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Ethnobotany in Integrating Agroecology and Sustainable Tourism: Evidence from Bolu Province, Türkiye

Year 2026, Issue: 10 , 1 - 21 , 31.03.2026

Nail Hoşcan

https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1889160
https://izlik.org/JA49JL95KM

Abstract

This study examines how ethnobotany can integrate Bolu’s agroecological subzones into sustainable tourism and identifies the conditions under which ethnobotanical knowledge may be translated into tourism products. Located in the Western Black Sea Region of Türkiye, Bolu is characterised by high biodiversity, diverse ecosystems, and strong cultural traditions. Although tourism supports regional development and rural livelihoods, unmanaged growth may increase pressure on natural resources and socio-cultural structures. The analysis draws on four agroecological subzones defined in the Bolu Agricultural Master Plan: (1) Mengen–Central District–Yeniçağa, (2) Dörtdivan–Gerede, (3) Seben–Kıbrıscık, and (4) Göynük–Mudurnu. Adopting an interpretivist paradigm, the study employs a qualitative design combining literature review, field observations, and semi-structured interviews in rural settlements. Data were analysed using descriptive qualitative analysis, supported by comparative categorisation and thematic comparison across agroecological subzones, focusing on variations in vernacular plant knowledge, use purposes, and preparation practices. Findings indicate strong potential for nature-based tourism grounded in ethnobotanical practices, alongside marked inter-regional differences in plant diversity, seasonality, and use purposes. Integrating ethnobotany with agroecology may strengthen sustainable agriculture, reinforce rural economies, and generate synergies between agriculture and tourism. The study proposes a practice-oriented framework centred on conservation, carrying capacity, ethical harvesting, and equitable benefit-sharing.

Keywords

Ethnobotany agroecology sustainable tourism nature-based tourism rural development

Ethical Statement

This study draws on data obtained from semi-structured interviews conducted between July and November 2019. As the data were collected prior to 2020, retrospective ethics committee approval was not required under the relevant institutional procedures in force at the time.

Thanks

The author expresses sincere gratitude to the Bolu Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry for facilitating access to up-to-date data during the research process, and to Prof. Dr Hamdi Zenginbal and Prof. Dr İsmail Eker for their valuable guidance throughout the writing process.

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Year 2026, Issue: 10 , 1 - 21 , 31.03.2026

Nail Hoşcan

https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1889160
https://izlik.org/JA49JL95KM

Abstract

References

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  • Monika, A., & Dhivya, C. (2024). Ethnobotany and agriculture: A timeless relationship for sustainable farming. Greenaria, 10(2), 197–198.
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There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nail Hoşcan 0000-0003-3669-6532

Submission Date February 14, 2026
Acceptance Date March 31, 2026
Publication Date March 31, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1889160
IZ https://izlik.org/JA49JL95KM
Published in Issue Year 2026 Issue: 10

Cite

APA Hoşcan, N. (2026). Ethnobotany in Integrating Agroecology and Sustainable Tourism: Evidence from Bolu Province, Türkiye. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology, 10, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1889160
AMA 1.Hoşcan N. Ethnobotany in Integrating Agroecology and Sustainable Tourism: Evidence from Bolu Province, Türkiye. Int. J. Chem. Technol. 2026;(10):1-21. doi:10.32571/ijct.1889160
Chicago Hoşcan, Nail. 2026. “Ethnobotany in Integrating Agroecology and Sustainable Tourism: Evidence from Bolu Province, Türkiye”. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology, nos. 10: 1-21. https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1889160.
EndNote Hoşcan N (March 1, 2026) Ethnobotany in Integrating Agroecology and Sustainable Tourism: Evidence from Bolu Province, Türkiye. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology 10 1–21.
IEEE [1]N. Hoşcan, “Ethnobotany in Integrating Agroecology and Sustainable Tourism: Evidence from Bolu Province, Türkiye”, Int. J. Chem. Technol., no. 10, pp. 1–21, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.32571/ijct.1889160.
ISNAD Hoşcan, Nail. “Ethnobotany in Integrating Agroecology and Sustainable Tourism: Evidence from Bolu Province, Türkiye”. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology. 10 (March 1, 2026): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1889160.
JAMA 1.Hoşcan N. Ethnobotany in Integrating Agroecology and Sustainable Tourism: Evidence from Bolu Province, Türkiye. Int. J. Chem. Technol. 2026;:1–21.
MLA Hoşcan, Nail. “Ethnobotany in Integrating Agroecology and Sustainable Tourism: Evidence from Bolu Province, Türkiye”. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology, no. 10, Mar. 2026, pp. 1-21, doi:10.32571/ijct.1889160.
Vancouver 1.Nail Hoşcan. Ethnobotany in Integrating Agroecology and Sustainable Tourism: Evidence from Bolu Province, Türkiye. Int. J. Chem. Technol. 2026 Mar. 1;(10):1-21. doi:10.32571/ijct.1889160

