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İran safranı (Crocus sativus L.) ile Türkiye'nin makro ve mikro lokasyonlarda yetiştirilen safranın kalite özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 108 - 116, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1016680

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, İran Rezavi Horasani bölgesinden toplanan safran ile, Türkiye’nin farklı lokasyonlarında; Hatay (Kırıkhan, İskenderun, Hassa ve Yayladağı ilçeleri), Karabük (Safranbolu ilçesi Yukarıbucak ve Ovacuma köyleri), Ankara (Ayaş, Nallıhan ve Polatlı ilçeleri), Çukurova bölgesi (Adana-Çukurova, Mersin-Tarsus ve Osmaniye-Kadirli ilçeleri) ve Antalya (Korkuteli ilçesi), toplanan safranların uçucu ve biyoaktif bileşimleri gösterilmiştir. Uçucu bileşiklerin tanımlanması ve miktar tayini için gaz kromatografisi-kütle spektrometrisi (GC-MS/FID ve GC-MS/MS) cihazı kullanılmıştır. Safranın uçucu bileşenlerini izole etmek için metanol:etil asetat çözücü karışımı kullanılarak ultrason destekli ekstraksiyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışma, safranın uçucu ve biyoaktif bileşiklerinin miktarlarının farklı coğrafi konumlar arasında değiştiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Safran içerisinde bulunan safranal, krosin ve krosetin gibi en önemli biyoaktif bileşenler, tüm safran örneklerinde kantitatif olarak analiz edilmiştir. En yüksek safranal ve krosin sırasıyla 22532.97 mg kg-1 ve 647.26 mg kg-1 ile Hatay Yayladağı safranında gözlemlendmiştir. En yüksek krosetin miktarı 6.73 mg kg-1 ile Ankara Ayaş safranından elde edilmiştir. Yağ asidi içeriği en yüksek fraksiyon %23.56 ile Hatay Kırıkhan safranında gözlemlenirken, biyoaktif bileşenlerin en yüksek fraksiyonu %90.84 ile Karabük Safranbolu Ovacuma safranında bulunmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre en yüksek kalitede safranın Hatay Yayladağı ve Karabük Safranbolu Ovacuma safranları olduğu belirlenmiştir.

