Research Article
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Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Batman River by Liquid-liquid and Solid-phase Extractions and the Statistical Comparison of the Two Extraction Techniques

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 521 - 528, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.957677

Abstract

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), which have detrimental health effects such as cancer and mutation, abound in rivers. To employ effective mitigation strategies, accurate determination of PAHs in water bodies is essential. In this study, PAHs in the Batman River were investigated. Specifically, the study has two aims: (1) determining whether there are any statistical differences between the Liquid-liquid (LL) and Solid-phase (SP) extraction techniques of PAHs; and (2) investigation of PAH contamination and the potential sources of PAHs in the Batman River. Methodologically, four different samples were collected and one part of each sample was extracted with the LL and the other part with the SP. Later, each extract was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Subsequently, the analysis results of the LL and SP extracts were statistically compared. PAH concentrations were 85.5 and 76.7 ng/L for the means of the LL and SP extracts, respectively. Based on the t-test, the differences between these two means were not significant (p-value=0.684 > 0.05). Similarly, no statistical differences were observed between the analysis results of the LL and SP extracts for any individual PAHs. As for the source analysis, the results indicated that road vehicles and coal combustion were the possible sources of PAH contamination in the river. This study provides the first data set for PAH contamination in the Batman River.

Supporting Institution

Armadalab Occupational Health, Safety and Environment Laboratory

Thanks

The author acknowledges the support of Armadalab Occupational Health, Safety and Environment Laboratory and its head engineer Mert Çamlıca. They provided financial support for all chemicals and laboratory equipment used in study. Additionally, Armadalab's laboratory was used to conduct the experiments and instrumental analysis of the current study.