Aim & Scope

Aim of IJCT


Our aim is to publish original papers in aforementioned fields and to provide a platform for the scientists, researchers, and readers.

 


Scope of the International Journal of Chemistry and Technology (IJCT)

The International Journal of Chemistry and Technology (IJCT) publishes original research articles covering a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: physical chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry/medical biochemistry, phytochemistry, polymer chemistry, solid-state chemistry, nanomaterials and their properties, biomaterials and composites, chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental engineering and technology, nanotechnology, biotechnology, science education, and STEM education in all its aspects.

IJCT is a peer-reviewed, international journal with English as its publication language. It is published electronically twice a year, in June and December, and provides open access to all researchers. The journal does not charge any publication fees.

The journal welcomes submissions in the form of original research articles, review papers, conference proceedings, short communications, and letters to the editor that fall within its scope.

International Journal of Chemistry and Technology (IJCT)

(e-ISSN: 2602-277X)

Instructions for Authors

General Guidelines


1. All manuscripts must be submitted electronically via the journal’s website at http://dergipark.org.tr/ijct.
2. Submitted manuscripts must not have been published previously and must not be under consideration for publication elsewhere.
3. Upon acceptance of a manuscript, the corresponding author must submit a signed Copyright Agreement Form.
4. All manuscripts submitted to IJCT undergo a double-blind peer review process (i.e., author names and affiliations are removed to ensure anonymity, and reviewers remain anonymous to authors).
Evaluation Process:
After submission, the manuscript is initially reviewed by the editorial team for quality of writing and language use. If revisions are necessary, it will be returned to the author for correction. Once satisfactorily revised, the manuscript is sent to two independent reviewers for scientific evaluation. The editorial decision is based on the reviewers’ recommendations. In cases where reviewer evaluations differ significantly, the manuscript is sent to a third reviewer. When appropriate, editorial suggestions may also be shared with the author along with reviewer comments.
5. Once a manuscript is accepted, a proof version will be sent to the corresponding author for final corrections.
6. The journal uses iThenticate software to detect similarity and prevent plagiarism.
7. Authors must declare that there is no conflict of interest with any individual, institution, company, or service provider, in accordance with the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).
8. For studies requiring ethics committee approval, authors must provide the ethics committee report in compliance with the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
9. All authors are required to provide their ORCID identifiers.
10. During submission, four separate files must be uploaded:
1. Title Page (including manuscript title, full names and surnames of all authors, affiliations, ORCID IDs, and the email address of the corresponding author)
2. Main Document (including title, abstract, keywords, introduction, materials and methods, results and discussion, conclusions, acknowledgments, conflict of interest statement, and references)
3. Copyright Agreement Form
4. Originality Statement confirming the novelty of the work


Manuscript Preparation


• The manuscript text should be typed in Times New Roman, 10-point font, and single-spaced. Only the title of the manuscript should be in 14-point font.
• Manuscripts must be submitted in Microsoft Word format (not PDF), including the full text with figures and tables. Figures and tables should be presented on separate pages following the references section. The placement of each figure and table should be clearly indicated in the text.
• Page margins should be set to 2 cm on the left and right, and 3 cm at the top and bottom. Each paragraph should start separately without indentation.
• Page numbers should be centered at the bottom of each page in 9-point font.
• Line numbers should be displayed continuously in the left margin of each page.
• References must be formatted in accordance with APA 7-one of the internationally recognized citation styles.

