Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES ON THE SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE CYLINDERS CONFINED WITH BFRP SHEETS, THE RESULTS - PART B

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 64 - 75, 30.04.2022

Sara Kadhim , Mustafa Özakça

Abstract

Basalt Fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) composites have drawn important attention in strengthening existing structures since the ordinary strengthening methods have many limits in terms of durability, self-weight and complex installation process. This paper investigates an extensive study of the effect of exposure to elevated heating regimes on the compressive strength of 21 unconfined and 21 confined concrete cylinders. For 1, 2, and 3 hours, all cylinders were subjected to heating regimes of 100°C and 300°C. The compressive strengths of unwrapped concrete cylinders were compared to wrapped cylinders' counterparts. The extreme temperatures used in the current investigation had essentially minor influence on the compressive strength of the BFRP wrapped cylinders. however, the unconfined specimens had high affected. When the exposure hours and heating regimes level increased, the compressive strength of the unconfined cylinders dropped. The highest compressive strength in unconfined specimens loss were measured to be 36.71 % after 3 hours of exposure to 300°C.

Keywords

basalt self-compact concrete temperature compressive strength

Supporting Institution

faculty of civil engineering

Project Number

3

Thanks

thanks for submetting

References

  • [1] W.Y. Gao, J.G. Dai, J.G. Teng, Fire resistance of RC beams under design fire exposure, Mag. Concr. Res. 69 (8) (2017) 402–423.
  • [2] Concrete Society, Assessment of Fire-Damaged Concrete Structures and Repair by Gunite, Technical Report No. 15, Camberley, UK, 1978.
  • [3] C.J.Jiang,Z.D.Lu,L.Z.Li,Shearperformanceoffire-damagedreinforcedconcrete beams repaired by a bolted side-plating technique, J. Struct. Eng. 143 (5) (2017), 04017007.
  • [4] L.Z. Li, C.J. Jiang, J.T. Yu, X. Wang, Z.D. Lu, Flexural performance of fire-damaged reinforced concrete beams repaired by bolted side-plating, ACI Struct. J. 116 (3) (2019) 183–193.
  • [5] L.Z.Li,Z.L.Wu,J.T.Yu,X.Wang,J.X.Zhang,Z.D.Lu,Numericalsimulationofthe shear capacity of bolted side-plated RC beams, Eng. Struct. 171 (2018) 373–384.
  • [6] C.H. Lin, S.T. Chen, C.A. Yang, Repair of fire-damaged reinforced concrete columns, ACI Struct. J. 92 (4) (1995) 406–411.
  • [7] L. Wang, R.K.L. Su, Repair of fire-exposed preloaded rectangular concrete columns by postcompressed steel plates, J. Struct. Eng. 140 (3) (2014), 04013083.
  • [8] W.Y. Gao, K.X. Hu, J.G. Dai, K. Dong, K.Q. Yu, L.J. Fang, Repair of fire-damaged RC slabs with basalt fabric-reinforced shotcrete, Construct. Build. Mater. 185 (2018) 79–92.
  • [9] L.J. Ouyang, W.Y. Gao, B. Zhen, Z.D. Lu, Seismic retrofit of square reinforced concrete columns using basalt and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer sheets: a comparative study, Compos. Struct. 162 (2017) 294–307.
  • [10] Y.L.Bai,J.G.Dai,M.Mohammadi,G.Lin,S.J.Mei,Stiffness-baseddesign-oriented compressive stress-strain model for large-rupture-strain (LRS) FRP-confined concrete, Compos. Struct. 223 (2019) 110953.
  • [11] J.G. Dai, Y.L. Bai, J.G. Teng, Behavior and modeling of concrete confined with FRP composites of large deformability, J. Compos. Construct. 15 (6) (2011) 963–973.
  • [12] T. Yu, J.G. Teng, Y.L. Wong, S.L. Dong, Finite element modeling of confined concrete-I: Drucker-Prager type plasticity model, Eng. Struct. 32 (3) (2010) 665–679.