References

  • Abdel-Shafy, H. I., & Mansour, M. S. (2016). A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egyptian journal of petroleum, 25(1), 107-123. doi:10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011
  • Adeola, A. O., & Forbes, P. B. (2021). Advances in water treatment technologies for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Existing concepts, emerging trends, and future prospects. Water Environment Research, 93(3), 343-359. doi:10.1002/wer.1420
  • Bandowe, B. A. M., & Meusel, H. (2017). Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the environment–a review. Science of the total environment, 581, 237-257. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.115
  • Bansal, V., & Kim, K. H. (2015). Review of PAH contamination in food products and their health hazards. Environment international, 84, 26-38. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.016
  • Budzinski, H., Raoux, C., Baumard, P., Bellocq, J., & Garrigues, P. (1995). Differentiation of contamination sources in recent sediments through PAH distributions: An overview. In Organic geochemistry developments and applications to energy, climate, environment and human history: Selected papers from the 17th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry (pp. 616-618).
  • Cachada, A., da Silva, E. F., Duarte, A. C., & Pereira, R. (2016). Risk assessment of urban soils contamination: The particular case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Science of the Total Environment, 551, 271-284. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.012
  • Colombo, J. C., Pelletier, E., Brochu, C., Khalil, M., & Catoggio, J. A. (1989). Determination of hydrocarbon sources using n-alkane and polyaromatic hydrocarbon distribution indexes. Case study: Rio de la Plata estuary, Argentina. Environmental Science & Technology, 23(7), 888-894. doi:10.1021/es00065a019
  • Eremina, N., Paschke, A., Mazlova, E. A., & Schüürmann, G. (2016). Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalic acid esters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine substances in the Moscow River, Russia. Environmental Pollution, 210, 409-418. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.034
  • Froger, C., Quantin, C., Gasperi, J., Caupos, E., Monvoisin, G., Evrard, O., & Ayrault, S. (2019). Impact of urban pressure on the spatial and temporal dynamics of PAH fluxes in an urban tributary of the Seine River (France). Chemosphere, 219, 1002-1013. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.088
  • Galindo-Reyes, J. G., Fossato, V. U., Villagrana-Lizarraga, C., & Dolci, F. (1999). Pesticides in water, sediments, and shrimp from a coastal lagoon off the Gulf of California. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38(9), 837-841. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00086-7
  • Gateuille, D., Evrard, O., Lefevre, I., Moreau-Guigon, E., Alliot, F., Chevreuil, M., & Mouchel, J. M. (2014). Mass balance and decontamination times of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in rural nested catchments of an early industrialized region (Seine River basin, France). Science of the total environment, 470, 608-617. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.009
  • Ha, H., Park, K., Kang, G., & Lee, S. (2019). QSAR study using acute toxicity of Daphnia magna and Hyalella azteca through exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ecotoxicology, 28(3), 333-342. doi:10.1007/s10646-019-02025-1
  • Hennion, M. C. (1999). Solid-phase extraction: method development, sorbents, and coupling with liquid chromatography. Journal of chromatography A, 856(1-2), 3-54. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00832-8
  • Hsu, H. I., Lin, M. Y., Chen, Y. C., Chen, W. Y., Yoon, C., Chen, M. R., & Tsai, P. J. (2014). An integrated approach to assess exposure and health-risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a fastener manufacturing industry. International journal of environmental research and public health, 11(9), 9578-9594. doi:10.3390/ijerph110909578
  • Jaward, F. M., Alegria, H. A., Galindo Reyes, J. G., & Hoare, A. (2012). Levels of PAHs in the waters, sediments, and shrimps of Estero de Urias, an estuary in Mexico, and their toxicological effects. The Scientific World Journal, 2012. doi:10.1100/2012/687034
  • Kadri, T., Rouissi, T., Brar, S. K., Cledon, M., Sarma, S., & Verma, M. (2017). Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by fungal enzymes: A review. Journal of environmental sciences, 51, 52-74. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2016.08.023
  • Khuman, S. N., Chakraborty, P., Cincinelli, A., Snow, D., & Kumar, B. (2018). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters and riverine sediments of the Hooghly and Brahmaputra Rivers in the Eastern and Northeastern India. Science of the Total Environment, 636, 751-760. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.109
  • Kim, K. H., Jahan, S. A., Kabir, E., & Brown, R. J. (2013). A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environment international, 60, 71-80. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019
  • Lian, L., Yao, B., Hou, S., Fang, J., Yan, S., & Song, W. (2017). Kinetic study of hydroxyl and sulfate radical-mediated oxidation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluents. Environmental science & technology, 51(5), 2954-2962. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05536
  • Lima, A. L. C., Farrington, J. W., & Reddy, C. M. (2005). Combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment—a review. Environmental forensics, 6(2), 109-131. doi:10.1080/15275920590952739
  • Mahgoub, H. A. (2016). Extraction techniques for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Internation Journal of Science and Research, 5, 268-272. doi:10.21275/v5i1.nov152648
  • Maisto, G., De Nicola, F., Iovieno, P., Prati, M. V., & Alfani, A. (2006). PAHs and trace elements in volcanic urban and natural soils. Geoderma, 136(1-2), 20-27. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.01.009