Reference Guidelines:  https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples


• Throughout the manuscript, the International System of Units (SI) must be used. Units should be expressed as follows: mg g⁻¹, mg l⁻¹, l, ml, J mol⁻¹, J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, mol l⁻¹, min⁻¹, mol² J⁻², t₁/₂, min.

All symbols must be inserted using the Symbol menu in Microsoft Word. A space should be inserted after each symbol or unit.

The words “Figure” and “Table” must not be abbreviated in the text.


Figures and tables must be of high resolution and suitable for publication quality.

Figures, tables, and equations should be numbered consecutively according to their appearance in the text.

In equations, every symbol mentioned in the text must be written in italics.

Except for table borders, the axis lines of graphs and diagrams should be drawn with a thickness of 1/2 pt.

The manuscript must be continuously checked using the spelling and grammar tools available in word processing software.

Latin and Persian words (e.g., names of fungi, yeasts, or plants) must be written in italics throughout the text.

**Authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of all references.

Essential Information for the Title Page

Title
The title should accurately reflect the aim of the study. It must not contain abbreviations or formulas.

Author Names
The full first name and surname of each author must be provided. First names should be written in lowercase letters, and surnames in uppercase letters.

ORCID Numbers
The ORCID IDs of all authors should be listed in the same order as the author names.

Affiliation
Author affiliations should be written in italics, including department, faculty, university, postal code, city, and country, in that order.

Abstract
The abstract must not exceed 170 words. It should reflect the aim of the research as well as the main and significant results. It must not contain references or abbreviations.

Keywords
The number of keywords should be between 3 and 5. Conjunctions such as “and” or “or” should not be used.

Corresponding Author
The corresponding author should be indicated with an asterisk as a superscript. After the keywords, the corresponding author’s phone and fax numbers and email address should be provided in that order.


Introduction
Materials and Methods
This section should specify all materials used. Both experimental and theoretical methods must be described in detail and supported with references.

Results and Discussion
Results should be presented clearly and concisely. The importance of the findings should be discussed and interpreted, and their validity should be supported by relevant literature.

Conclusions
The main findings of the study should be briefly summarized. This section may be presented as a subsection of “Results and Discussion.” Conclusions should not be repeated verbatim.

Acknowledgments
This section should include thanks to individuals and institutions who contributed to the study.

Conflict of Interest
Authors must declare that there is no conflict of interest with any person, institution, company, etc.

References
References must be formatted according to APA 7th Edition, one of the internationally recognized citation styles. Authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of all references.


Tables: All tables must be created using the “Insert Table” command in Microsoft Word. Each table’s title should be placed above the table, and tables should be presented on separate pages at the end of the manuscript. The placement of each table in the main text must be clearly indicated. A separate page listing all table titles should be provided at the end of the manuscript. If necessary, footnotes may be included under tables in a smaller font size. The word Table must not be abbreviated in the text or in table titles. In the text, the word Table should be written in blue font, and in table titles, only the word Table should appear in bold. All table titles must be in 9-point font. All table borders should have a line width of 0.5 pt. Only main headings and subheadings within tables should be in bold, while all other content should be in normal font weight. Numbers, symbols, marks, and letters in tables should be in 8- or 9-point font size.
Example: Table 1. Kinetic data for metal ion adsorption by organic clay at different temperatures.