References

  • 1. Hire, R.R.; Srivastava, S.; Davis, M.B.; Konreddy, A.K.; Panda, D. Antiproliferative Activity of Crocin Involves Targeting of Microtubules in Breast Cancer Cells. Sci Rep. 2017, 7(1): 44984.
  • 2. Khorasanchi, Z.; Shafiee, M.; Kermanshahi, F.; Khazaei, M.; Ryzhikov, M.; Parizadeh, M.R.; Kermanshahi, B.; Ferns, G.A.; Avan, A.; Hassanian, S.M. Crocus sativus a natural food coloring and flavoring has potent anti-tumor properties. Phytomedicine. 2018, 43: 21-27.
  • 3. Mir, M.A.; Ganai, S.A.; Mansoor, S.; Jan, S.; Mani, P.; Masoodi, K.Z.; Amin, H.; Rehman, M.U.; Ahmad, P. Isolation, purification and characterization of naturally derived Crocetin beta-d-glucosyl ester from Crocus sativus L. against breast cancer and its binding chemistry with ER-alpha/HDAC2. Suudi J Biol Sci. 2020, 27(3): 975-984.
  • 4. Asil, H. Farklı Depolama Sürelerinin Safranın (Crocus sativus L.) Farmakolojik Ajanlarına (Safranal, Crocin ve Crocetin) Etkisi ve Kalite Özellikleri Bakımından Değerlendirilmesi . Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2021, 8 (2) , 263-269. DOI: 10.34087/cbusbed.804112
  • 5. Lautenschläger, M.; Sendker, J.; Hüwel, S.; Galla, H. J.; Brandt, S.; Düfer, M.; and Hensel, A. Intestinal formation of trans-crocetin from saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and in vitro permeation through intestinal and blood brain barrier. Phytomedicine. 2015, 22(1), 36-44.
  • 6. Reddy, C.N.; Bharate, S.B.; Vishwakarma, R.A.; Bharate, S.S. Chemical analysis of saffron by HPLC based crocetin estimation. J Pharm Biyomed Anal. 2020, 181: 113094.
  • 7. Cardone, L.; Castronuovo, D.; Perniola, M.; Cicco, N.; Candido, V. Evaluation of corm origin and climatic conditions on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) yield and quality. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2019, 99(13): 5858-5869.
  • 8. Trimigno, A.; Marincola, F.C.; Dellarosa, N.; Picone, G.; Laghi, L. Definition of food quality by NMR-based foodomics. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2015, 4: 99-104.
  • 9. Chichiriccò, G.; Ferrante, C.; Menghini, L.; Recinella, L.; Leone, S.; Chiavaroli, A.; Brunetti, L.; Di Simone, S.; Ronci, M.; Piccone, P.; Lanza, B.; Cesa, S.; Poma, A.; Vecchiotti, G.; Orlando, G. Crocus sativus by-products as sources of bioactive extracts: Pharmacological and toxicological focus on anthers. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2019, 126: 7-14.
  • 10. Lahmass, I.; Ouahhoud, S.; Elmansuri, M.; Sabouni, A.; Elyoubi, M.; Benabbas, R.; Choukri, M.; Saalaoui, E. Determination of Antioxidant Properties of Six By-Products of Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) Plant Products. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2018, 9(8): 1349-1357.
  • 11. Asil, H.; Ayanoglu, F. The Effects of Different Gibberellic Acid Doses and Corm Cutting Methods on Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Yield Components in Turkey. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 2018, 27(12A): 9222-9229.
  • 12. Caballero-Ortega, H.; Pereda-Miranda, R.; Abdullaev, F.I. HPLC quantification of major active components from 11 different saffron (Crocus sativus L.) sources. Food Chem. 2007, 100(3): 1126-1131.
  • 13. Fernandez, J.A. Biology, biotechnology and biomedicine of saffron. Recent research developments in plant science. 2004, 2: 127-159.
  • 14. Ben El Caid, M.; Salaka, L.; El Merzougui, S.; Lachguer, K.; Lagram, K.; El Mousadik, A.; Serghini, M.A. Multi-site evaluation of the productivity among saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for clonal selection purposes. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants. 2020, 17: 100248.
  • 15. Koçer, O, Ayanoğlu, F . Dişi Defne (Laurus nobilis L.) Genotiplerinde Meyve Yağ Asitleri Kompozisyonlarının Belirlenmesi . Uluslararası Doğu Anadolu Fen Mühendislik ve Tasarım Dergisi , 2021. 3 (1) , 72-88 . DOI: 10.47898/ijeased.843773.
  • 16.Koçer, O.; Ayanoğlu, F.; Konuşkan, D.B. Quality Characteristics of Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) Fatty Oils Extracted by Different Methods, 4. International Symposium of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2018
  • 17. .Koçer, O.; Ayanoğlu, F.; Konuşkan, D.B. Determination of Suitable Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) Genotypes for Fruit Growing and Effects of Different Harvest Periods on Fatty Oil Qualit, 4. International Symposium of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2018
  • 18. Carmona, M.; Zalacain, A.; Salinas, M.R.; Alonso, G.L. A new approach to saffron aroma. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2007, 47(2): 145-159.
  • 19. Gokturk, E.; Asil, H. Hatay/Kırıkhan’da Yetiştirilen Safran (Crocus sativus L.) Stigmasının Ekstraktının GC-MS analizi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. 2018, 5(3): 317-321.
  • 20. Koçer, O. Hatay Yöresinde Yetişen Thymbra spicata L. (Zahter/Karabaş Kekiği) Bitkisinin Uçucu Yağ Oran ve Bileşenlerinin Belirlenmesi . Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi , 2021. (27) , 446-449 . DOI: 10.31590/ejosat.963053
  • 21. Rezaee, R.; Hosseinzadeh, H. Safranal: from an aromatic natural product to a rewarding pharmacological agent. Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2013, 16(1): 12-26.
  • 22. Culleré, L.; San-Juan, F.; Cacho, J. Characterisation of aroma active compounds of Spanish saffron by gas chromatography–olfactometry: Quantitative evaluation of the most relevant aromatic compounds. Food Chem. 2011, 127(4): 1866-1871.
  • 23. Farag, M.A.; Hegazi, N.; Dokhalahy, E.; Khattab, A.R. Chemometrics based GC-MS aroma profiling for revealing freshness, origin and roasting indices in saffron spice and its adulteration. Food Chem. 2020, 331: 127358.
  • 24. Anastasaki, E.; Kanakis, C.; Pappas, C.; Maggi, L.; Del Campo, C.P.; Carmona, M.; Alonso, G.L.; Polissiou, M.G. Geographical differentiation of saffron by GC–MS/FID and chemometrics. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2009, 229(6): 899-905.
  • 25. Bononi, M.; Milella, P.; Tateo, F. Gas chromatography of safranal as preferable method for the commercial grading of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). 2015, Food Chemistry. 176: 17-21.
  • 26. Rahimi, A.; Rezaee, M.B.; Jaimand, K.; Ashtiany, A.N. Effects of Storage and Cultivation on Crocin Content of Dried Stigma of Saffron Crocus sativus L. Akademik Gıda. 2014, 12(1): 16-19.
  • 27. Sampaio, B.L.; Edrada-Ebel, R.; Da Costa, F.B. Effect of the environment on the secondary metabolic profile of Tithonia diversifolia: a model for environmental metabolomics of plants. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6(1): 29265.
  • 28. Vahedi, M.; Kabiri, M.; Salami, S.A.; Rezadoost, H.; Mirzaie, M.; Kanani, M.R. Quantitative HPLC-based metabolomics of some Iranian saffron (Crocus sativus L.) accessions. Ind Crops Prod. 2018, 118: 26-29.
  • 29. Amanpour, A.; Sonmezdag, A.S.; Kelebek, H.; Selli, S. GC-MS-olfactometric characterization of the most aroma-active components in a representative aromatic extract from Iranian saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Food Chem. 2015, 182: 251-256.