  • Meng, Y., Liu, X., Lu, S., Zhang, T., Jin, B., Wang, Q., ... & Xi, B. (2019). A review on occurrence and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lakes of China. Science of The Total Environment, 651, 2497-2506. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.162
  • Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 22(1), 67. doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18
  • Müller, E., Berger, R., Blass, E., Sluyts, D., & Pfennig, A. (2000). Liquid–liquid extraction. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.b03_06.pub2
  • Niu, L., Cai, H., Van Gelder, P. H. A. J. M., Luo, P., Liu, F., & Yang, Q. (2018). Dynamics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water column of Pearl River estuary (China): Seasonal pattern, environmental fate and source implication. Applied Geochemistry, 90, 39-49. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.12.014
  • Oros, D. R., & Simoneit, B. R. T. (2000). Identification and emission rates of molecular tracers in coal smoke particulate matter. Fuel, 79(5), 515-536. doi:10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00153-2
  • Patrolecco, L., Ademollo, N., Capri, S., Pagnotta, R., & Polesello, S. (2010). Occurrence of priority hazardous PAHs in water, suspended particulate matter, sediment and common eels (Anguilla anguilla) in the urban stretch of the River Tiber (Italy). Chemosphere, 81(11), 1386-1392. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.027
  • Pereira, W. E., Hostettler, F. D., Luoma, S. N., van Geen, A., Fuller, C. C., & Anima, R. J. (1999). Sedimentary record of anthropogenic and biogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in San Francisco Bay, California. Marine Chemistry, 64(1-2), 99-113. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00087-5
  • Rengarajan, T., Rajendran, P., Nandakumar, N., Lokeshkumar, B., Rajendran, P., & Nishigaki, I. (2015). Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with special focus on cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(3), 182-189. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30003-4
  • Rubio-Clemente, A., Torres-Palma, R. A., & Peñuela, G. A. (2014). Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous environment by chemical treatments: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 478, 201-225. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.126
  • Sarria-Villa, R., Ocampo-Duque, W., Páez, M., & Schuhmacher, M. (2016). Presence of PAHs in water and sediments of the Colombian Cauca River during heavy rain episodes, and implications for risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 540, 455-465. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.020
  • Silva, I. S., Grossman, M., & Durrant, L. R. (2009). Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (2–7 rings) under microaerobic and very-low-oxygen conditions by soil fungi. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 63(2), 224-229. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.09.008
  • Smol, M., Włodarczyk-Makuła, M., Mielczarek, K., & Bohdziewicz, J. (2014). Comparison of the retention of selected PAHs from municipal landfill leachate by RO and UF processes. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52(19-21), 3889-3897. doi:10.1080/19443994.2014.887451
  • Soylak, M., Elci, L., & Dogan, M. (2001). Solid phase extraction of trace metal ions with amberlite XAD resins prior to atomic absorption spectrometric analysis. Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques, 19(3), 329-344. doi:10.1081/TMA-100105049
  • Sullivan, L. M., Weinberg, J., & Keaney Jr, J. F. (2016). Common statistical pitfalls in basic science research. Journal of the American Heart Association, 5(10), e004142. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.004142 Vural, E. (2021). Investigation of Spatial Change of Air Quality of Southeast Anatolia Region Provinces Using GIS (2007-2019). Journal of Natural Disasters and Environment, 7(1), 124-135. doi:10.21324/dacd.718450
  • Wilson, W. B., Hewitt, U., Miller, M., & Campiglia, A. D. (2014). Water analysis of the sixteen environmental protection agency—polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via solid-phase nanoextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1345, 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.082
  • Yakout, S. M., & Daifullah, A. A. M. (2013). Removal of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution onto various adsorbent materials. Desalination and Water Treatment, 51(34-36), 6711-6718. doi:10.1080/19443994.2013.769916
  • Yunker, M. B., Macdonald, R. W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R. H., Goyette, D., & Sylvestre, S. (2002). PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic geochemistry, 33(4), 489-515. doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00002-5
  • Zhang, J., Liu, G., Wang, R., & Huang, H. (2017). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water-SPM-sediment system from the middle reaches of Huai River, China: distribution, partitioning, origin tracing and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Pollution, 230, 61-71. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.012
  • Zhang, L., Li, P., Gong, Z., & Li, X. (2008). Photocatalytic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soil surfaces using TiO2 under UV light. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 158(2-3), 478-484. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.119
  • Zhao, C., Xu, J., Shang, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Xie, H., ... & Wang, Q. (2021). Application of constructed wetlands in the PAH remediation of surface water: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 146605. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146605
Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 521 - 528, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.957677