  • [13] T. Yu, J.G. Teng, Y.L. Wong, S.L. Dong, Finite element modeling of confined concrete-II: plastic-damage model, Eng. Struct. 32 (3) (2010) 680–691.
  • [14] Y.L. Wang, G.P. Chen, B.L. Wan, G.C. Cai, Y.W. Zhang, Behavior of circular ice- filled self-luminous FRP tubular stub columns under axial compression, Construct. Build. Mater. 232 (30) (2020) 117287.
  • [15] Y.L. Wang, G.C. Cai, Y.Y. Li, D. Waldmann, A.S. Larbi, K.D. Tsavdaridis, Behavior of circular fiber-reinforced polymer-steel-confined concrete columns subjected to reversed cyclic loads: experimental studies and finite-element analysis, J. Struct. Eng. 145 (9) (2019), 04019085.
  • [16] J.G. Teng, J.L. Zhao, T. Yu, L.J. Li, Y.C. Guo, Behavior of FRP-confined compound concrete containing recycled concrete lumps, J. Compos. Construct. 20 (1) (2016), 0000602.
  • [17] Y. Zhou, X. Liu, F. Xing, H. Cui, L. Sui, Axial compressive behavior of FRP-confined lightweight aggregate concrete: an experimental study and stress-strain relation model, Construct. Build. Mater. 119 (2016) 1–15.
  • [18] J.J. Zeng, Y.Y. Ye, W.Y. Gao, S.T. Smith, Y.C. Guo, Stress-strain behavior of polyethylene terephthalate fiber-reinforced polymer-confined normal-, high-and ultra high-strength concrete, J. Build. Eng. 30 (2020) 101243.
  • [19] J.J. Zeng, W.Y. Gao, Z.J. Duan, Y.L. Bai, Y.C. Guo, L.J. Ouyang, Axial compressive behavior of polyethylene terephthalate/carbon FRP-confined seawater sea-sand concrete in circular columns, Construct. Build. Mater. 234 (2020) 117383.
  • [20] T. Ozbakkaloglu, J.C. Lim, T. Vincent, FRP-confined concrete in circular sections: review and assessment of stress-strain models, Eng. Struct. 49 (2013) 1068–1088.
  • [21] J.C. Lim, T. Ozbakkaloglu, Design model for FRP-confined normal- and high- strength concrete square and rectangular columns, Mag. Concr. Res. 66 (20) (2014) 1020–1035.
  • [22] D.Y. Wang, Z.Y. Wang, S.T. Smith, T. Yu, Seismic performance of CFRP-confined circular high-strength concrete columns with high axial compression ratio, Construct. Build. Mater. 134 (2017) 91–103.
  • [23] Y.L. Bai, J.G. Dai, J.G. Teng, Monotonic stress-strain behaviour of steel rebars embedded in FRP-confined concrete including buckling, J. Compos. Construct. 21 (5) (2017), 04017043.
  • [24] L. Lam, J.G. Teng, Design-oriented stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete, Construct. Build. Mater. 17 (6–7) (2003) 471–489.
  • [25] L. Lam, J.G. Teng, Ultimate condition of fiber reinforced polymer-confined concrete, J. Compos. Construct. 8 (6) (2004) 539–548.
  • [26] G. Lin, J.G. Teng, Three-dimensional finite-element analysis of FRP-confined circular concrete columns under eccentric loading, J. Compos. Construct. 21 (4) (2017), 04017003.
  • [27] G. Lin, J.G. Teng, Advanced stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete in square columns, Compos. B Eng. 197 (2020) 108149.
  • [28] J.J. Zeng, Y.C. Guo, W.Y. Gao, L.J. Li, W.P. Chen, Stress-strain behavior of circular concrete columns partially wrapped with FRP strips, Compos. Struct. 200 (2018) 810–828.
  • [29] T. Ozbakkaloglu, J.C. Lim, Axial compressive behavior of FRP-confined concrete: experimental test database and a new design-oriented model, Compos. B Eng. 55 (2013) 607–634.
  • [30] T.M. Pham, M.N.S. Hadi, T.M. Tran, Maximum useable strain of FRP-confined concrete, Construct. Build. Mater. 83 (2015) 119–127.
  • [31] T.M. Pham, M.N.S. Hadi, Confinement model for FRP confined normal- and high- strength concrete circular columns, Construct. Build. Mater. 69 (2014) 83–90.