Comparison of quality properties of the Iranian Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and Saffron grown in macro and micro locations in Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 108 - 116, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1016680

Abstract

In this study, volatile and bioactive compositions of saffron samples collected from Khorasani region in Iran Razavi and different locations in Turkey containing Hatay (Kırıkhan, Iskenderun, Hassa and Yayladağı counties), Karabük (Safranbolu county Yukarıbucak and Ovacuma villages), Ankara (Ayaş, Nallıhan and Polatlı counties), Çukurova region (Adana-Cukurova, Mersin-Tarsus and Osmaniye-Kadirli counties) and Antalya (Korkuteli county) were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/FID and GC-MS/MS) for identification and quantification of volatile compounds. Ultrasound-assisted extraction method using methanol:ethyl acetate solvent mixture was used to isolate the volatile components of saffron. This study revealed that the amounts of the volatile and bioactive compounds of saffron veried between different geographical locations. The most important bioactive compounds of saffron, safranal, crocin and crocetin, were also quantitatively analyzed in all saffron samples. The highest amount of safranal and crocin were observed in Hatay yayladağı saffron with 22532.97 mg kg-1 and 647.26 mg/kg, respectively. The highest amount of crocetin was obtained with 6.73 mg/kg in Ankara Ayaş saffron. While Hatay kırıkhan saffron contained the highest fraction of fatty acid content with 23.56%, the highest fraction of bioactive components was discovered in Karabük safranbolu ovacuma saffron with 90.84%. According to the obtained outcomes, the highest qualities saffron were determined to be observed in Hatay yayladağı and Karabük safranbolu ovacuma saffron, respectively.

