Usability of Pine Sawdust and Calcite Together as Filler in Polyester Composites

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 267 - 273, 30.09.2023

İlyas Kartal , Hilal Selimoğlu

Abstract

Two different types of fillers are used in composites, natural and synthetic. Natural fillers are gaining popularity as an alternative to synthetic fillings due to low production cost, light weight, and abundance of renewable resources. Although thermoplastics are widely used as matrix material in natural fillers-filled composite materials, there are thermoset polymers such as epoxy and polyester. The most known and used natural-organic fillers are wood sawdust and fibres. Wood sawdust can be obtained easily and cheaply as a waste in furniture production and is generally used after appropriate sieving. In this study, general purpose polyester resin was preferred as matrix material. Calcite and pine wood sawdust used as fillers. Calcite is used as synthetic filler and pine wood sawdust is natural filler and can be found easily. Thus, the usability of natural and synthetic fillers together was investigated. Composite samples were prepared by pouring the mixture into an open Teflon mold. The physical properties of the samples such as tensile, impact, density and hardness were investigated. Images of broken surfaces were analysed by SEM. As a result of the study, it was evaluated that pine sawdust and calcite can be used together in polyester-based composite applications.

Keywords

polyester resin, pine sawdust, calcite, composite, mechanical properties

References

• [1] Demirer, H., Kartal, İ., Yıldırım, A., & Büyükkaya, K. (2018). The Utilisability of Ground Hazelnut Shell as Filler in Polypropylene Composites. Acta Physica Polonica A, 134: 254-256. https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.134.254
• [2] Kartal, İ. (2020). Effect of Hornbeam Sawdust Size on the Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Composites. Emerging Materials Research, 9(3):979-984. https://doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.20.00164
• [3] Kartal, İ., Naycı, G., & Demirer, H. (2019a). Cam ve Bambu Lifleriyle Takviyelendirilmiş Vinilester Kompozitlerinin Mekanik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies, 3(1):34-37.
• [4] Kartal, İ., Naycı, G., & Demirer, H. (2019b). Kestane/Gürgen Talaşı Dolgulu Vinilester Kompozitlerin Mekanik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. European Journal of Science and Technology, 16:723-728. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.566756
• [5] Kartal, İ., Naycı, G., & Demirer, H. (2020). The Effect of Chestnut Wood Flour Size on the Mechanical Properties of Chestnut Wood Flour Filled Vinylester Composites. Emerging Materials Research, 9:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.19.00179
• [6] Kushwanth Theja, K., Bharathiraja, G., Sakthi Murugan, V., & Muniappan, A. (2023). Evaluation of mechanical properties of tea dust filler reinforced polymer composite. Materials Today: Proceedings, 80: 3208-3211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.213
• [7] Şengör, İ., Cesur, S., Kartal, İ., Oktar, F. N., Ekren, N., İnan, A. T., & Gündüz, O. (2018). Fabrication and Characterization of Hazelnut ShellPowder with Reinforced Polymer Composite Nanofibers. ICNMA: 2018 20th International Conference on Nanostructured Materials and Applications, Zurich, Switzerland.
• [8] Kumar, R., Ul Haq, M. I., Raina, A., & Anand, A. (2019). Industrial Applications of Natural Fibre-reinforced Polymer Composites – Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 12(3): 212-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/19397038.2018.1538267
• [9] Albinante, S. R., Platenik, G., & Batista, L. N. (2017). Composites of Olefin Polymer/Natural Fibers: The Surface Modifications on Natural Fibers. In Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119441632.ch79
• [10] Singh, P., Singari, R. M., Mishra, R. S., & Bajwa, G. S. (2022). A review on recent development on polymeric hybrid composite and analysis of their enhanced mechanical performance. Materials Today: Proceedings, 56: 3692-3701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.443
• [11] Devaraju, S., & Alagar, M. (2019). Chapter 2 - Unsaturated Polyester—Macrocomposites. Unsaturated Polyester Resins. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816129-6.00002-8
• [12] Netravali, A. N., & Chabba, S. (2003). Composites get greener. Materials Today, 6(4): 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(03)00427-9
• [13] Ichazo, M. N., Albano, C., González, J., Perera, R., & Candal, M. V. (2001). Polypropylene/wood flour composites: treatments and properties. Composite Structures, 54(2): 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(01)00089-7