Abstract

References

  • Abdel-Shafy, H. I., & Mansour, M. S. (2016). A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egyptian journal of petroleum, 25(1), 107-123. doi:10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011
  • Adeola, A. O., & Forbes, P. B. (2021). Advances in water treatment technologies for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Existing concepts, emerging trends, and future prospects. Water Environment Research, 93(3), 343-359. doi:10.1002/wer.1420
  • Bandowe, B. A. M., & Meusel, H. (2017). Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the environment–a review. Science of the total environment, 581, 237-257. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.115
  • Bansal, V., & Kim, K. H. (2015). Review of PAH contamination in food products and their health hazards. Environment international, 84, 26-38. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.016
  • Budzinski, H., Raoux, C., Baumard, P., Bellocq, J., & Garrigues, P. (1995). Differentiation of contamination sources in recent sediments through PAH distributions: An overview. In Organic geochemistry developments and applications to energy, climate, environment and human history: Selected papers from the 17th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry (pp. 616-618).
  • Cachada, A., da Silva, E. F., Duarte, A. C., & Pereira, R. (2016). Risk assessment of urban soils contamination: The particular case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Science of the Total Environment, 551, 271-284. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.012
  • Colombo, J. C., Pelletier, E., Brochu, C., Khalil, M., & Catoggio, J. A. (1989). Determination of hydrocarbon sources using n-alkane and polyaromatic hydrocarbon distribution indexes. Case study: Rio de la Plata estuary, Argentina. Environmental Science & Technology, 23(7), 888-894. doi:10.1021/es00065a019
  • Eremina, N., Paschke, A., Mazlova, E. A., & Schüürmann, G. (2016). Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalic acid esters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine substances in the Moscow River, Russia. Environmental Pollution, 210, 409-418. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.034
  • Froger, C., Quantin, C., Gasperi, J., Caupos, E., Monvoisin, G., Evrard, O., & Ayrault, S. (2019). Impact of urban pressure on the spatial and temporal dynamics of PAH fluxes in an urban tributary of the Seine River (France). Chemosphere, 219, 1002-1013. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.088
  • Galindo-Reyes, J. G., Fossato, V. U., Villagrana-Lizarraga, C., & Dolci, F. (1999). Pesticides in water, sediments, and shrimp from a coastal lagoon off the Gulf of California. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38(9), 837-841. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00086-7
  • Gateuille, D., Evrard, O., Lefevre, I., Moreau-Guigon, E., Alliot, F., Chevreuil, M., & Mouchel, J. M. (2014). Mass balance and decontamination times of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in rural nested catchments of an early industrialized region (Seine River basin, France). Science of the total environment, 470, 608-617. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.009
  • Ha, H., Park, K., Kang, G., & Lee, S. (2019). QSAR study using acute toxicity of Daphnia magna and Hyalella azteca through exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ecotoxicology, 28(3), 333-342. doi:10.1007/s10646-019-02025-1
  • Hennion, M. C. (1999). Solid-phase extraction: method development, sorbents, and coupling with liquid chromatography. Journal of chromatography A, 856(1-2), 3-54. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00832-8
  • Hsu, H. I., Lin, M. Y., Chen, Y. C., Chen, W. Y., Yoon, C., Chen, M. R., & Tsai, P. J. (2014). An integrated approach to assess exposure and health-risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a fastener manufacturing industry. International journal of environmental research and public health, 11(9), 9578-9594. doi:10.3390/ijerph110909578
  • Jaward, F. M., Alegria, H. A., Galindo Reyes, J. G., & Hoare, A. (2012). Levels of PAHs in the waters, sediments, and shrimps of Estero de Urias, an estuary in Mexico, and their toxicological effects. The Scientific World Journal, 2012. doi:10.1100/2012/687034
  • Kadri, T., Rouissi, T., Brar, S. K., Cledon, M., Sarma, S., & Verma, M. (2017). Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by fungal enzymes: A review. Journal of environmental sciences, 51, 52-74. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2016.08.023
  • Khuman, S. N., Chakraborty, P., Cincinelli, A., Snow, D., & Kumar, B. (2018). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters and riverine sediments of the Hooghly and Brahmaputra Rivers in the Eastern and Northeastern India. Science of the Total Environment, 636, 751-760. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.109
  • Kim, K. H., Jahan, S. A., Kabir, E., & Brown, R. J. (2013). A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environment international, 60, 71-80. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019
  • Lian, L., Yao, B., Hou, S., Fang, J., Yan, S., & Song, W. (2017). Kinetic study of hydroxyl and sulfate radical-mediated oxidation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluents. Environmental science & technology, 51(5), 2954-2962. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05536
  • Lima, A. L. C., Farrington, J. W., & Reddy, C. M. (2005). Combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment—a review. Environmental forensics, 6(2), 109-131. doi:10.1080/15275920590952739
  • Mahgoub, H. A. (2016). Extraction techniques for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Internation Journal of Science and Research, 5, 268-272. doi:10.21275/v5i1.nov152648
  • Maisto, G., De Nicola, F., Iovieno, P., Prati, M. V., & Alfani, A. (2006). PAHs and trace elements in volcanic urban and natural soils. Geoderma, 136(1-2), 20-27. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.01.009