References

  • 1. Hire, R.R.; Srivastava, S.; Davis, M.B.; Konreddy, A.K.; Panda, D. Antiproliferative Activity of Crocin Involves Targeting of Microtubules in Breast Cancer Cells. Sci Rep. 2017, 7(1): 44984.
  • 2. Khorasanchi, Z.; Shafiee, M.; Kermanshahi, F.; Khazaei, M.; Ryzhikov, M.; Parizadeh, M.R.; Kermanshahi, B.; Ferns, G.A.; Avan, A.; Hassanian, S.M. Crocus sativus a natural food coloring and flavoring has potent anti-tumor properties. Phytomedicine. 2018, 43: 21-27.
  • 3. Mir, M.A.; Ganai, S.A.; Mansoor, S.; Jan, S.; Mani, P.; Masoodi, K.Z.; Amin, H.; Rehman, M.U.; Ahmad, P. Isolation, purification and characterization of naturally derived Crocetin beta-d-glucosyl ester from Crocus sativus L. against breast cancer and its binding chemistry with ER-alpha/HDAC2. Suudi J Biol Sci. 2020, 27(3): 975-984.
  • 4. Asil, H. Farklı Depolama Sürelerinin Safranın (Crocus sativus L.) Farmakolojik Ajanlarına (Safranal, Crocin ve Crocetin) Etkisi ve Kalite Özellikleri Bakımından Değerlendirilmesi . Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2021, 8 (2) , 263-269. DOI: 10.34087/cbusbed.804112
  • 5. Lautenschläger, M.; Sendker, J.; Hüwel, S.; Galla, H. J.; Brandt, S.; Düfer, M.; and Hensel, A. Intestinal formation of trans-crocetin from saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and in vitro permeation through intestinal and blood brain barrier. Phytomedicine. 2015, 22(1), 36-44.
  • 6. Reddy, C.N.; Bharate, S.B.; Vishwakarma, R.A.; Bharate, S.S. Chemical analysis of saffron by HPLC based crocetin estimation. J Pharm Biyomed Anal. 2020, 181: 113094.
  • 7. Cardone, L.; Castronuovo, D.; Perniola, M.; Cicco, N.; Candido, V. Evaluation of corm origin and climatic conditions on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) yield and quality. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2019, 99(13): 5858-5869.
  • 8. Trimigno, A.; Marincola, F.C.; Dellarosa, N.; Picone, G.; Laghi, L. Definition of food quality by NMR-based foodomics. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2015, 4: 99-104.
  • 9. Chichiriccò, G.; Ferrante, C.; Menghini, L.; Recinella, L.; Leone, S.; Chiavaroli, A.; Brunetti, L.; Di Simone, S.; Ronci, M.; Piccone, P.; Lanza, B.; Cesa, S.; Poma, A.; Vecchiotti, G.; Orlando, G. Crocus sativus by-products as sources of bioactive extracts: Pharmacological and toxicological focus on anthers. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2019, 126: 7-14.
  • 10. Lahmass, I.; Ouahhoud, S.; Elmansuri, M.; Sabouni, A.; Elyoubi, M.; Benabbas, R.; Choukri, M.; Saalaoui, E. Determination of Antioxidant Properties of Six By-Products of Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) Plant Products. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2018, 9(8): 1349-1357.
  • 11. Asil, H.; Ayanoglu, F. The Effects of Different Gibberellic Acid Doses and Corm Cutting Methods on Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Yield Components in Turkey. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 2018, 27(12A): 9222-9229.
  • 12. Caballero-Ortega, H.; Pereda-Miranda, R.; Abdullaev, F.I. HPLC quantification of major active components from 11 different saffron (Crocus sativus L.) sources. Food Chem. 2007, 100(3): 1126-1131.
  • 13. Fernandez, J.A. Biology, biotechnology and biomedicine of saffron. Recent research developments in plant science. 2004, 2: 127-159.
  • 14. Ben El Caid, M.; Salaka, L.; El Merzougui, S.; Lachguer, K.; Lagram, K.; El Mousadik, A.; Serghini, M.A. Multi-site evaluation of the productivity among saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for clonal selection purposes. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants. 2020, 17: 100248.
  • 15. Koçer, O, Ayanoğlu, F . Dişi Defne (Laurus nobilis L.) Genotiplerinde Meyve Yağ Asitleri Kompozisyonlarının Belirlenmesi . Uluslararası Doğu Anadolu Fen Mühendislik ve Tasarım Dergisi , 2021. 3 (1) , 72-88 . DOI: 10.47898/ijeased.843773.
  • 16.Koçer, O.; Ayanoğlu, F.; Konuşkan, D.B. Quality Characteristics of Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) Fatty Oils Extracted by Different Methods, 4. International Symposium of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2018
  • 17. .Koçer, O.; Ayanoğlu, F.; Konuşkan, D.B. Determination of Suitable Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) Genotypes for Fruit Growing and Effects of Different Harvest Periods on Fatty Oil Qualit, 4. International Symposium of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2018
  • 18. Carmona, M.; Zalacain, A.; Salinas, M.R.; Alonso, G.L. A new approach to saffron aroma. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2007, 47(2): 145-159.
  • 19. Gokturk, E.; Asil, H. Hatay/Kırıkhan’da Yetiştirilen Safran (Crocus sativus L.) Stigmasının Ekstraktının GC-MS analizi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. 2018, 5(3): 317-321.
  • 20. Koçer, O. Hatay Yöresinde Yetişen Thymbra spicata L. (Zahter/Karabaş Kekiği) Bitkisinin Uçucu Yağ Oran ve Bileşenlerinin Belirlenmesi . Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi , 2021. (27) , 446-449 . DOI: 10.31590/ejosat.963053
  • 21. Rezaee, R.; Hosseinzadeh, H. Safranal: from an aromatic natural product to a rewarding pharmacological agent. Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2013, 16(1): 12-26.
  • 22. Culleré, L.; San-Juan, F.; Cacho, J. Characterisation of aroma active compounds of Spanish saffron by gas chromatography–olfactometry: Quantitative evaluation of the most relevant aromatic compounds. Food Chem. 2011, 127(4): 1866-1871.
  • 23. Farag, M.A.; Hegazi, N.; Dokhalahy, E.; Khattab, A.R. Chemometrics based GC-MS aroma profiling for revealing freshness, origin and roasting indices in saffron spice and its adulteration. Food Chem. 2020, 331: 127358.
  • 24. Anastasaki, E.; Kanakis, C.; Pappas, C.; Maggi, L.; Del Campo, C.P.; Carmona, M.; Alonso, G.L.; Polissiou, M.G. Geographical differentiation of saffron by GC–MS/FID and chemometrics. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2009, 229(6): 899-905.
  • 25. Bononi, M.; Milella, P.; Tateo, F. Gas chromatography of safranal as preferable method for the commercial grading of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). 2015, Food Chemistry. 176: 17-21.
  • 26. Rahimi, A.; Rezaee, M.B.; Jaimand, K.; Ashtiany, A.N. Effects of Storage and Cultivation on Crocin Content of Dried Stigma of Saffron Crocus sativus L. Akademik Gıda. 2014, 12(1): 16-19.
  • 27. Sampaio, B.L.; Edrada-Ebel, R.; Da Costa, F.B. Effect of the environment on the secondary metabolic profile of Tithonia diversifolia: a model for environmental metabolomics of plants. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6(1): 29265.
  • 28. Vahedi, M.; Kabiri, M.; Salami, S.A.; Rezadoost, H.; Mirzaie, M.; Kanani, M.R. Quantitative HPLC-based metabolomics of some Iranian saffron (Crocus sativus L.) accessions. Ind Crops Prod. 2018, 118: 26-29.
  • 29. Amanpour, A.; Sonmezdag, A.S.; Kelebek, H.; Selli, S. GC-MS-olfactometric characterization of the most aroma-active components in a representative aromatic extract from Iranian saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Food Chem. 2015, 182: 251-256.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hasan Asil 0000-0002-3690-1789