• [14] Joseph, K., Thomas, S., & Pavithran, C. (1996). Effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of short sisal fibre-reinforced polyethylene composites. Polymer, 37(23): 5139-5149. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(96)00144-9
• [15] Oleksy, M., & Galina, H. (2013). Unsaturated Polyester Resin Composites Containing Bentonites Modified with Silsesquioxanes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52(20): 6713-6721. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie303433v
• [16] Mohammed, M. H., & Dauda, B. M. (2014). Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced With Chemically Modified Natural Fibre, Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering, 1(4):31-38.
• [17] Paauw, M., & Pizzi, A. (1993). Some filler effects on cross-linking of unsaturated polyesters. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 50(7): 1287-1293. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070500720
• [18] K. Dinakaran, S. Devaraju, M. Alagar (2013) Thermoset nanocomposites Unsaturated Polyester Resin Clay Hybrid Nanocomposites, Wiley-VCH.
• [19] Kanimozhi, K., Prabunathan, P., Selvaraj, V., & Alagar, M. (2014). Vinyl silane-functionalized rice husk ash-reinforced unsaturated polyester nanocomposites. RSC Advances, 4(35): 18157-18163. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA01125B
• [20] Dinakaran, K., & Alagar, M. (2003). Development And Characterization Of Vinyl Ester Oligomer (Veo) Modified Unsaturated Polyester Intercrosslinked Matrices And Composites. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials, 52(11-12): 957-966. https://doi.org/10.1080/714975880
• [21] Anand Prabu, A., & Alagar, M. (2004). Mechanical and thermal studies of intercross-linked networks based on siliconized polyurethane-epoxy/unsaturated polyester coatings. Progress in Organic Coatings, 49(3): 236-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2003.09.018
• [22] Chozhan, C. K., Alagar, M., Sharmila, R. J., & Gnanasundaram, P. (2007). Thermo mechanical behaviour of unsaturated polyester toughened epoxy–clay hybrid nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Research, 14(4): 319-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-007-9114-x
• [23] Mandhakini, M., Devaraju, S., Venkatesan, M. R., & Alagar, M. (2012). Linseed vinyl ester fatty amide toughened unsaturated polyester-bismaleimide composites. High Performance Polymers, 24(3): 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954008311436263
• [24] Mohammed, M. H., & Dauda, B. M. (2014). Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced With Chemically Modified Natural Fibre.
• [25] Sharmila, R. J., Premkumar, S., & Alagar, M. (2010). Preparation and Characterization of Organoclay-Filled, Vinyl Ester-Modified Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites. High Performance Polymers, 22(1), 16-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954008308099491
• [26] Kandemir, B., Karagöz, İ., & Sepetçioğlu, H. (2023). Experimental Investigation of Effects of the Nucleating Agent on Mechanical and Crystallization Behavior of Injection-Molded Isotactic Polypropylene. El-Cezerî Journal of Science and Engineering, 10(1):109-120. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1165527
• [27] Baştürk, B. (2022). An Investigation on the Flexural and Thermo-mechanical Properties of CaCO3/Epoxy Composites [Articles]. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science, 18(2), 161-167. https://doi.org/10.18466/cbayarfbe.1015351
• [28] Mallick, P. K. (2000). Particulate and Short Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites. In A. Kelly & C. Zweben (Eds.), Comprehensive Composite Materials (pp. 291-331). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-042993-9/00085-1
• [29] Croitoru, C., Spirchez, C., Cristea, D., Lunguleasa, A., Pop, M. A., Bedo, T., Roata, I. C., & Luca, M. A. (2018). Calcium carbonate and wood reinforced hybrid PVC composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(22), 46317. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.46317
• [30] Orman Genel Müdürlüğü (2023). Asli Ağaç Türleri https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/e-kutuphane-sitesi/Yayinlar/Asli%20A%C4%9Fa%C3%A7%20T%C3%BCrleri.pdf
• [31] Hornsby, P.R., Hinrichsen, E. and Tarverdi, K. (1997) Preparation and Properties of Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Wheat and Flax Straw Fibres: Part II Analysis of Composite Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. Journal of Materials Science, 32: 1009-1015. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018578322498
• [32] Panthapulakkal, S., Zereshkian, A., & Sain, M. (2006). Preparation and characterization of wheat straw fibers for reinforcing application in injection molded thermoplastic composites. Bioresource Technology, 97(2): 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.043
• [33] Kompozit Pazarı (2023), Kalsit 5 Mikron Ürünü, https://www.kompozitpazari.com/urun/kalsit-5-mikron