Dynamic Loads and Different Soil Characteristics Examination on Optimum Design of Cantilever Retaining Walls Utilizing Harmony Search Algorithm

Abstract

Optimum the cantilever retaining wall design for different soils and dynamic earthquake effects is presented here. In the investigation of optimum wall design-based metaheuristic, the harmony search algorithm was considered for different design cases which include five soil and two earthquake characteristics. Earthquake characteristics of mild and severe were obtained regarding two locations which was selected from Turkey Earthquake Risk Map. For selected two locations and local soil classes, map spectral acceleration coefficients were utilized defined in Turkish Building Earthquake Code-2018. Sliding, overturning, and bearing capacity safety factors were taken as design constraints for checking stability criteria of the cantilever retaining wall which is given in Turkish Building Earthquake Code-2018. Since the cost-based wall weight of the optimization problem was taken as the objective function, obtained optimum wall dimensions which are discrete design variables were compared in terms of different design cases. It is seen that the wall dimensions increase in order to meet the design criteria in case of the earthquake load increases when the obtained optimum design by the optimization analyzes are examined. Another result obtained for the same earthquake zone is that the wall dimensions and therefore the cost mostly increase in weak quality soils.

Keywords

• Cantilever retaining wall optimum design
• Seismic design
• Harmony search algorithm
• Turkish Building Earthquake Code-2018
• TDBY-2018

References

1. Das Braja M. S.K., Principles of Foundation Engineering (9th Edition). Cengage Learning, 2017
2. Uray, E., Tan, Ö., Çarbaş, S., Erkan, H., Metaheuristics-based pre-design guide for cantilever retaining walls, Teknik Dergi, 32, 2021. doi:10.18400/tekderg.561956
3. Carbas, S., Toktas, A., Ustun, D.editors, Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Algorithms for Engineering Optimization Applications. Springer Singapore, 2021. doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6773-9
4. Uray, E., Carbas, S., Erkan, I.H., Tan, O., Parametric investigation for discrete optimal design of a cantilever retaining wall, Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics, 5, 108, 2019. doi:10.20528/cjsmec.2019.03.004
5. Kalemci, E.N., İkizler, S.B., Dede, T., Angın, Z., Design of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining wall using Grey wolf optimization algorithm, Structures, 23, 245–53, 2020. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2019.09.013
6. Temür, R., Bekdas¸ G., Teaching learning-based optimization for design of cantilever retaining walls, Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 57, 763–83, 2016
7. Akin, A., Saka, M.P., Optimum design of concrete cantilever retaining walls using the harmony search algorithm, Civil-Comp Proceedings, 93, 1–21, 2010. doi:10.4203/ccp.93.130
8. Temur, R., Bekdas, G., Temür, R., Bekdaş, G., Teaching Learning-Based Optimization for Design of Cantilever Retaining Walls Design and analysis of nonlinear structural systems View project Teaching learning-based optimization for design of cantilever retaining walls, Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 57, 763–83, 2016. doi:10.12989/sem.2016.57.4.763

9. Dağdeviren, U., Kaymak, B., Investigation of parameters affecting optimum cost design of reinforced concrete retaining walls using artificial bee colony algorithm, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 33, 239–53, 2018. doi:10.17341/gazimmfd.406796
10. Gandomi, A.H., Kashani, A.R., Zeighami, F., Retaining wall optimization using interior search algorithm with different bound constraint handling, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 41, 1304–31, 2017. doi:10.1002/NAG.2678
11. T.C. Resmi Gazete., Turkish Building Earthquake Code (Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği)-2018 (TBEC-18). 2018
12. Arslan, Ö., Keskin, I., Ateş, A., Farklı deprem yüklerinin betonarme konsol bir istinat duvarının maliyetine etkisinin analizi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - B Teorik Bilimler, 6, 28–35, 2018. doi:10.20290/aubtdb.497527
13. Bilgin, H., İstinat duvarlarının dinamik ve statik yükler altındaki davranışının analizi. Karadeniz Teknik University, Department of Civil Engineering, Master Thesis, 2006
14. Dalyan, İ., Akın, M., Akbay Arama Z., Betonarme istinat duvarlarının geoteknik tasarımında etkili parametrelerin 2018 Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği’ne göre değerlendirilmesi, Türk Deprem Araştırma Dergisi, 2, 176–92, 2020. doi:10.46464/tdad.80428
15. Yıldırım, İ.Z., İstinat duvarlarının tasarımında deprem etkilerinin incelenmesi. İstanbul Teknik University, Department of Civil Engineering, Master thesis, 2004
16. Aydogdu, I., Cost optimization of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls under seismic loading using a biogeography-based optimization algorithm with Levy flights, Taylor & Francis, 49, 381–400, 2017. doi:10.1080/0305215X.2016.1191837
17. Kayhan, A., Demir, A., Statik ve dinamik yüklere maruz betonarme konsol istinat duvarlarının diferansiyel gelişim algoritması ile optimum tasarımı, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 24, 403–12, 2018. doi:10.5505/pajes.2017.04834
18. Ravichandran, N., Wang, L., Rahbari, P., Juang, C.H., Robust design optimization of retaining wall backfilled with shredded tire in the face of earthquake hazards, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 80, 1351–63, 2021. doi:10.1007/s10064-020-02038-9
19. Kaveh, A., Akbari, H., Hosseini, S.M., Plasma generation optimization for optimal design of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining wall structures, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology - Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2021. doi:10.1007/s40996-020-00566-8
20. Uray, E., Çıtırık, B.N., Modifiye Yapay Arı Kolonisi Algoritması ile konsol dayanma duvarının Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği 2018’e göre optimum tasarımı, Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 26, 61–7, 2021. doi:10.31590/ejosat.948040
21. Uray, E., Çarbaş, S., Parçacık Sürü Optimizasyonu ile konsol dayanma duvarının Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği-2018’e göre optimum tasarımı. In: Özkaya U, editor. 1st Int. Conf. Appl. Eng. Nat. Sci., 2021. doi:ISBN: 978-625-00-0389-3
22. Afzal, M., Liu, Y., Cheng, J.C.P., Gan, V.J.L., Reinforced concrete structural design optimization: A critical review, Journal of Cleaner Production, 260, 120623, 2020. doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.120623
23. Kalyoncuoğlu, Ü.Y., Depreme dayanıklı yapılanma için zemin sınıfları ve ivme tepkileri (Tayvan örneği), Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10, 428–36, 2006
24. TDTH., Turkey Earthquake Hazard Map (TERM) (Türkiye Deprem Tehlike Haritaları), 2018. https://tdth.afad.gov.tr/TDTH/main.xhtml
25. Geem, Z., Kim, J., Loganathan, G., A new heuristic optimization algorithm: harmony search, Simulation, 76, 60–8, 2001. doi:10.1177/003754970107600201
26. Meyerhof, G.G., Some recent research on the bearing capacity of foundations, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1, 16–26, 1963. doi:10.1139/t63-003
27. Lee, K., Geem, Z., A new meta-heuristic algorithm for continuous engineering optimization: harmony search theory and practice, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 194, 3902–33, 2005. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2004.09.007
28. Deb, K., An efficient constraint handling method for genetic algorithms, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 186, 311–38, 2000. doi:10.1016/S0045-7825(99)00389-8
29. Uray, E., Çarbaş, S., Erkan, İ.H., Tan, Ö., Parametric investigation for discrete optimal design of a cantilever retaining wall, Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics, 5, 108, 2019. doi:10.20528/cjsmec.2019.03.004