11), 1395-1418.
- Aquino, K., Douglas, S., & Martinko, M. J. (2004). Overt expressions of anger in response to perceived victimization: The moderating effects of attributional style and organizational norms. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(2), 152-164.
- Bedeian, A. G. (2007). Even if the tower is “ivory,” it isn't “white”: understanding the consequences of faculty cynicism. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6(1), 9-32.
- Bemmels, B. (1991). Attribution theory and discipline arbitration. ILR Review, 44(3), 548-562.
- Berman, E. M. (1997). Dealing with cynical citizens. Public Administration Review, 57(2) 105-112.
- Bernerth, J. B., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Walker, H. J. (2007). Justice, cynicism, and commitment: A study of important organizational change variables. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(3), 303-326.
- Beugr, C. D. (2002). Understanding organizational justice and its impact on managing employees: An African perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(7), 1091-1104.
- Bosora, J. F. C. (2014). “The moderating effect of power distance on the relationship between organizational justice and counterproductive work behavior”. (Unpublished master's thesis). Purdue University, Indiana.
- Bozbayındır, F., & Kayabaşı, E. (2014). The reasons and effects of organizational cynicism in secondary schools. Gaziantep University Journal of Social, 13(1), 211-227.
- Brandes, P. M. (1997). “Organizational cynicism: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences”. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Brandes, P., Castro, S. L., James, M. S., Martinez, A. D., Matherly, T. A., Ferris, G. R., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2007). The interactive effects of job insecurity and organizational cynicism on work effort following a layoff. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 14(3), 233-247.
- Byrne, S. (2011). Does individual locus of control matter in a JIT environment? Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research, 9(1), 37-57.
- Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(2), 278-321.
- Choi, S. (2011). Organizational justice and employee work attitudes: The federal case. The American Review of Public Administration, 41(2): 185-204.
- Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: a construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 386-400.
- Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. L. H., & Yee, K. N. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 425-445.
- Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M.S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31, 874-900.
- Cropanzano, R., Bowen, D. E., & Gilliland, S. W. (2007). The management of organizational justice. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(4), 34-48.
- Dean Jr, J. W., Brandes, P. & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational cynicism. The Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 341-352.
- Dehaghani, M. V., & Mirhadi, F. S. (2013). Impressing organizational justice rules based on information technology (Case study: Telecommunication Company). International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(4), 197-207.
- Di Fabio, A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2019). Positive relational management for sustainable development: Beyond personality traits-The contribution of emotional intelligence. Sustainability, 11(2), 330-339.
- Eaton, J. A. (2000). “A social motivation approach to organizational cynicism” (Unpublished master's thesis), York University, Toronto.
- Evans, W. R., Goodman, J. M., & Davis, W. D. (2010). The impact of perceived corporate citizenship on organizational cynicism, OCB, and employee deviance. Human Performance, 24(1), 79-97.
- Fleming, P., & Spicer, A. (2003). Working at a cynical distance: Implications for power, subjectivity and resistance. Organization, 10(1), 157-179.
- Fischer, R. (2008). Organizational justice and reward allocation. In P. Smith, M. Peterson, & D. C. Thomas (Eds), Handbook of cross-cultural management research (pp. 135-150). Sage.
- Fitzgerald, M. R. (2002). “Organizational cynicism: Its relationship to perceived organizational injustice and explanatory style” (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati.
- Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R. (2001). Fairness theory: justice as accountability (Greenberg, J. & Cropanzano, R. Ed.). Advances in organizational justice (pp. 1-55). California: Standford University.
- Folger, R., & Konovsky, M. A. (1989). Effects of procedural and distributive justice on reactions to pay raise decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 32(1), 115-130.
- Forte, A. (2005). Locus of control and the moral reasoning of managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 58, 65–77.
- Greenberg, J. (1987). A taxonomy of organizational justice theories. Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 9-22.
- Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(2), 399-432.
- Greenberg, J. (2011). Behavior in organizations (10th Edition), USA: Pearson.
- Haybattollahi, M. & Gyekye, S. A. (2014). The moderating effects of locus of control and job level on the relationship between workload and coping behavior among Finnish nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 22, 811-821.
- Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
- Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Hodgins, P. (2014). Make them endure, give them space: On the loss of academic cynicism. Emotion, Space and Society, 11, 28-35.
- Hox, J. J. & Bechger, T. M. (1998). An introduction to structural equation modeling. Family Science Review, 11, 354-373.
- Hulse, S. H., Egeth, H. & Deese, J. (1980). The psychology of learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- James, M. S. (2005). “Antecedents and consequences of cynicism in organizations: An examination of the potential positive and negative effects on school systems” (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Florida State University College of Business, Florida.
- Johnson, J. L., & O'Leary‐Kelly, A. M. (2003). The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: Not all social exchange violations are created equal. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(5), 627-647.
- Kanter, D. L., & Mirvis, P. H. (1989). The cynical Americans: Living and working in an age of discontent and disillusion. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Kaplan, S. E., Reneau, J. H., & Whitecotton, S. (2001). The effects of predictive ability information, locus of control, and decision maker involvement on decision aid reliance. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 14(1), 35-50.