  • Meng, Y., Liu, X., Lu, S., Zhang, T., Jin, B., Wang, Q., ... & Xi, B. (2019). A review on occurrence and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lakes of China. Science of The Total Environment, 651, 2497-2506. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.162
  • Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 22(1), 67. doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18
  • Müller, E., Berger, R., Blass, E., Sluyts, D., & Pfennig, A. (2000). Liquid–liquid extraction. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.b03_06.pub2
  • Niu, L., Cai, H., Van Gelder, P. H. A. J. M., Luo, P., Liu, F., & Yang, Q. (2018). Dynamics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water column of Pearl River estuary (China): Seasonal pattern, environmental fate and source implication. Applied Geochemistry, 90, 39-49. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.12.014
  • Oros, D. R., & Simoneit, B. R. T. (2000). Identification and emission rates of molecular tracers in coal smoke particulate matter. Fuel, 79(5), 515-536. doi:10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00153-2
  • Patrolecco, L., Ademollo, N., Capri, S., Pagnotta, R., & Polesello, S. (2010). Occurrence of priority hazardous PAHs in water, suspended particulate matter, sediment and common eels (Anguilla anguilla) in the urban stretch of the River Tiber (Italy). Chemosphere, 81(11), 1386-1392. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.027
  • Pereira, W. E., Hostettler, F. D., Luoma, S. N., van Geen, A., Fuller, C. C., & Anima, R. J. (1999). Sedimentary record of anthropogenic and biogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in San Francisco Bay, California. Marine Chemistry, 64(1-2), 99-113. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00087-5
  • Rengarajan, T., Rajendran, P., Nandakumar, N., Lokeshkumar, B., Rajendran, P., & Nishigaki, I. (2015). Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with special focus on cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(3), 182-189. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30003-4
  • Rubio-Clemente, A., Torres-Palma, R. A., & Peñuela, G. A. (2014). Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous environment by chemical treatments: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 478, 201-225. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.126
  • Sarria-Villa, R., Ocampo-Duque, W., Páez, M., & Schuhmacher, M. (2016). Presence of PAHs in water and sediments of the Colombian Cauca River during heavy rain episodes, and implications for risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 540, 455-465. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.020
  • Silva, I. S., Grossman, M., & Durrant, L. R. (2009). Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (2–7 rings) under microaerobic and very-low-oxygen conditions by soil fungi. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 63(2), 224-229. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.09.008
  • Smol, M., Włodarczyk-Makuła, M., Mielczarek, K., & Bohdziewicz, J. (2014). Comparison of the retention of selected PAHs from municipal landfill leachate by RO and UF processes. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52(19-21), 3889-3897. doi:10.1080/19443994.2014.887451
  • Soylak, M., Elci, L., & Dogan, M. (2001). Solid phase extraction of trace metal ions with amberlite XAD resins prior to atomic absorption spectrometric analysis. Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques, 19(3), 329-344. doi:10.1081/TMA-100105049
  • Sullivan, L. M., Weinberg, J., & Keaney Jr, J. F. (2016). Common statistical pitfalls in basic science research. Journal of the American Heart Association, 5(10), e004142. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.004142 Vural, E. (2021). Investigation of Spatial Change of Air Quality of Southeast Anatolia Region Provinces Using GIS (2007-2019). Journal of Natural Disasters and Environment, 7(1), 124-135. doi:10.21324/dacd.718450
  • Wilson, W. B., Hewitt, U., Miller, M., & Campiglia, A. D. (2014). Water analysis of the sixteen environmental protection agency—polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via solid-phase nanoextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1345, 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.082
  • Yakout, S. M., & Daifullah, A. A. M. (2013). Removal of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution onto various adsorbent materials. Desalination and Water Treatment, 51(34-36), 6711-6718. doi:10.1080/19443994.2013.769916
  • Yunker, M. B., Macdonald, R. W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R. H., Goyette, D., & Sylvestre, S. (2002). PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic geochemistry, 33(4), 489-515. doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00002-5
  • Zhang, J., Liu, G., Wang, R., & Huang, H. (2017). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water-SPM-sediment system from the middle reaches of Huai River, China: distribution, partitioning, origin tracing and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Pollution, 230, 61-71. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.012
  • Zhang, L., Li, P., Gong, Z., & Li, X. (2008). Photocatalytic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soil surfaces using TiO2 under UV light. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 158(2-3), 478-484. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.119
  • Zhao, C., Xu, J., Shang, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Xie, H., ... & Wang, Q. (2021). Application of constructed wetlands in the PAH remediation of surface water: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 146605. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146605
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Talha Kemal Koçak 0000-0002-2764-0994

Publication Date December 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Koçak, T. K. (2021). Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Batman River by Liquid-liquid and Solid-phase Extractions and the Statistical Comparison of the Two Extraction Techniques. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(4), 521-528. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.957677