Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance Patterns of Indicator Bacteria in Surface Water Bodies of Kilis

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 132 - 138, 30.09.2023

Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı , Sevil Toplar

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1276211

Cited By: 1

Abstract

The surface waters contaminated with coliform bacteria having antibiotic and heavy metal resistance have become an increasing public health risk. For this reason, it is aimed to detect the bacterial quality, the frequency of antibiotics, heavy metal resistance, and bioindicator bacteria in surface water sources taken from Kilis. The resistance profile of sixteen bacteria species belonging to class Gammaproteobacteria to standard antibiotics and heavy metal salts was investigated using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion techniques. The various physicochemical parameters such as total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen amount, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of samples were also examined. The total coliform load was recorded as˃1100 (MPN)/100 mL and calculated comparatively lower values (53(MPN)/100 mL) of fecal contamination for both stations. A high level of resistance to clindamycin in a total of 16 strains was observed. Ampicillin (56.25%), cefotaxime (37.5%), and ceftazidime (31.25%) followed them. The trends in heavy metal resistance of isolates increased in the order of Cd2+< Pb2+

Keywords

Antibiotic resistance, Bacteriological contamination, E. coli, Heavy metal resistance, Surface water

References

• APHA (1998) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, United Book Press, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA.
• Akkan, T., Kaya, A., Dinçer, S. (2011). Hastane atık sularıyla kontamine edilen deniz suyundan izole edilen gram negatif bakterilerin sefalosporin grubu antibiyotiklere karşı direnç düzeyleri. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 4(1), 18-21. https://doi.org/10.5222/TMCD.2011.018.
• Akkan, T., Mehel, S., Mutlu, C. (2019). Determining The Level of Bacteriological Pollution Level in Yaglıdere Stream, Giresun. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 5(2), 83-88. https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.450722.
• Altug, G., Cardak, M., Ciftci Turetken, P.S., Kalkan, S., Gurun, S. (2020). Antibiotic And Heavy Metal Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Aegean Sea Water and Sediment in Gulluk Bay, Turkey. Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 64(4), 507-525. doi,10.1595/205651320x15953337767424.
• Avsar, C. (2019). Measurement of antibiotic resistance of microbial species in the Karasu River (Turkey) using molecular techniques. Water and Environment Journal, 33(2), 179-191. doi.org/10.1111/wej.12388.
• Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C., Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45(4), 493-496. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493
• Bej, A.K., Dicesare, J.L., Haff, L., Atlas, R.M. (1991). Detection of Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. in water by using the polymerase chain reaction and gene probes for uid. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57(4), 1013-1017. doi.org/10.1128/ aem.57.4.1013-1017.1991.
• Buyukkaya Kayis, F., Dincer, S., Matyar, F., Mercimek Takci, H.A., Sumengen Ozdenefe, M., Arkut, A. (2017). An Investigation of multiple antibiotic resistance and ıdentification of bacteria ısolated from Gölbaşı and Azaplı Lakes (Adıyaman). Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 5(1), 43-47. doi.org/10.24925/turjaf. v5i1.43-47.819.
• Buyukkaya Kayis, F. (2022). Atatürk Baraj Gölünden (Adıyaman) İzole Edilen Escherichia coli Bakterilerinde Antibiyotik Dirençlilik Profili. Commagene Journal of Biology, 6(1), 105-109. doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1110770.
• Ciftci Turetken, P.S., Altug, G., Cardak, M., Gunes, K. (2019). Bacteriological quality, heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in Sapanca Lake, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(7), 1-12. doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7588-8
• Czekalski, N., Díez, E.G., Bürgmann, H. (2014). Wastewater as a point source of antibiotic-resistance genes in the sediment of a freshwater lake. The ISME journal, 8(7), 1381-1390. doi.org/10.1038/ismej. 2014.8.
• Dangi, P.L., Sharma, B.K., Uppadhyay, B. (2017). BOD, total and faecal coliforms bacterial status of Lake Pichhola, Udaipur, Rajasthan. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5(3), 176-180.
• Devarajan, N., Laffite, A., Graham, N.D., Meijer, M., Prabakar, K., Mubedi, J.I., Poté, J. (2015). Accumulation of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistance genes, bacterial load, and metals in freshwater lake sediments in Central Europe. Environmental Science and Technology, 49(11), 6528-6537. doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01031.
