A review on biodiesel production using eggshell as catalyst

Abstract

Transesterification of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is the most known production method of biodiesel which has a growing popularity in the renewable clean energy sector. Energy consumption increases all around the world. To meet increasing this consumption lots of new techniques are being studied. It is important to obtain low cost and high quality energy. For biodiesel production processes it can be provided by improving reaction conditions. Conversion efficiency of transesterification process is an important parameter so various catalysts are being developed to increase it. Waste materials are good alternatives for catalyst production. There are lots of studies are being carried about using waste materials as catalyst. Cost of energy decreases and waste assessment is provided by this way.  Among the heterogeneous catalysts, calcium (Ca) based catalysts are highly preferred in the transesterification reaction because of their high catalytic activity and easy accessibility. It can be obtained from especially egg shell and egg is one of the most over-consumed foodstuff across the world. Waste egg shell that is rich in terms of Ca was subjected to calcination process to obtain calcium oxide (CaO).  CaO catalyst which is synthesized with high activity increased the quality of reaction. In this study efforts have been taken to review the studies that are about the biodiesel production from vegetable oil using waste egg shells as a bio-based catalyst. Optimum experimental conditions were summarized from reviewed studies.

Keywords

• Biodiesel,Egg Shell,Calcium oxide,CaO,Bio-based catalyst

References

1. Referans1 S. H. Y. S. Abdullah, N. H. M. Hanapi, A. A. R. Umar, H. Juahir, H. Khatoon, A. Endut, “A review of biomass-derived heterogeneous catalyst for a sustainable biodiesel production,” Renew Sustain Energy Rev., vol. 70, pp. 1040-1051, Dec. 2016.
2. Referans2 T. Maneerung, S. Kawi, Y. Dai, C-H. Wang, “Sustainable biodiesel production via transesterification of waste cooking oil by using CaO catalysts prepared from chicken manure,” Energy Convers Manage., vol. 123, pp. 487-497, Jun. 2016.
3. Referans3 M. Zabeti, W. A. W. Daud, M. K. Aroua, “Activity of solid catalysts for biodiesel production: a review,” Fuel Process Technol, vol. 90, pp. 770-777, Jun. 2009.
4. Referans4 D. M. Marinkovic, M. V. Stankovic, A. V. Velickovic, J. M. Avramovic, M. R. Miladinovic, O. O. Stamenkovic, V. B. Veljkovi, D. M. Jovanovic, “Calcium oxide as a promising heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production: Current state and perspectives,” Renew Sustain Energy Rev., vol. 56, pp. 1387-1408, Dec. 2015.
5. Referans5 H. Oğuz, M. Özcan, M. Yağcı, A. O. Özkan, “Automation of the two stage biodiesel production process,” IJAET, vol. 4, pp. 254-260, 2015.
6. Referans6 S. P. Singh, D. Singh, “Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: a review,” Renew Sustain Energy Rev., vol.14, pp. 200-216, Jan. 2010.
7. Referans7 L. J. Konwar, J. Boro, D. Deka, “Review on latest developments in biodiesel production using carbon-based catalysts,” Renew Sustain Energy Rev., vol. 29, pp. 546-564, Jan. 2014.
8. Referans8 M. Kouzu, T. Kasumo, M. Tajika, Y. Sugimoto, S. Yamanaka, J. Hidaka, “Calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil and its application to biodiesel production,” Fuel., vol.87, pp. 2798-2806, Sep. 2008.