Ersen Göktürk 0000-0001-6742-2847

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Asil, H., & Göktürk, E. (2021). Comparison of quality properties of the Iranian Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and Saffron grown in macro and micro locations in Turkey. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology, 5(2), 108-116. https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1016680
AMA Asil H, Göktürk E. Comparison of quality properties of the Iranian Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and Saffron grown in macro and micro locations in Turkey. Int. J. Chem. Technol. December 2021;5(2):108-116. doi:10.32571/ijct.1016680
Chicago Asil, Hasan, and Ersen Göktürk. “Comparison of Quality Properties of the Iranian Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) and Saffron Grown in Macro and Micro Locations in Turkey”. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology 5, no. 2 (December 2021): 108-16. https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1016680.
EndNote Asil H, Göktürk E (December 1, 2021) Comparison of quality properties of the Iranian Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and Saffron grown in macro and micro locations in Turkey. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology 5 2 108–116.
IEEE H. Asil and E. Göktürk, “Comparison of quality properties of the Iranian Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and Saffron grown in macro and micro locations in Turkey”, Int. J. Chem. Technol., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 108–116, 2021, doi: 10.32571/ijct.1016680.
ISNAD Asil, Hasan - Göktürk, Ersen. “Comparison of Quality Properties of the Iranian Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) and Saffron Grown in Macro and Micro Locations in Turkey”. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology 5/2 (December 2021), 108-116. https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1016680.
JAMA Asil H, Göktürk E. Comparison of quality properties of the Iranian Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and Saffron grown in macro and micro locations in Turkey. Int. J. Chem. Technol. 2021;5:108–116.
MLA Asil, Hasan and Ersen Göktürk. “Comparison of Quality Properties of the Iranian Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) and Saffron Grown in Macro and Micro Locations in Turkey”. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology, vol. 5, no. 2, 2021, pp. 108-16, doi:10.32571/ijct.1016680.
Vancouver Asil H, Göktürk E. Comparison of quality properties of the Iranian Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and Saffron grown in macro and micro locations in Turkey. Int. J. Chem. Technol. 2021;5(2):108-16.