  • [32] J.J. Zeng, Y.C. Guo, W.Y. Gao, J.Z. Li, J.H. Xie, Behavior of partially and fully FRP- confined circularized square columns under axial compression, Construct. Build. Mater. 152 (2017) 319–332.
  • [33] A. Ilki, O. Peker, E. Karamuk, C. Demir, N. Kumbasar, FRP Retrofit of low and medium strength circular and rectangular reinforced concrete columns, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 20 (2) (2008) 169–188.
  • [34] A. De Luca, F. Matta, A. Nanni, Behavior of full-scale glass fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete columns under axial load, ACI Struct. J. 107 (5) (2010) 589–596.
  • [35] Y.C. Guo, W.Y. Gao, J.J. Zeng, Z.J. Duan, X.Y. Ni, K.D. Peng, Compressive behavior of FRP ring-confined concrete in circular columns: effects of specimen size and a new design-oriented stress-strain model, Construct. Build. Mater. 201 (2019) 350–368.
  • [36] A.A. Mohammed, A.C. Manalo, W. Ferdous, Y. Zhuge, P.V. Vijay, A.Q. Alkinani, A. Fam, State-of-the-art of prefabricated FRP composite jackets for structural repair, Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 23 (5) (2020) 1244–1258.
  • [37] A. Siddika, M.A.A. Mamum, W. Ferdous, R. Alyousef, Performances, challenges and opportunities in strengthening reinforced concrete structures by using FRPs–A state-of-the-art review, Eng. Fail. Anal. 111 (2020) 104480.
  • [38] Y. Guo, J. Xie, Z. Xie, J. Zhong, Experimental study on compressive behavior of damaged normal- and high-strength concrete confined with CFRP laminates, Construct. Build. Mater. 107 (2016) 411–425.
  • [39] L.A. Bisby, J.F. Chen, S.Q. Li, T.J. Stratford, N. Cueva, K. Crossling, Strengthening fire-damaged concrete by confinement with fibre-reinforced polymer wraps, Eng. Struct. 33 (12) (2011) 3381–3391.
  • [40] A. Lenwari, J. Rungamornrat, S. Woonprasert, Axial compression behavior of fire- damaged concrete cylinders confined with CFRP sheets, J. Compos. Construct. 20 (5) (2016), 04016027.
  • [41] Y. Al-Salloum, H. Elsanadedy, A. Abadel, Behavior of FRP-confined concrete
after high temperature exposure, Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2) (2011) 838–850.
  • [42] Song, J., Gao, W. Y., Ouyang, L. J., Zeng, J. J., Yang, J., & Liu, W. D. (2021). Compressive behavior of heat-damaged square concrete prisms confined with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer jackets. Engineering Structures, 242, 112504.
  • [43] ASTM International, “Standard test method for compres- sive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens,” ASTM C39, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa, USA, 2015, http://www.astm.org/.
  • [44] TS EN 197-1:2012, Çimento-Bölüm 1: Genel çimentolar-Bileşim. özellikler ve uygunluk kriterleri (Cement Part 1: Composition. Specification and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements).
  • [45] EFNARC (2002) Specification and Guidelines for Self-Compacting. Concrete, Association House, Surrey, UK. www.efnarc.org
  • [46] Masoud, S., Soudki, K., Topper, T. "CFRP-strengthened and corroded RC beams under monotonic and fatigue loads", Journal of composites for construction, 5(4) pp. 228-236, 2001.
  • [47] ISIS Design Manual, Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Structures with Externally Bonded Fibre Reinforced Polymers, The Canadian Network of Centers of Excellence on Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures, ISIS Canada, University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 2001.
  • [48] ACI 440.2R-08, Guide for the Design and Construction of Exter- nally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Strucutres, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich, USA, 2008.

