The Effect of Two Different Recovery Methods on Muscle Damage after High-Intensity Exercise

Year 2024, , 282 - 289, 25.03.2024

Ömer Balık , Ergün Çakır

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1369851

Abstract

The study aims to determine which of the two recovery methods would be more appropriate after high-intensity exercise. Eight professional volleyball players participate in this research. Firstly, the muscle damage exercise protocol was applied to the athletes participating in the research, and then the Cold Water Immersion (CWI) protocol was applied as a recovery method. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and Creatine Kinase (CK) blood samples were taken from the athletes in resting conditions and 2 hours and 24 hours after CWI. Ten days later, the muscle damage exercise protocol was reapplied to the same group of athletes, the Massage protocol was used as a recovery method, and blood samples were taken again in a similar way. To compare the AST, LDH and CK changes of the athletes participating in the research, the two-way analysis of variance test was used in repeated measurements. Mann-Whitney U test was used for the dissimilarities between CWI and massage groups. According to the results of the research; It was determined that there were significant differences at the p<0.05 level for the AST and LDH variable between the measurement values of massage and CWI (p<0.05). No significant difference was found between massage and CWI for CK value. The use of recovery methods after exercise is relatively significant for athletes. Following the consequences of the research, was observed that the muscle damage of the athletes who received massage treatment was lower than those who were applied CWI.

