Experimental and Theoretical Aspects of Azo Dye Degradation by UV/H2O2 Process: Review and experimental comparison of some kinetic rate expressions

Abstract

Due to their unique properties, azo dyes are extensively used, especially in the textile industry. Due to their low biodegradability, these compounds cannot be treated in wastewater treatment plants and discharges of these effluents poses a serious threat to the receiving water bodies. In the literature, several advanced oxidation processes have been studied for decolorization and mineralization of these toxic compounds. Among these advanced oxidation processes, the UV/H2O2 process has attracted great attention with its high efficiency in removing these compounds. The goal of this paper is to review the kinetic rate expressions developed to describe azo dye degradation by UV/H2O2 process. A detailed review of pseudo-first-order reaction mechanism, as well as reactor design models, is provided. Finally, a set of experiments are conducted with Reactive Black 5 to compare the model estimations with the observed data. In addition, a regression model is developed using response surface methodology to optimize operating conditions. The experimental results indicate that the optimum pH value that gives the maximum reaction constant is 5.74. Moreover, initial dye concentration is found to be a more significant parameter for decay rate constant than pH value. The open questions and future research topics are also discussed.

Keywords

• Advanced Oxidation
• Azo dyes
• OH radical
• response surface methodology

References

1. Aleboyeh, A., Aleboyeh, H., & Moussa, Y. (2003). “Critical” effect of hydrogen peroxide in photochemical oxidative decolorization of dyes: Acid Orange 8, Acid Blue 74 and Methyl Orange. Dyes and pigments, 57(1), 67-75.
2. Al-Kdasi, A., Idris, A., Saed, K., & Guan, C. T. (2004). Treatment of textile wastewater by advanced oxidation processes—a review. Global nest: the Int. J, 6(3), 222-230.
3. Behnajady, M. A., Modirshahla, N., & Fathi, H. (2006). Kinetics of decolorization of an azo dye in UV alone and UV/H2O2 processes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136(3), 816-821.
4. Behnajady, M. A., Modirshahla, N., & Shokri, M. (2004). Photodestruction of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) in aqueous solutions by UV/H2O2: influence of operational parameters. Chemosphere, 55(1), 129-134.
5. Buxton, G. V., Greenstock, C. L., Helman, W. P., & Ross, A. B. (1988). Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (⋅ OH/⋅ O− in aqueous solution. Journal of physical and chemical reference data, 17(2), 513-886.
6. Chafi, M., Gourich, B., Essadki, A. H., Vial, C., & Fabregat, A. (2011). Comparison of electrocoagulation using iron and aluminium electrodes with chemical coagulation for the removal of a highly soluble acid dye. Desalination, 281, 285-292.
7. Chang, M. W., Chung, C. C., Chern, J. M., & Chen, T. S. (2010). Dye decomposition kinetics by UV/H2O2: Initial rate analysis by effective kinetic modelling methodology. Chemical Engineering Science, 65(1), 135-140.
8. Chiu, Y. H., Chang, T. F. M., Chen, C. Y., Sone, M., & Hsu, Y. J. (2019). Mechanistic insights into photodegradation of organic dyes using heterostructure photocatalysts. Catalysts, 9(5), 430.