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 64 - 75, 30.04.2022

Sara Kadhim , Mustafa Özakça

Abstract

Project Number

3

References

  • [1] W.Y. Gao, J.G. Dai, J.G. Teng, Fire resistance of RC beams under design fire exposure, Mag. Concr. Res. 69 (8) (2017) 402–423.
  • [2] Concrete Society, Assessment of Fire-Damaged Concrete Structures and Repair by Gunite, Technical Report No. 15, Camberley, UK, 1978.
  • [3] C.J.Jiang,Z.D.Lu,L.Z.Li,Shearperformanceoffire-damagedreinforcedconcrete beams repaired by a bolted side-plating technique, J. Struct. Eng. 143 (5) (2017), 04017007.
  • [4] L.Z. Li, C.J. Jiang, J.T. Yu, X. Wang, Z.D. Lu, Flexural performance of fire-damaged reinforced concrete beams repaired by bolted side-plating, ACI Struct. J. 116 (3) (2019) 183–193.
  • [5] L.Z.Li,Z.L.Wu,J.T.Yu,X.Wang,J.X.Zhang,Z.D.Lu,Numericalsimulationofthe shear capacity of bolted side-plated RC beams, Eng. Struct. 171 (2018) 373–384.
  • [6] C.H. Lin, S.T. Chen, C.A. Yang, Repair of fire-damaged reinforced concrete columns, ACI Struct. J. 92 (4) (1995) 406–411.
  • [7] L. Wang, R.K.L. Su, Repair of fire-exposed preloaded rectangular concrete columns by postcompressed steel plates, J. Struct. Eng. 140 (3) (2014), 04013083.
  • [8] W.Y. Gao, K.X. Hu, J.G. Dai, K. Dong, K.Q. Yu, L.J. Fang, Repair of fire-damaged RC slabs with basalt fabric-reinforced shotcrete, Construct. Build. Mater. 185 (2018) 79–92.
  • [9] L.J. Ouyang, W.Y. Gao, B. Zhen, Z.D. Lu, Seismic retrofit of square reinforced concrete columns using basalt and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer sheets: a comparative study, Compos. Struct. 162 (2017) 294–307.
  • [10] Y.L.Bai,J.G.Dai,M.Mohammadi,G.Lin,S.J.Mei,Stiffness-baseddesign-oriented compressive stress-strain model for large-rupture-strain (LRS) FRP-confined concrete, Compos. Struct. 223 (2019) 110953.
  • [11] J.G. Dai, Y.L. Bai, J.G. Teng, Behavior and modeling of concrete confined with FRP composites of large deformability, J. Compos. Construct. 15 (6) (2011) 963–973.
  • [12] T. Yu, J.G. Teng, Y.L. Wong, S.L. Dong, Finite element modeling of confined concrete-I: Drucker-Prager type plasticity model, Eng. Struct. 32 (3) (2010) 665–679.
  • [13] T. Yu, J.G. Teng, Y.L. Wong, S.L. Dong, Finite element modeling of confined concrete-II: plastic-damage model, Eng. Struct. 32 (3) (2010) 680–691.
  • [14] Y.L. Wang, G.P. Chen, B.L. Wan, G.C. Cai, Y.W. Zhang, Behavior of circular ice- filled self-luminous FRP tubular stub columns under axial compression, Construct. Build. Mater. 232 (30) (2020) 117287.
  • [15] Y.L. Wang, G.C. Cai, Y.Y. Li, D. Waldmann, A.S. Larbi, K.D. Tsavdaridis, Behavior of circular fiber-reinforced polymer-steel-confined concrete columns subjected to reversed cyclic loads: experimental studies and finite-element analysis, J. Struct. Eng. 145 (9) (2019), 04019085.
  • [16] J.G. Teng, J.L. Zhao, T. Yu, L.J. Li, Y.C. Guo, Behavior of FRP-confined compound concrete containing recycled concrete lumps, J. Compos. Construct. 20 (1) (2016), 0000602.
  • [17] Y. Zhou, X. Liu, F. Xing, H. Cui, L. Sui, Axial compressive behavior of FRP-confined lightweight aggregate concrete: an experimental study and stress-strain relation model, Construct. Build. Mater. 119 (2016) 1–15.
  • [18] J.J. Zeng, Y.Y. Ye, W.Y. Gao, S.T. Smith, Y.C. Guo, Stress-strain behavior of polyethylene terephthalate fiber-reinforced polymer-confined normal-, high-and ultra high-strength concrete, J. Build. Eng. 30 (2020) 101243.
  • [19] J.J. Zeng, W.Y. Gao, Z.J. Duan, Y.L. Bai, Y.C. Guo, L.J. Ouyang, Axial compressive behavior of polyethylene terephthalate/carbon FRP-confined seawater sea-sand concrete in circular columns, Construct. Build. Mater. 234 (2020) 117383.
  • [20] T. Ozbakkaloglu, J.C. Lim, T. Vincent, FRP-confined concrete in circular sections: review and assessment of stress-strain models, Eng. Struct. 49 (2013) 1068–1088.
  • [21] J.C. Lim, T. Ozbakkaloglu, Design model for FRP-confined normal- and high- strength concrete square and rectangular columns, Mag. Concr. Res. 66 (20) (2014) 1020–1035.
  • [22] D.Y. Wang, Z.Y. Wang, S.T. Smith, T. Yu, Seismic performance of CFRP-confined circular high-strength concrete columns with high axial compression ratio, Construct. Build. Mater. 134 (2017) 91–103.
  • [23] Y.L. Bai, J.G. Dai, J.G. Teng, Monotonic stress-strain behaviour of steel rebars embedded in FRP-confined concrete including buckling, J. Compos. Construct. 21 (5) (2017), 04017043.
  • [24] L. Lam, J.G. Teng, Design-oriented stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete, Construct. Build. Mater. 17 (6–7) (2003) 471–489.
  • [25] L. Lam, J.G. Teng, Ultimate condition of fiber reinforced polymer-confined concrete, J. Compos. Construct. 8 (6) (2004) 539–548.