9. Referans9 M. Tariq, S. Ali, N. Khalid, “Activity of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, spectroscopic and chromatographic characterization of biodiesel: A review,” Renew Sustain Energy Rev., vol. 16, pp. 6303-6316, Aug. 2012.
10. Referans10 P-L. Boey, G. P. Maniam, S. A. Hamid, “Performance of calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production: A review,” Chem Eng J., vol. 168, pp. 15-22, Jan. 2011.
11. Referans11 K. Colombo, L. Ender, A. A. C. Barros, “The study of biodiesel production using CaO as a heterogeneous catalytic reaction,” Egyp J Petroleum, vol. 26, pp. 341-349, May. 2016.
12. Referans12 J. Boro, D. Deka, A. J. Thakur, “A review on solid oxide derived from waste shells as catalyst for biodiesel production,” Renew Sustain Energy Rev., vol. 16, pp. 904-910, Oct. 2011.
13. Referans13 A. A. Refaat, “Biodiesel production using solid metal oxide catalysts,” Int J Environ Sci Technol., vol. 8, pp. 203-221, Dec. 2011.
14. Referans14 Z. Wei, C. Xu, B. Li, “Application of waste eggshell as low-cost solid catalyst for biodiesel production” Biores Technol., vol. 100, pp. 2883-2885, Feb. 2009.
15. Referans15 B. Freedman, E. H. Pryde, T.L. Mounts, “Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils,” J Am Oil Chem Soc., vol. 61, pp. 1638–1643, Oct. 1984.
16. Referans16 D.E. Lopez, K. Suwannakarn, D. A. Bruce, Jr. J. G. Goodwin, “Esterification and transesterification on tungstated zirconia: effect of calcination temperature,” J.Catal., vol. 247, pp. 43–50, Apr. 2007.
17. Referans17 A.J. Gotch, A.J. Reeder, A. McCormick, “Study of heterogeneous base catalysts for biodiesel production,” J Undgrad Chem Res., vol.8, pp. 22–6, 2009.
18. Referans18 A. P. S. Chouhan, A.K. Sarma, “Modern heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: a comprehensive review,” Renew Sustain Energy Rev., vol. 15, pp. 4378–4399, Dec. 2011
19. Referans19 A. Takagaki, M. Toda, M. Okamura, J. N. Kondo, S. Hayashi, K. Domen M. Hara, “Esterification of higher fatty acids by a novel strong solid acid,” Catal Today, vol. 116, pp. 157–61, Aug. 2006.
20. Referans20 J.A. Melero, J. Iglesias, G. Morales, “Heterogeneous acid catalysts for biodiesel production: current status and future challenges,” Green Chem., vol. 11, pp. 1285–1308 Sep. 2009.
21. Referans21 M-H. Zong, Z-Q. Duan, W-Y. Lou, T. J. Smith, H. Wu, “Preparation of a sugar catalyst and its use for highly efficient production of biodiesel,” Green Chem., vol. 9, pp. 434-437, Apr. 2007.
22. Referans22 M. Di Serio, R. Tesser, L. Pengmei, E. Santacesaria, “Heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production,” Energy Fuels, vol. 22, pp. 207–217, Dec. 2008.
23. Referans23 A. Kawashima, K. Matsubara, K. Honda, “Development of heterogeneous base catalysts for biodiesel production,” Biores. Technol., vol. 99, pp. 3439–3443, Jun. 2008.
24. Referans24 S. M. Smith, C. Oopathum, V. Weeramongkhonlert, C. B. Smith, S. Chaveanghong, P. Ketwong, S. Boonyuen, “Transesterification of soybean oil using bovine bone waste as new catalyst,” Bioresour Technol., vol.143, pp. 686–690, Jun. 2013.
25. Referans25 A. Macario, G. Giordano, “Catalytic conversion of renewable sources for biodiesel production: a comparison between biocatalysts and inorganic catalysts,” Catal Lett., vol. 143, pp. 159–168, Feb. 2013.
26. Referans26 M. K. Lam, K. T. Lee, A. R. Mohamed, “Homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis for transesterification of high free fatty acid oil (waste cooking oil) to biodiesel: a review,” Biotechnol Adv., vol. 28, pp. 500–518, Aug. 2010.
27. Referans27 B. Sanjay, “Heterogeneous catalyst derived natural resources for biodiesel production: a review,” Res J Chem Sci., vol. 6, pp. 95–101, Jun. 2013.
28. Referans28 L. M. Correia, R. M. A. Saboya, Nd. S. Campelo, J. A. Cecilia, E. Rodriguez-Castellon, Jr. C. L. Cavalcante, R. S. Vieira, “Characterization of calcium oxide catalysts from natural sources and their application in the transesterification of sunflower oil,” Bioresour Technol., vol. 151, pp. 207–213, Jan, 2014.
29. Referans29 N. Viriya-empikul, P. Krasae, B. Puttasawat, B. Yoosuk, N. Chollacoop, K. Faungnawakij, “Waste shells of mollusk and egg as biodiesel production catalysts,” Bioresour Technol., vol.101, pp. 3765-3767, Jan,2010.
30. Referans30 W. J. Stadelman, Eggs and egg products. 2nd ed., F.J. Francis, Ed. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 2000.
31. Referans31 A. Buasri, N. Chaiyut, V. Loryuenyong, C. Wongweang, S. Khamsrisuk, “Application of eggshell wastes as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production,” Sust Energy, vol. 1, pp. 7-13, Jun. 2013.
32. Referans32 A. A. Jazie, H. Pramanik, A. S. K. Sinha, A. A. Jazie, “egg shell as eco-friendly catalyst for transesterification of rapeseed oil: optimization for biodiesel production,” IJSDGE, vol. 2, pp. 27-32, Feb. 2013.
33. Referans33 A. Piker, B. Tabah, N. Perkas, A. Gedanken, “A green and low-cost room temperature biodiesel production method from waste oil using egg shells as catalyst,” Fuel, vol. 182, pp. 34-41, May. 2016.
34. Referans34 A. Navajas, T. Issariyakul, G. Aramendi, L.M. Gandia, A.K. Dalai, “Development of egg shell derived catalyst for transesterification of used cooking oil for biodiesel production,” Asia-Pac. J. Chem. Eng. Vol. 8, pp. 742–748, Feb. 2013.
35. Referans35 S. Niju, K.M. Meera S. Begum *, N. Anantharaman, “Modification of egg shell and its application in biodiesel production,” J. Saud. Chem. Soc, vol. 18, pp. 702-706, Mar. 2014.
36. Referans36 H. Zhu, Z. Wu, Y. Chen, P. Zhang, S. Duan, X. Liu, Z. Mao, “Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by solid super base of calcium oxide and its refining process,” Chin J Catal., vol. 27, pp. 391–396, May. 2006.
37. Referans37 M. Farooq, A. Ramli, A. Naeem, T. Mahmood, S. Ahmad, M. Humayun, M. G. Ul Islam, “Biodiesel production from date seed oil (Phoenix dactylifera L.) via egg shell derived heterogeneous catalyst,” Chem. Eng. Res. Design, vol. 132, pp. 644-651, Feb. 2018.