Keywords

Cold water immersion, Massage, Muscle injury, Recovery

References

• Ament, W. and Verkerke, G. (2009). Exercise and fatigue. Sports Medicine, 39(5), 389–422. [PubMed]
• Andersson, H. Raastad, T., Nilsson, J., Paulsen, G., Garthe, İ. and Kadi, F. (2008). Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in elite female soccer: Effects of active recovery. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 40(2), 372–380. [PubMed]
• Banfi, G., Lombardi, G., Colombini, A. and Melegati, G. (2010). Whole-body cryotherapy in athletes. Sports Medicine, 40(6), 509-517. [PubMed]
• Banfi, G., Melegati, G. and Valentini, P. (2007). Effects of cold-water immersion of legs after training session on serum creatine kinase concentrations in rugby players. British journal of sports medicine, 41(5), 339. [PubMed]
• Bigland-Ritchie, B., Cafarelli, E. and Vollestad, N. K. (1986). Fatigue of submaximal static contractions. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica Supplementum, 556:137-48. PMID: 3471051. [PubMed]
• Bleakley, C., McDonough, S., Gardner, E., Baxter, D. G., Hopkins, T. J., Davison, G. W. and Costa, M. T. (2012). Cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 130(5), 348. [PubMed]
• Bompa, T.O. (2009). Periodization: Theory and methodology of training. Champaign Ill: Human Kinetics. Budgett, R. (1998). Fatigue and underperformance in athletes: The overtraining syndrome. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 32(2), 107–110. [PubMed]
• Burt, D. G., and Twist, C. (2011). The effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on cycling time-trial performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(8), 2185-2192. [PubMed]
• Chan, Y.Y., Yim, Y.M., Bercades, D., Cheng, T.T., Ngo, K.L. and Lo, K.K. (2016). Comparison of different cryotherapy recovery methods in elite junior cyclists. Asia Pac J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol, 5, 17–23. [PubMed]
• Clarkson, P. M., and Hubal, M. J. (2002). Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 81(11), 52-69. [PubMed]
• Clarkson, P. M., Kearns, A. K., Rouzier, P., Rubin, R. and Thompson, P. D. (2006). Serum creatine kinase levels and renal function measures in exertional muscle damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(4), 623-627. [PubMed]
• Coffey, V., Leveritt, M. and Gill, N. (2004). Effect of recovery modality on 4-hour repeated treadmill running performance and changes in physiological variables. J Sci Med Sport, 7(1), 1-10. [PubMed]
• Çakır, E. (2017). Soğuk su immersiyonunun kas hasarına etkisi. [Effect of Cold Water İmmersion on Muscle Damage] Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis Gazi Üniversity: Institute of Health Science
• Çakır, E., and Şenel, Ö. (2017). Effect of cold water immersion on performance. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science. 3(12), 419-428. [CrossRef]
• Goodall, S. and Howatson, G. (2008). The effects of multiple cold water immersions on indices of muscle damage. J Sports Sci Med, 7(2), 235-41. PMID: 24149455 [PubMed]
• Greer, B. K., Woodard, J. L., White, J. P., Arguello, E. M. and Haymes, E. M. (2007). Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and indicators of muscle damage after endurance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 17(6):595-607. [PubMed]
• Güzel, N. A., Hazar, S. and Erbas, D. (2007). Effects of different resistance exercise protocols on nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation and creatine kinase activity in sedentary males. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 1;6(4):417-22. [PubMed]
• Hazar, S., Hazar, M., Korkmaz, S., Bayil, S. and Gürkan, A.C. (2011). The effect of graded maximal aerobic exercise on some metabolic hormones, muscle damage and some metabolic end products in sportsmen. Scientific Research Essays, 6(6), 1337-1343. doi: 10.5897/SRE10.1049
• Jakeman, J. R., Byrne, C., and Eston, R. G. (2010). Lower limb compression garment improves recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in young, active females. European journal of applied physiology, 109(6), 1137-1144. [PubMed]
• Kirby, T. J., Triplett, N. T., Haines, T. L., Skinner, J. W., Fairbrother, K. R. and McBride, J. M. (2012). Effect of leucine supplementation on indices of muscle damage following drop jumps and resistance exercise. Amino acids, 42(5), 1987-1996. [PubMed]
• Korkmaz, E. (2019). Masajın kas hasarına etkisi. [Effect of massage on Muscle Damage]. Unpublished master's thesis. Selçuk Üniversity: Institute of Health Science
• Krustrup, P., Mohr, M. and Ellingsgaard, H. (2005). Physical demands during an elite female soccer game: Importance of training status. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise, 37(7), 1242–1248. [PubMed]
• Lane, K.N. and Wenger H.A. (2004). Effect of selected recovery conditions on performance of repeated bouts of intermittent cycling separated by 24 hours. J.Strength Con. Res.,18(4), 855-860. [PubMed]
• McHugh, M. P., Connolly, D. A., Eston, R. G., and Gleim, G. W. (1999). Exercise-induced muscle damage and potential mechanisms for the repeated bout effect. Sports Medicine, 27(3), 157-170. [PubMed]
• Medbo, J., I. and Tabata, T. (1993). Anaerobic energy release in working muscle during 30 to 3 mm of exhausting bicycling. J. Appl.Physiol,75(4), 1654-1660. [PubMed]
• Murray, A. and Cardinale, M. (2015). Cold applications for recovery in adolescent athletes: A systematic review and meta analysis. Extreme physiology and medicine, 12;4:17. [PubMed]
• Nedelec, M., McCall, A., Carling, C., Legall, F., Berthonin, S. and Dupont, G. (2012). Recovery in soccer: Part I-post-match fatigue and time course of recovery. Sports Medicine, 42(12), 997–1015. [PubMed]
• Nosaka, K., Clarkson, P. M. and Apple, F. S. (1992). Time course of serum protein changes after strenuous exercise of the forearm flexors. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 119(2), 183-188. PMID: 1740632. [PubMed]
• Pournot, H., Bieuzen, F., Duffield, R., Lepretre, P. M., Cozzolino, C. and Hausswirth, C. (2011). Short term effects of various water immersions on recovery from exhaustive intermittent exercise. European journal of applied physiology, 11(7), 1287-1295. [PubMed]
• Robertson A., Watt, J. M. and Galloway, S.D.R. (2004). Effects of leg massage on recovery from high intensity cycling exercise. Br J Sports Med., 38(2), 173-176. [PubMed]
• Stupnicki, R., Tomszewski, P. and Gabrys, T. (2010). Fitting a single-phase model to the post-exercise changes in heart rate and oxygen uptake. Physiol. Res. 59, 357–362. [PubMed]
• Şenel, Ö. and Akyuz, M. (2010). The occurrence of muscle damage in male soccer players. Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport/Science, Movement and Health, 10(1), 55-60.
• Takeda, M., Sato, T., Hasegawa, T., Shintaku, H., Kato, H., Yamaguchi, Y. and Radak, Z. (2014). The effects of cold water immersion after rugby training on muscle power and biochemical markers. Journal of sports science and medicine, 1;13(3):616-23. [PubMed]
• Thorpe, R.T., Atkinson, G., Drust, B. and Gregson, W. (2017). Monitoring Fatigue Status in Elite Team-Sport Athletes: Implications for Practice. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. Apr;12(Suppl 2) 227 - 234. [PubMed]