9. Chung, K. T. (2016). Azo dyes and human health: a review. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 34(4), 233-261.
10. Colonna, G. M., Caronna, T., & Marcandalli, B. (1999). Oxidative degradation of dyes by ultraviolet radiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Dyes and pigments, 41(3), 211-220.
11. Cuerda-Correa, E. M., Alexandre-Franco, M. F., & Fernández-González, C. (2020). Advanced oxidation processes for the removal of antibiotics from water. An overview. Water, 12(1), 102.
12. Deming, D. M. (1988). Application of response surface methodology to optimize a reduced-calorie chocolate layer cake formulation.
13. El-Dein, A. M., Libra, J. A., & Wiesmann, U. (2003). Mechanism and kinetic model for the decolorization of the azo dye Reactive Black 5 by hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation. Chemosphere, 52(6), 1069-1077.
14. Fard, N. E., & Fazaeli, R. (2016). A novel kinetic approach for photocatalytic degradation of azo dye with CdS and Ag/CdS nanoparticles fixed on a cement bed in a continuous‐flow photoreactor. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 48(11), 691-701.
15. Galindo, C., & Kalt, A. (1999). UV/H2O2 oxidation of azodyes in aqueous media: evidence of a structure—degradability relationship. Dyes and Pigments, 42(3), 199-207.
16. Gultekin, I., & Ince, N. H. (2004). Degradation of reactive azo dyes by UV/H2O2: Impact of radical scavengers. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 39(4), 1069-1081.
17. Hamby, D. M. (1994). A review of techniques for parameter sensitivity analysis of environmental models. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 32(2), 135-154.
18. Hartley, H. O. (1959). Smallest composite designs for quadratic response surfaces. Biometrics, 15(4), 611-624.
19. Hassaan, M. A., & El Nemr, A. (2017). Health and environmental impacts of dyes: mini review. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 1(3), 64-67.
20. Iark, D., dos Reis Buzzo, A.J., Garcia, J.A.A., Côrrea, V.G., Helm, C.V., Corrêa, R.C.G., & Peralta, R.M. (2019). Enzymatic degradation and detoxification of azo dye Congo red by a new laccase from Oudemansiella canarii. Bioresource technology, 289, 121655.
21. Ince, N. H., & Apikyan, I. G. (2000). Combination of activated carbon adsorption with light-enhanced chemical oxidation via hydrogen peroxide. Water Research, 34(17), 4169-4176.
22. Kasiri, M. B., & Khataee, A. R. (2012). Removal of organic dyes by UV/H2O2 process: modelling and optimization. Environmental technology, 33(12), 1417-1425.
23. Kayan, B., & Gözmen, B. (2012). Degradation of Acid Red 274 using H2O2 in subcritical water: Application of response surface methodology. Journal of hazardous materials, 201, 100-106.
24. Khataee, A. R., & Habibi, B. (2010). Photochemical oxidative decolorization of CI basic red 46 by UV/H2O2 process: Optimization using response surface methodology and kinetic modeling. Desalination and Water Treatment, 16(1-3), 243-253.
25. Kochany, J., & Bolton, J. R. (1992). Mechanism of photodegradation of aqueous organic pollutants. 2. Measurement of the primary rate constants for reaction of hydroxyl radicals with benzene and some halobenzenes using an EPR spin-trapping method following the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide. Environmental science & technology, 26(2), 262-265.
26. Körbahti, B. K. (2007). Response surface optimization of electrochemical treatment of textile dye wastewater. Journal of hazardous materials, 145(1-2), 277-286.
27. Kumoro, A. C., Ratnawati, R., & Retnowati, D. S. (2017). Reaction and mass transfer kinetics model of hydrogen peroxide oxidation of starch under influence of ultraviolet irradiation. Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering, 61(3), 236-245.
28. Lu, K., Zhang, X. L., Zhao, Y. L., & Wu, Z. L. (2010). Removal of color from textile dyeing wastewater by foam separation. Journal of hazardous materials, 182(1-3), 928-932.
29. Malik, P. K., & Sanyal, S. K. (2004). Kinetics of decolourisation of azo dyes in wastewater by UV/H2O2 process. Separation and Purification Technology, 36(3), 167-175.
30. Mohey El-Dein, A., Libra, J. A., & Weismann, U. (2001). Kinetics of decolorization and mineralization of the azo dye Reactive Black 5 by hydrogen peroxide and UV light. Water science and technology, 44(5), 295-301.
31. Montgomery, D. C. (2001). Design and analysis of experiments. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York, 1997, 200-1.
32. Muniyasamy, A., Sivaporul, G., Gopinath, A., Lakshmanan, R., Altaee, A., Achary, A., & Chellam, P. V. (2020). Process development for the degradation of textile azo dyes (mono-, di-, poly-) by advanced oxidation process-Ozonation: Experimental & partial derivative modelling approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 265, 110397.
33. Muruganandham, M., Suri, R. P. S., Jafari, S., Sillanpää, M., Lee, G. J., Wu, J. J., & Swaminathan, M. (2014). Recent developments in homogeneous advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2014.
34. Neamtu, M., Siminiceanu, I., Yediler, A., & Kettrup, A. (2002). Kinetics of decolorization and mineralization of reactive azo dyes in aqueous solution by the UV/H2O2 oxidation. Dyes and pigments, 53(2), 93-99.
35. Rajchel-Mieldzioć, P., Tymkiewicz, R., Sołek, J., Secomski, W., Litniewski, J., & Fita, P. (2020). Reaction kinetics of sonochemical oxidation of potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) in aqueous solutions. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 63, 104912.
36. Rauf, M. A., Marzouki, N., & Körbahti, B. K. (2008). Photolytic decolorization of Rose Bengal by UV/H2O2 and data optimization using response surface method. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 159(2-3), 602-609.
37. Saltelli, A., Tarantola, S., & Campolongo, F. (2000). Sensitivity anaysis as an ingredient of modeling. Statistical Science, 15(4), 377-395.
38. Savun-Hekimoğlu, B., & Ince, N. H. (2019). Optimization of methylparaben degradation by sonocatalysis. Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 58, 104623.
39. Shen, Y. S., & Wang, D. K. (2002). Development of photoreactor design equation for the treatment of dye wastewater by UV/H2O2 process. Journal of hazardous materials, 89(2-3), 267-277.
40. Shu, H. Y., Chang, M. C., & Chang, C. C. (2009). Integration of nanosized zero-valent iron particles addition with UV/H2O2 process for purification of azo dye Acid Black 24 solution. Journal of hazardous materials, 167(1-3), 1178-1184.
41. Song, S., Fan, J., He, Z., Zhan, L., Liu, Z., Chen, J., & Xu, X. (2010). Electrochemical degradation of azo dye CI Reactive Red 195 by anodic oxidation on Ti/SnO2–Sb/PbO2 electrodes. Electrochimica Acta, 55(11), 3606-3613.
42. Viswanathan, B. (2018). Photocatalytic degradation of dyes: An overview. Current Catalysis, 7(2), 99-121.
43. Zuorro, A., Fidaleo, M., & Lavecchia, R. (2013). Response surface methodology (RSM) analysis of photodegradation of sulfonated diazo dye Reactive Green 19 by UV/H2O2 process. Journal of Environmental Management, 127, 28-35.