Figures: Figures prepared in Excel should be copied and pasted into the Word document, not provided as images. Figures should be in color, and each figure’s caption must be placed directly below the figure. Figures should be presented on separate pages at the end of the manuscript, and their placement in the text must be clearly indicated. A separate page listing all figure captions should be provided at the end of the manuscript. All symbols and abbreviations used in the figure must be explained in the caption. The word Figure must not be abbreviated in the text or in figure captions. In the text, the word Figure should be written in blue font, and in the caption, only the word Figure should be in bold. The entire figure caption should be in 9-point font and followed by a period. Numbers, symbols, marks, and letters inside figures should be in 8- or 9-point font. Axis titles should be in normal weight (not bold), “Body” font style, and 10-point font size, while axis numbers should be in normal weight, “Body” font style, and 9-point font size. All numbers, symbols, marks, and letters within the x- and y-axes should be in 8- or 9-point font. Graphs and diagrams should be drawn with a line thickness of 0.5 pt, and figure dimensions should be as equal as possible in width and height.

Example: Figure 1. Surface morphology of the adsorbent: a) before adsorption, b) after adsorption.





 

 

                                                                                                                                                                    

                                                                   

Ethical Rules and Committee Permission
1. Tasks of the Editors
• The editor of the journal is solely and independently responsible for deciding on the publication conditions of the submitted article. Before reaching the final decision, the validity, importance and novelty of the article uploaded to the journal should always be considered.
• The editor and field editors follow the principles of the editorial board of the journal and evaluate issues such as copyright infringement and plagiarism in line with these principles. The editor may also collaborate with field editors or reviewers to take the final decision.
• The editor and field editors are responsible for the equal, fair and timely completion of the evaluation process through expert reviewers in the relevant field. Unless an additional reviewer is needed, editor or field editor ensures that the article submitted to the journal is evaluated by at least two external and independent reviewers.
• Articles should be evaluated by the editor or field editor according to their content and novelty, without considering the race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnicity, citizenship or political philosophies of the authors.
• The publication policies of the journal should be clear and include open reports from reviewers and authors. In addition, the editor and field editors should use the journal standard electronic system for all journal communications, with the exception of any technical problems.
• The editor will use a clear statement process in appealing editorial decisions.
• The editor should not attempt to influence the ranking of the journal and should not compel authors to include articles by the editor's or field editors unless there are sound scientific reasons for this purpose.
• The confidentiality of all articles submitted to the journal, communications with interested parties, and the identity of the reviewers should be protected by the editor and field editor.
• Unpublished materials, information and ideas contained in the submitted article should not be used in the research of the editor or field editor without the written consent of the author.
• The publisher must be notified of any potential editorial conflicts of interest. The publisher may publish the related notices in the journal.
• The editor or field editor should not make any decisions about articles written by relatives and colleagues. Such an application should be subject to the general procedures of the journal and this process should be done without including the relevant author/editor and research groups.
• The editor must maintain the integrity of the published record by investigating suspected abuse.
• In case of doubt, if necessary, the editor should contact the article author and inform to author about the relevant requests. However, in such a case, the editor should also be able to communicate with relevant institutions and research centers.
• In the case of plagiarism, the editor must act with the publisher and ensure that the correction, retraction or explanatory statement is promptly published.

2. Task of Reviewers
• During the peer-review process, the reviewers are expected to pay attention to the ethical issues mentioned above and to consider the article objectively.
• If the subject of the article is not related to the reviewer' field or if the reviewer will not be able to evaluate the article in a timely, the reviewer is expected to reject the evaluation process and inform to the editor immediately.
• All articles submitted to the International Journal of Chemistry and Technology are confidential. Reviewers should also not share any review or information about the article with anyone. In addition, reviewers should not communicate with authors without permission from the editor.
• Information or ideas presented in the reviewed article should not be used for the personal benefit of the reviewers.
• The review should be constructive, and attention should be paid to ethical issues such as plagiarism.
• Comments should be objective and supported by arguments that do not include any personal criticism.
• In case of any potential conflict of interest, the reviewer should warn the editor or field editor and refuse to evaluate the article.
• The recommendation of the reviewer and/or reviewers (or their partners) appointed to evaluate the article to refer to their work must be scientifically reasonable without the reviewer's intention to increase the number of citations.