- Karagöz, Y. (2002). Liberal öğretide adalet, hak ve özgürlük. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 26(2), 267-295.
- Kart, M. E. (2015). Örgütsel sinizm. Bağlamsal performans ve etik ideoloji. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
- Kaygusuz, K. (1995). Experimental and theoretical investigation of latent heat storage for water based solar heating systems. Energy Conversion and Management, 36(5), 315-323.
- Keltner, D., Ellsworth, P. C., & Edwards, K. (1993). Beyond simple pessimism: effects of sadness and anger on social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(5), 740-752.
- Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford.
- Köybaşı, F., Uğurlu, C.T. & Öncel, A. (2017). Examining the relationship between teachers' organizational justice perceptions and organizational cynicism levels. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 18(1), 1-14.
- Kruglanski, A. W. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational bases. New York, NY: Plenum.
- Kutanis, R. Ö., & Çetinel, E. (2010). Does perception of injustice trigger cynicism? A case study. Dumlupinar University Journal of Social Sciences, 26(1), 186-195.
- Lambert, E. (2003). The impact of organizational justice on correctional staff. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 155-169.
- Latham, G. P. (2007). Work motivation: History, theory, research, and practice. London: Sage Publications Series.
- Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2015). Practical research. Planning and design (11th Ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
- Levent, F. & Keser, S. (2016). Examining the organizational cynicism among teachers at schools a mixed methods study. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(21), 2009-2020.
- Lindsay, P. H., & Norman, D. A. (1977). Human information processing: An introduction to psychology. New York: Academic Press.
Martin, R., Thomas, G., Charles, C., Epitropaki, O., & McNamara, R. (2005). The role of leader-member exchanges in mediating the relationship between locus of control & work reactions. Journal of Organizational & Occupational Psychology, 78, 141-147.
- Mazella D. (2007). The making of modern cynicism. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
Onwuegbuzie, A. J. & Collins, K. M. T. (2007). A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. The Qualitative Report, 12(2), 281-316.
- Öztürk, A. G. (2020). “A phenomenological study on teachers’ organizational justice perceptions” (Unpublished master's thesis). Gazi University, Ankara.
- Polat, S., & Kazak, E. (2014). The correlation between school principals’ favoritist behaviors and attitudes and teachers’ perception of organizational justice. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 1(1), 71-92.
- Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717-731.
- Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. (2013). Organizational behavior (15th. Edition). Boston: Pearson.
- Rotter, J. B., Change, J. E. & Phares, E. J. (Eds.) (1972). Applications of a social learning theory of personality. Toronto: Holt-Rinehart.
Sağır, T. & Oğuz, E. (2012). Developing of organizational cynicism scala for teachers. International Journal of Human Sciences, 9(2), 1094-1106.
Saunders, M., & Thornhill, A. (2003). Organizational justice, trust and the management of change. Personnel Review, 32(3), 360-375.
Schultz, D. P. & Schultz, S. E. (2015). Theories of personality. USA: Cengage Learning.
- Spector, P. E. (1982). Behavior in organizations as a function of employee's locus of control. Psychological Bulletin, 91(3), 482-297.
- Stein, C. M., Morris, N. J., & Nock, N. L. (2012). Structural equation modeling. In: Elston R., Satagopan J., Shuying, S. (eds), Statistical human genetics: Methods and protocols, methods in molecular biology. (pp. 495-512), NY: Springer.
- Stroh, L. K., Northcraft, G. B. & Neale, M. A. (2002). Organizational behavior: A management challenge. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Şamdan, T., & Başkan, G. A. (2019). An analysis of the relationship between organizational justice and organizational cynicism according to the perceptions of teachers. PAU Journal of Education, 47, 17-40.
- Şenses, B. (2018). Organizational cynicism: A behavior shaping according to leadership styles. International Journal of Leadership Studies: Theory and Practice, 1(1), 13-28.
- Taylor, A. J. W. (2003). Justice as a basic human need. New Ideas in Psychology, 21(3), 209-219.
- Turunç, Ö. & Çelik, M. (2010). The effect of perceived organizational support on work-family conflict, family-work conflict, organizational identification and turnover intention: A research on defense sector. Ataturk University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 14(1), 209-232.
- Vice, S. (2011). Cynicism and morality. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 14(2), 169-184.
- Wallston, K. A. (1997). Perceived control and health behavior. In A. Baum, S. Newman, J. Weinman, R. West & C. McManus (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of psychology, health and medicine (pp. 151-154). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Austin, J. T. (2000). Cynicism about organizational change measurement, antecedents, and correlates. Group and Organizational Management, 25(2), 132-153.
- Wong-McDonald, A. & Gorsuch, R. L. (2004). A multivariate theory of god concept, religious motivation, locus of control, coping and spiritual well-being. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32(4), 318-334.
- Yangil, M. F., Baş, M., & Aygün, S. (2014). A review on hotel employees within the context of general & organizational cynicism. Optimum Journal of Economics & Management Sciences, 1(1), 99-112.
- Yildiz, K., Akgun, N., & Yildiz, S. (2013). The relationship between work alienation and organizational cynicism. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(6), 1253-1284.