Sebelasmaret Boccia Throw Test (SBTT) Instrument Development

Year 2023, , 261 - 267, 27.06.2023

Satria Yudi Gontara Rumi Doewes

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1286793

Abstract

This research aims to design Sebelasmaret boccia Throw Test (SBTT) instrument and test its validity and reliability. The research used Research and Development (R&D) method through six steps of instrument development by Gall, Gall, & Borg. 50 Indonesian boccia athletes with cerebral palsy (25 elite and 25 non-elite) participated to evaluate this instrument.In SBTT, players were instructed to throw boccia balls to the jack placed within the square, with each player given six throwing opportunities. The validity construct was tested by comparing throwing test results of elite and non-elite boccia athletes. Reliability testing was conducted by testing correlation between tests and retests. Data analysis was performed using the independent t test and Pearson correlation with the help of SPSS 16 software.Results show that there was a significant difference in SBTT test scores with p value < 0.05 and tstat (6.340) > ttable (2.011). Elite player group had higher average test score than non-elite player one, with average score of 18.56 and 8.20 respectively. This means that the SBTT is a test that can differentiate a boccia player's throwing skills based on playing experience.Test and retest results show a medium correlation on tests and retests (r = 0.707) with significant relation with p value (0.000) < 0.05. This means that boccia players have consistent performance in the SBTT test.Therefore, it is concluded that SBTT instrument is a valid and reliable instrument to assess boccia players’ throwing skills.

Keywords

Development, Accuracy, Throwing, Boccia

Supporting Institution

The authors acknowledge all the support provided by LPPM Sebelas Maret University

References

• Barak, S., Laiz, N.M., Fuentes, M.T.G., Rubiera, M., and Hutzler, Y. (2016).Psychosocial Effects of Competitive Boccia Program in Persons With Severe Chronic Disability.J Rehabil Res Dev, Volume 53, Number 6, 2016:973988.http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2015.08.0156.
• Borg, J.P.G.W.R. (2014). Applying Educational Research: How to Read, Do, and Use Research to Solve Problems of Practice. In lNew York and london. Longman publishing Inc.
• Calado, A., Leite, P., Soares, F., Novais, P., & Arezes, P. (2019). Boccia court analysis for promoting elderly physical activity. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 505, 158–164.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91334-6_22
• Farhani, F., Rajabi, H., Negaresh, R., Ali, A., Shalamzari, S.A., & Baker, J.S. (2019). Reliability and validity of a novel futsal special performance test designed to measure skills and anaerobic performance. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 14(8), 1096-1102.
• Fong, D.T.P., Yam, K.Y., Chu, V.W.S., Cheung, R. T. H., & Chan, K. M. (2012). Upper limb muscle fatigue during prolonged Boccia games with underarm throwing technique. Sports Biomechanics, 11(4), 441–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2012.699977
• Ghaffar, A. & Khan, W.A. (2014). Impact of Research and Development on Firm Performance. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting. Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 357-367. DOI: 10.5296/ijafr. v4il. 6087.
• Levin, G. & Green A.R. (2015). Project Management for Research and Development. U.S.: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.
• Morris, L., & Wittmannova, J. (2010). The Effect of Blocked Versus Random Training Schedules on Boccia Skills Performance in Experienced Athletes with Cerebral Palsy. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 3(2), 17-28.
• Oliveira, J.I.V.D., Oliveira, L.I.G.L.D., Costa, M. D.C., Arruda, S.F.D., & Oliveira, S.F.M.D. (2021). Protocol For Assessıng The Precısıon Of Paralympıc Boccıa Players. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 27, 616-620.
• Paula, A., Alves, D.A., Castro, H.C., Miceli, L.A., & Barbosa, J.V. (2018). Sportive Communication Board : A Low Cost Strategy to Improve Communication of BC3-Paralympics Boccia Athletes. 1743–1762. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2018.911127
• Reina, R., Domínguez-Díez, M., Urban, T., & Roldan, A. (2018). Throwing distance constraints regarding kinematics and accuracy in high-level boccia players. Science & Sports, 33(5), 299-306.
• Roldan, A., Sabido, R., Barbado, D., Caballero, C., & Reina, R. (2017). Manual dexterity and intralimb coordination assessment to distinguish different levels of impairment in boccia players with cerebral palsy. Frontiers in Neurology, 8, 582.