3. Tasks of Authors
• Authors submitting a research article or a short communication article to the journal should ensure that the article contains original results and discussions that highlight the importance of the work. If the uploaded article is a review article or other type, the content of the manuscript must be concrete and objective.
• Articles submitted to the journal should contain sufficient references and should be written in detail.
• All sources of support for the study should be mentioned in the acknowledgment section of the article.
• Unethical issues such as plagiarism and controversial and false statements are never acceptable in the content of an article.
• An author should not submit the same article, in whole or in part, to more than one journal (other than an abstract or a published lecture or academic thesis, or an electronic edition). This type of behavior is unethical and is not accepted by the journal.
• Persons who do not contribute to the content intellectually during the creation of the work should not be specified as author.
• All studies submitted for publication, if any, situations that may constitute a conflict of interest and their relationships should be disclosed.
• To become a co-author, significant contributions must be made to the content, design and application areas of the article. Language editors or medical authors should be mentioned in the acknowledgments section.
• If the author(s) notices an inaccuracy or error in their published, in print or under evaluation work, they have the obligation to cooperate with the editor in the process of informing, correcting or withdrawing the journal editor or publisher.
• Changing the author responsibilities of a study whose evaluation process has begun (such as adding an author, changing the order of authors, removing an author) cannot be proposed.
• The corresponding author of the article is responsible for eligible and inappropriate co-authors. In addition, the corresponding author should obtain the relevant approvals from all co-authors for the final version of the article and the journal to which it was sent.
• All authors are responsible for all parts of the article.
• If the article involves the use of animal or human subjects, necessary documentation, such as the approval of appropriate institutional committees, and a corresponding statement should be provided to the journal by the author.
• Any significant errors noticed by the author should be reported to the editor immediately. In case of any correction, the author is obliged to provide the evidence requested by the editor or the field editor.
• Complex changes that will damage the originality such as enhancement, relocation, removal of any part are unacceptable for the images and pictures included in the article.
• The corresponding author is the authorized person on behalf of all authors. It is the corresponding author's duty to inform other author(s) about the manuscript process. The journal editorial board does not accept any responsibility for the conflict of interest between the author(s) whose article is accepted.

4. Actions Contrary to Scientific Research and Publication Ethics
Fake: Making up data as if it was done without a scientific research, to report or publish them.
Distortion: To falsify research records and obtained data, presenting the methods, devices and materials not used in the research as if they were used, not to evaluate the data that are not suitable for the research hypothesis, manipulate data and/or results to fit relevant theories and assumptions, to falsify or shape the research results in line with the interests of the people and organizations that receive support.
Plagiarism: Presenting the ideas, methods, data, practices, writings, figures or works of others as their own work, in whole or in part, without attribution in accordance with scientific rules.
Forgery: To produce data that is not based on research, to edit or modify the presented or published work based on untrue data, to report or publish them.
Re-publish (Duplication): Republishing the results of a study in another journal without the permission of the editor of the journal in which it was originally published.
Separating: Presenting the results of a research as separate works in the evaluations of associate professorship exams and academic promotions, by separating the integrity of the research, by separating it into parts inappropriately, and by making multiple publications without citing each other.
Unfair authorship: To include people who do not have an active contribution among the authors, not including people who have an active contribution among the authors, changing the order of authors unjustifiably and inappropriately, removing the names of those who contributed actively from the work during publication or in subsequent editions, to include his name among the authors by using his influence, although did not have an active contribution.
Other types of ethics violations: Not clearly stating the supporting persons, institutions or organizations and their contributions to the research in the publications of the research carried out with support, not respecting patient rights in their publications, to share the information contained in a work assigned to review as a referee, with others before it is published, to misuse the resources, places, facilities and devices provided or allocated for scientific research, to allege unfounded and deliberate ethical violations.

