Determining the buried concrete amount using GPR/GPS combination method

Year 2022, , 59 - 66, 15.02.2022

Celalettin Uçar , Füsun Balık Şanlı

https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.876310

Abstract

This paper investigates the possibility of describing location based NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) samples for an officially finalized project of a buried concrete layer beneath the İstanbul-Millet Street, by the combination of high frequency GPR and CORS-GPS. For this purpose, field works and laboratory studies were performed. First, data acquisition was carried out over the asphalt surface along the construction route of the street. Reflected/scattered electromagnetic wave fields was studied over the processed radargram of the concrete layer. Hence, the upper and lower boundaries of buried concrete layer were determined as a value of depth and coordinate based on spatial dataset, where there was no information about the current amount of constructed concrete. According to the measurement results, the marked location of reflected/scattered wave field on the processed radargrams defined the newly constructed concrete layer. The vertical distance between upper and lower boundaries of the layer defines the thickness of concrete layer. All types of buried layers such as C-25 road concrete, plaster or asphalt have been extracted from the entire data using the amplitude differences. 

Keywords

Concrete, GPR, NDT, EM Wave Field, GPS

References

• Alp K, Gelişli K, Yılmaz A O, Kaya R & Çavuşoğlu (2003). Mermer İşletmeciliğinde Yer Radarı Uygulamaları, MRSEM, Türkiye IV. Mermer Semposyumu. Bildiriler Kitabı, 37-48.
• Annan A P (2000). Ground Penetrating radar workshop notes, Sensors and Software Inc., Canada.
• Aspiron U & Aigner T (1999). Towards realistic aquifer models: Three dimensional georadar surveys of Quaternary gravel deltas (Singen Basin, SW Germany), Sedimentary Geology, 129, 281-297.
• Billinger M S (2009). Utilizing ground penetrating radar for the location of a potential human burial under concrete, J of Forensic Sciences, 42(3), 200-209.
• Cardelli E, Maronne C & Orlando L (2003). Evaluation of tunnel stability using integrated geophysical methods, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 52, 93-102.
• Changryol K, Daniels J J, Guy E, Radzevicius S J & Holt J (2000). Residual hydrocarbons in a water-saturated medium: A detection strategy using ground penetrating radar, Environmental Geosciences, 7(4), 169-176.
• Conyers L B (2004). Ground Penetrating Radar for Archaeology-Altamira Press-ISBN 0-7591-0772, 23-55.
• Daniels J J (2000). Ground penetrating radar for imaging archeological objects in the subsurface, Proceedings of the New Millennium International Forum on Consideration of Cultural Property, Kongju, Korea, 247-265.
• Dannowski G & Yaramancı U (1999). Estimation of water content ant porosity using combined radar and geoelectric measurements, European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 4, 71-85.
• Davenport G C (2001). Remote sensing applications in forensic investigations, Historical Archaeology, 35(1), 87-100.
• Davis J L & Annan A P (1989). Ground Penetrating Radar for high resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy,Geophysical Prospecting, 37, 531-551.
• Grandjean G & Gourry J C (1999). GPR data processing for 3D fracturemapping in a marble quarry (Thassos, Greece), Journal of Applied Geophysics, 36, 19-30.
• Green A, Gross R, Holliger K, Horstmeyer H & Baldwin J (2003). Results of 3-D georadar surveying and trenching the San Andreas Fault near its northern landward limit,Tectonophysics, 368, 7-23.
• Hammon W S, McMechan G A & Zeng X, Forensic (2000). GPR: finite-difference simulations of responses from buried human remains,Journal of Applied Geophysics, 45(3), 171-186.
• Harrari Z (1996). Ground penetrating radar (GPR) for imaging stratigraphic features and groundwater in sand dunes, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 36, 43-52.
• Kadıoğlu S & Daniels J J (2008). 3D visualization of integrated ground penetrating radar data and EM-61 data to determine buried objects and their characteristics, Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 5, 448-456.
• Kadıoğlu S & Kadıoğlu Y K (2006). Yer radarı yöntemi ile bir mermer sahasındaki kırıkların, sağlam ve bozuk alanların belirlenmesi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1-2), 127-135.
• Kadıoğlu S, Kadıoğlu Y K & Akyol A A (2008). Geoarchaeological research of the mid-Age Ilyasbey Complex buildings with ground penetrating radar in Miletus, Aydın, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Donald Harrington Symposium on the Geology of the Aegean, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2, published online.
• Koralay T, Kadıoğlu S & Kadıoğlu Y K (2007). A new approximation in determination of zonation boundaries of ignimbrite by ground penetrating radar: Kayseri, Central Anatolia, Turkey, Environmental Geology, 52(7), 1387-1397.
• Linck R & Fassbinder J W E (2013). Determination of the influence of soil parameters and sample density on ground-penetrating radar: a case study of a Roman picket in Lower Bavaria, ArchaeolAnthropol, 6, 93-106.
• Mellett J S (1992). Location of human remains with ground penetrating radar, Fourth international conference on ground penetrating radar. Geological Survey of Finland Special Papers, 16, 359-365.
• Miller P S (1996). Disturbances in the soil: Finding buried bodies and other evidence using ground penetrating radar, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41(4), 648-652.
• Moghadas D, Jadoon K Z, Vanderborght J, Lambot S, Vereecken H (2014). Estimation of the near surface soil water content during evaporation using air-launched ground-penetrating radar, Near Surface Geophysics, 12, 623-633.
• Morgan R M & Bull P A (2007). Forensic geoscience and crime detection: Identification, interpretation and presentation in forensic geosciences, Minerva Medicolegale, 127, 73-89 MTA Doğal Kaynaklar ve Ekonomi Bülteni (2012).
• Nobes D C (2000). The search for "Yvonne": A case example of the delineation of a grave using near-surface geophysical methods, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45(3), 715-721.
• Novo A, Lorenzo H, Rial F I & Solla M (2011). 3D GPR in forensics: Finding a clandestine grave in a mountainous environment, Forensic Science International, 204(1-3), 134-138.
• Pringle J K, Jervis J, Cassella J P & Cassidy N J (2008). Time-lapse geophysical investigations over a simulated urban clandestine grave, J of Forensic Sciences, 53(6), 1405-1416.
• Ruffell A & McKinley J (2005). Forensic geoscience: Applications of geology, geomorphology and geophysicst criminal investigations, Earth-Science Reviews, 69. 235-247.
• Sambuelli L, Socco L V & Brecciaroli L (1999). Acquisition and processing of electric, magnetic and GPR data on a Roman site (Victimulae, Salussola, and Biella), Journal Applied Geophysics, 41, 189-204.
• Sandmeier K J (2004) Scientific Software, REFLEXW ver.3.5 program for processing and interpretation of reflection and transmission data.
• Schultz J J & Dupras T L (2008). The contribution of forensic archaeology to homicide investigations, Homicide Studies, 12(4), 399-413.
• Schultz J J (2007). Using ground-penetrating radar to locate clandestine graves of homicide victims, Homicide Studies, 11(1), 15-29.
• Shaaban F A, Abbas A M, Atya M A & Hafez M A (2009). Ground-penetrating radar exploration for ancient monuments at the Valley of Mummies -Kilo 6, Bahariya Oasis, Egypt, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 2, 194-202.
• Unterberger R R (1992). Ground penetrating radar finds disturbed earth over burials, Fourth international conference on ground penetrating radar, Geological Survey of Finland Special Papers, 16, 341-357.
• Van Dam R I & Schlager W (2000). Identifying causes of ground-penetrating radar reflections using time-domain reflectometry and sedimentological analysis, Sedimentology, 47, 435-449.