  • [26] G. Lin, J.G. Teng, Three-dimensional finite-element analysis of FRP-confined circular concrete columns under eccentric loading, J. Compos. Construct. 21 (4) (2017), 04017003.
  • [27] G. Lin, J.G. Teng, Advanced stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete in square columns, Compos. B Eng. 197 (2020) 108149.
  • [28] J.J. Zeng, Y.C. Guo, W.Y. Gao, L.J. Li, W.P. Chen, Stress-strain behavior of circular concrete columns partially wrapped with FRP strips, Compos. Struct. 200 (2018) 810–828.
  • [29] T. Ozbakkaloglu, J.C. Lim, Axial compressive behavior of FRP-confined concrete: experimental test database and a new design-oriented model, Compos. B Eng. 55 (2013) 607–634.
  • [30] T.M. Pham, M.N.S. Hadi, T.M. Tran, Maximum useable strain of FRP-confined concrete, Construct. Build. Mater. 83 (2015) 119–127.
  • [31] T.M. Pham, M.N.S. Hadi, Confinement model for FRP confined normal- and high- strength concrete circular columns, Construct. Build. Mater. 69 (2014) 83–90.
  • [32] J.J. Zeng, Y.C. Guo, W.Y. Gao, J.Z. Li, J.H. Xie, Behavior of partially and fully FRP- confined circularized square columns under axial compression, Construct. Build. Mater. 152 (2017) 319–332.
  • [33] A. Ilki, O. Peker, E. Karamuk, C. Demir, N. Kumbasar, FRP Retrofit of low and medium strength circular and rectangular reinforced concrete columns, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 20 (2) (2008) 169–188.
  • [34] A. De Luca, F. Matta, A. Nanni, Behavior of full-scale glass fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete columns under axial load, ACI Struct. J. 107 (5) (2010) 589–596.
  • [35] Y.C. Guo, W.Y. Gao, J.J. Zeng, Z.J. Duan, X.Y. Ni, K.D. Peng, Compressive behavior of FRP ring-confined concrete in circular columns: effects of specimen size and a new design-oriented stress-strain model, Construct. Build. Mater. 201 (2019) 350–368.
  • [36] A.A. Mohammed, A.C. Manalo, W. Ferdous, Y. Zhuge, P.V. Vijay, A.Q. Alkinani, A. Fam, State-of-the-art of prefabricated FRP composite jackets for structural repair, Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 23 (5) (2020) 1244–1258.
  • [37] A. Siddika, M.A.A. Mamum, W. Ferdous, R. Alyousef, Performances, challenges and opportunities in strengthening reinforced concrete structures by using FRPs–A state-of-the-art review, Eng. Fail. Anal. 111 (2020) 104480.
  • [38] Y. Guo, J. Xie, Z. Xie, J. Zhong, Experimental study on compressive behavior of damaged normal- and high-strength concrete confined with CFRP laminates, Construct. Build. Mater. 107 (2016) 411–425.
  • [39] L.A. Bisby, J.F. Chen, S.Q. Li, T.J. Stratford, N. Cueva, K. Crossling, Strengthening fire-damaged concrete by confinement with fibre-reinforced polymer wraps, Eng. Struct. 33 (12) (2011) 3381–3391.
  • [40] A. Lenwari, J. Rungamornrat, S. Woonprasert, Axial compression behavior of fire- damaged concrete cylinders confined with CFRP sheets, J. Compos. Construct. 20 (5) (2016), 04016027.
  • [41] Y. Al-Salloum, H. Elsanadedy, A. Abadel, Behavior of FRP-confined concrete
after high temperature exposure, Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2) (2011) 838–850.
  • [42] Song, J., Gao, W. Y., Ouyang, L. J., Zeng, J. J., Yang, J., & Liu, W. D. (2021). Compressive behavior of heat-damaged square concrete prisms confined with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer jackets. Engineering Structures, 242, 112504.
  • [43] ASTM International, “Standard test method for compres- sive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens,” ASTM C39, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa, USA, 2015, http://www.astm.org/.
  • [44] TS EN 197-1:2012, Çimento-Bölüm 1: Genel çimentolar-Bileşim. özellikler ve uygunluk kriterleri (Cement Part 1: Composition. Specification and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements).
  • [45] EFNARC (2002) Specification and Guidelines for Self-Compacting. Concrete, Association House, Surrey, UK. www.efnarc.org
  • [46] Masoud, S., Soudki, K., Topper, T. "CFRP-strengthened and corroded RC beams under monotonic and fatigue loads", Journal of composites for construction, 5(4) pp. 228-236, 2001.
  • [47] ISIS Design Manual, Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Structures with Externally Bonded Fibre Reinforced Polymers, The Canadian Network of Centers of Excellence on Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures, ISIS Canada, University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 2001.
  • [48] ACI 440.2R-08, Guide for the Design and Construction of Exter- nally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Strucutres, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich, USA, 2008.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sara Kadhim 0000-0003-3789-5437