5. Ethics Committee Approval
TR Index Journal Evaluation Criteria has been updated for 2020.
An "Ethics Committee Approval" document is also required for studies that require ethics committee approval within current criteria. Therefore;
1. Ethics committee approval should be obtained separately for studies conducted in all branches of science, including social sciences, and for clinical and experimental studies on humans and animals that require an ethics committee decision, and this approval should be stated and documented in the article.
2. In studies that require ethics committee permission, information about the permission (name of the committee, date and number) should be included in the method section and also on the first/last page of the article. In case reports, information about signing the informed consent form should be included in the article.
In the statement made by the TR index, the studies in the following category were determined as articles that require Ethics Committee approval:
All kinds of research carried out with qualitative or quantitative approaches that require data collection from the participants by using survey, interview, focus group work, observation, experiment, interview techniques.
Use of humans and animals (including material/data) for experimental or other scientific purposes.
Clinical studies on humans.
Animal studies.
Retrospective studies in accordance with the personal data protection law.
Additionally;
Stating that an “informed consent form” was taken in case reports.
Obtaining and specifying permission from the owners for the use of scales, questionnaires, photographs belonging to others.
It should be noted that there are copyright regulations for the ideas and works of art used.
Journals should state that they comply with the rules regarding "Publication Ethics", "Research Ethics" and "Receiving Legal/Special Permission" by opening a separate heading for each one, by referring to international standards, both on the web page and in the printed journal.
The issue of compliance with publication ethics in journals should not be left to the sole responsibility of the authors, the path to be followed in journal publication ethics should be clearly defined.
In articles to be published in journals, whether ethical committee permission and/or legal/special permission is required should be stated in the article.
If it is necessary to obtain these permissions, it should be clearly presented from which institution, on what date and with what decision or issue number.
If the study requires the use of human and animal subjects, it should be declared that the study was carried out in accordance with the international declaration guideline.
6. ETHICS COMMITTEE PERMISSION
Dear authors and reviewers,
In line with the decisions taken by the ULAKBİM TR Index, "Ethics Committee Approval" must be obtained for research conducted in all branches of science, including Social Sciences, as of 2020. In studies that require ethics committee approval, information about the permission (name of the committee, date and number) should be included in the method section and also at the end of the article. When uploading your study to our journal, you must also upload your Ethics Committee document along with your article file. If your study is not included in the working group that requires ethics committee approval, you must sign the declaration form stating this situation and indicate the relevant situation in your article text.
Is ethics committee approval required for all articles?
No. Studies that require ethics committee approval are as follows:
All kinds of research conducted with qualitative or quantitative approaches that require data collection from the participants by using survey, interview, focus group work, observation, experiment, interview techniques.
Use of humans and animals (including material/data) for experimental or other scientific purposes,
Clinical studies on humans,
Animal studies,
Retrospective studies in accordance with the personal data protection law
Additionally;
Stating that an “informed consent form” was taken in case reports.
Obtaining and specifying permission from the owners for the use of scales, questionnaires, photographs belonging to others.
Should a retrospective Ethics Committee Permission be obtained for publications produced from studies and thesis completed in previous years?
Retrospective ethics committee approval is not required for articles that were published before 2020, produced from postgraduate/doctoral studies (must be specified in the article), submitted an application for publication to the journal in the previous year, and accepted but not yet published.
Are there any restrictions on publications made outside of universities with these rules of TR Directory? No. Non-university researchers can also apply to the Ethics Committees in their regions.
The authors of the articles in this scope to be sent to the International Journal of Chemistry and Technology must both upload the permission documents they have received to the system during their application and specify them in their articles. This information should be given at the end of the article before the bibliography as follows: 

Ethics Committee Permission: Ethics committee approval for this study was obtained with the decision of the Ethics Committee dated .... and numbered .....




There is no article processing fee or any submission fee in the journal.

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