Investigation of Basic Psychological Needs in Physically Disabled Athletes

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: Special Issue 1- Healthy Life, Sports for Disabled people, 266 - 273, 25.10.2023

Fatih Ağduman Sonay Serpil Alpdoğan

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1355951

Abstract

Basic psychological needs are fundamental elements that influence individuals' motivation, performance, and overall well-being. These needs reside at the core of human behavior and constitute factors that determine individuals' psychological health and satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to examine the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs among physically disabled athletes across various variables. A total of 128 athletes, including 68 males and 60 females in sitting volleyball and wheelchair basketball participated in the research. In the current study, to assess the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs, the 'Psychological Need States in Sports Scale' was employed. Data collected via Google Forms were converted into the appropriate file format by the researchers and relevant hypothesis tests were applied using the JASP 0.15.0.0 statistical analysis software. In the autonomy satisfaction subscale, it was determined that male athletes (5.25 ± 2.26) obtained higher scores compared to female athletes (4.42 ± 1.99) (p<.05). In the competence frustration and relatedness frustration subscales, there is a statistically significant difference in favor of male athletes (p<.05). In the competence satisfaction and relatedness satisfaction subscales, the mean scores of first division athletes are significantly higher than those of the other group (p<.05). Moreover, in the competence frustration and relatedness frustration subscales, the scores of second division athletes are statistically significantly higher than those of the other group (p<.05). As conclusion, it can be stated that male and first – division physically disabled athletes have a higher level of satisfaction with their basic psychological needs.

Keywords

Self – determination theory, well being, performance, handiccaped

Ethical Statement

For this research, ethical approval was obtained from Atatürk University Faculty of Sport Sciences Ethics Committee on 24.04.2023 with reference number 72.

Thanks

The authors would like to thank Ataturk University Sports Sciences Application and Research Center for their support. The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Anonymous reviewers are also thanked for their contribution to this work.

References

• Adie, J. W., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2008). Autonomy support, basic need satisfaction and the optimal functioning of adult male and female sport participants: A test of basic needs theory. Motivation and emotion, 32, 189-199.
• Amorose, A. J., & Anderson-Butcher, D. (2007). Autonomy – supportive coaching and self-determined motivation in high school and college athletes: A test of self-determination theory. Psychology of sport and exercise, 8(5), 654-670.
• Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (2017). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Interpersonal development, 57-89.
• Bhavsar, N., Bartholomew, K. J., Quested, E., Gucciardi, D. F., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Reeve, J. Ntoumanis, N. (2020). Measuring psychological need states in sport: theoretical considerations and a new measure. Psychology of sport and exercise, 47, 101617.
• Bruner, M. W., Boardley, I. D., & Côté, J. (2014). Social identity and prosocial and antisocial behavior in youth sport. Psychology of sport and exercise, 15(1), 56-64.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç – Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2008). Scientific Research Methods.
• Chirkov, V., Ryan, R. M., Kim, Y., & Kaplan, U. (2003). Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: a self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(1), 97.
• De Bruin, A. K., Oudejans, R. R., & Bakker, F. C. (2007). Dieting and body image in aesthetic sports: A comparison of Dutch female gymnasts and non-aesthetic sport participants. Psychology of sport and exercise, 8(4), 507-520.
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1987). The support of autonomy and the control of behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 53(6), 1024.
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains. Canadian psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 49(1), 14.
• Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation and education: The self – determination perspective. Educational psychologist, 26(3-4), 325-346.
• Demir, G. T., & İlhan, E. L. (2019). Motivation for participation in sports: A research on the visually impaired athletes. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 157-170.
• DePauw, K. P., & Gavron, S. J. (2005). Disability sport: Human Kinetics.
• Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self‐determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational behavior, 26(4), 331-362.
• Hanton, S., Fletcher, D., & Coughlan, G. (2005). Stress in elite sport performers: A comparative study of competitive and organizational stressors. Journal of sports sciences, 23(10), 1129-1141.
• Harter, S. (2015). A model of mastery motivation in children: Individual differences and developmental change. In Aspects of the development of competence (pp. 215-255): Psychology Press.
• Harvey, V.S., Retter, K. (2002).Variation of gender differences between children and adolsecents on the four basic psychological needs. International Journal Of Reality Therapy, 21(2), 33-36.
• Ilhan, L. (2008). The Effect of physical education upon the socialization levels of mentally handicapped children. Kastamonu eğitim dergisi, 16(1), 315-324.
• Ilhan, E. L. (2010). The culture of sedantary lives and its results. Milli Prodüktivite Merkezi Verimlilik Dergisi, 3,195-210
• La Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: a self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 79(3), 367.
• Martin, J. J. (2013). Benefits and barriers to physical activity for individuals with disabilities: a social-relational model of disability perspective. Disability and rehabilitation, 35(24), 2030-2037.
• McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of community psychology, 14(1), 6-23.
• Niemiec, C. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice. Theory and research in Education, 7(2), 133-144.
• Quested, E., & Duda, J. L. (2010). Exploring the social-environmental determinants of well-and ill-being in dancers: A test of basic needs theory. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(1), 39-60.
• Rees, T., & Hardy, L. (2000). An investigation of the social support experiences of high-level sports performers. The sport psychologist, 14(4), 327-347.
• Reinboth, M., & Duda, J. L. (2006). Perceived motivational climate, need satisfaction and indices of well-being in team sports: A longitudinal perspective. Psychology of sport and exercise, 7(3), 269-286.
• Reinboth, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). Dimensions of coaching behavior, need satisfaction, and the psychological and physical welfare of young athletes. Motivation and emotion, 28, 297-313.
• Rimmer, J. H., Riley, B., Wang, E., & Rauworth, A. (2005). Accessibility of health clubs for people with mobility disabilities and visual impairments. American journal of public health, 95(11), 2022-2028.
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68.
• Ryan, R. M., Lynch, M. F., Vansteenkiste, M., & Deci, E. L. (2011). Motivation and autonomy in counseling, psychotherapy, and behavior change: A look at theory and practice 1ψ7. The Counseling Psychologist, 39(2), 193-260.
• Sari, I., Osman, U., & Ersöz, G. (2022). Measuring satisfaction and frustration of athletes’ basic psychological needs: A scale adaptation study. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 33(2), 85-104.
• Shapiro, D. R., & Martin, J. J. (2010). Multidimensional physical self-concept of athletes with physical disabilities. Adapted physical activity quarterly, 27(4), 294-307.
• Tekkurşun, D. G., İlhan, E. L., Esentürk, O. K., & Kan, A. (2018). Motivation scale for sports participation of people with disabilities (MSSPPD): A study of validity and reliability. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(1), 95-106.
• Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Briere, N. M., Senecal, C., & Vallieres, E. F. (1992). The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Educational and psychological measurement, 52(4), 1003-1017.
• Van de Vliet, P., Van Biesen, D., & Vanlandewijck, Y. C. (2008). Athletic identity and self-esteem in Flemish athletes with a disability. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 1(1).
• Walker, N., Thatcher, J., & Lavallee, D. (2007). Psychological responses to injury in competitive sport: a critical review. The journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 127(4), 174-180.
• Williams, G. C., Freedman, Z. R., & Deci, E. L. (1998). Supporting autonomy to motivate patients with diabetes for glucose control. Diabetes care, 21(10), 1644-1651.
• Yarimkaya, E., Ilhan, E. L., & Gencer, E. (2016). Investigation of the effect of physical education and sports activities of psychological adaptation levels of children. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 141-152.