Mustafa Özakça 0000-0003-1544-8126

Project Number 3
Publication Date April 30, 2022
Acceptance Date June 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kadhim, S., & Özakça, M. (2022). EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES ON THE SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE CYLINDERS CONFINED WITH BFRP SHEETS, THE RESULTS - PART B. The International Journal of Energy and Engineering Sciences, 7(1), 64-75.

IMPORTANT NOTES

No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners, unless the use is a fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research or review. The authors reserve the right that their material can be used for purely educational and research purposes. All the authors are responsible for the originality and plagiarism, multiple publication, disclosure and conflicts of interest and fundamental errors in the published works.

*Please note that  All the authors are responsible for the originality and plagiarism, multiple publication, disclosure and conflicts of interest and fundamental errors in the published works. Author(s) submitting a manuscript for publication in IJEES also accept that the manuscript may go through screening for plagiarism check using IThenticate software. For experimental works involving animals, approvals from relevant ethics committee should have been obtained beforehand assuring that the experiment was conducted according to relevant national or international guidelines on care and use of laboratory animals.  Authors may be requested to provide evidence to this end.
 
**Authors are highly recommended to obey the IJEES policies regarding copyrights/Licensing and ethics before submitting their manuscripts.


Copyright © 2024. AA. All rights reserved