• Eckert, E.M., Di Cesare, A., Coci, M., Corno, G. (2018). Persistence of antibiotic resistance genes in large subalpine lakes: the role of anthropogenic pollution and ecological interactions. Hydrobiologia, 824(1), 93-108.
• Gunes, G. (2019). Bartın Nehri’nin Fizikokimyasal Özelliklerinin Yağışlı ve Kurak Dönemlerdeki Değişimi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 21(63), 761-774. doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2019216308
• Haberecht, H.B., Nealon, N.J., Gilliland, J.R., Holder, A. V., Runyan, C., Oppel, R.C., Ryan, E.P. (2019). Antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli from environmental waters in Northern Colorado. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2019, 3862949 doi.org/10.1155/2019/3862949.
• Hulyar, O., Altug, G. (2020). The bacteriological risk transported to seas by rivers; the example of Çırpıcı River, Istanbul, TR. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 7(1), 45-53. doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.704260.
• Isık, H., Akkan, T. (2021). The Global Problem of the Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance in Aquatic Resources, An examination of Gelevera Creek (Giresun), Turkey. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6(3), 382-389. doi.org/10.35229/jaes.960110
• Icgen, B., Yilmaz, F. (2014). Co-occurrence of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in Kızılırmak River isolates. The Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 93, 735-743. doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1383-6. Jannat, N., Mottalib, M.A., Alam, M.N. (2019). Assessment of Physicochemical properties of surface water of
• Mokeshbeel, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Science: Current Research, 2, 014. doi.org/10.24966/ESCR-5020/100014
• Khan, F.A., Söderquist, B., Jass, J. (2019). Prevalence and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes in Swedish aquatic environments impacted by household and hospital wastewater. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 688. doi.org/10.3389/ fmicb.2019.00688
• Krumperman, P.H. (1983). Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 46(1), 165-170. doi.org/10.1128/aem.46.1.165-170.1983
• Liang, J., Mao, G., Yin, X., Ma, L., Liu, L., Bai, Y., Zhang, T., Qu, J. (2020). Identification and quantification of bacterial genomes carrying antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factor genes for aquatic microbiological risk assessment. Water Research, 168, 115160. doi.org/10.1016/j.watres. 2019.115160.
• Matyar, F., Eraslan, B., Akkan, T., Kaya, A., Dinçer, S. (2009). İskenderun Körfezi balıklarından izole edilen bakterilerde antibiyotik ve ağır metal dirençliliklerinin araştırılması. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2(2),1-5. McConnell, R.L., Abel, D.C. (2013). Environmental Geology Today Eds. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, United States.
• Mercimek Takcı, H.A., Toplar, S., Sumengen Özdenefe, M. (2021). Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from the Seve Dam, and Konak Pond, Kilis, Turkey. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 17(2), 290-297. doi.org/10.22392/ actaquatr.801564
• Mercimek Takcı, H.A., Toplar, S. (2023). Kilis yüzeysel su kaynaklarından izole edilen fekal streptokokların antibiyotik hassasiyet profilleri. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 11, 638-643.
• Mercimek Takci, H.A., Karaca, C., Sarıgullu Onalan, E., Caktu Guler, K.. (2023). Microbial Water Quality of Pond Alleben (Gaziantep, Turkey) in Winter and Climatic Changes in The Region. Journal of Water and Climate Change, (in press, 2023), doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2023.132.
• TS266 (2005). Sular-insani tüketim amaçlı sular, ICS 13.060. 20. TSE, Ankara, Nisan 2005. Nappier, S.P., Liguori, K., Ichida, A.M., Stewart, J.R., Jones, K.R. (2020). Antibiotic resistance in recreational waters: State of the Science. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8034. doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph17218034.
• Nguyen, C.C., Hugie, C.N., Kile, M.L., Navab-Daneshmand, T. (2019). Association between heavy metals and antibiotic-resistant human pathogens in environmental reservoirs: a review. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 13(3), 46. doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1129-0.
• Ozdemir, N., Perktas, M., Dondu, M. (2022). Evaluation of Surface Water Quality Parameters by Multivariate Statistical Analyses in Northern Coastal Line of Gökova Bay (Muğla, Turkey). Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), 81-91. doi.10.25308/aduziraat.1035712.
• Ozgumus, O.B., Sandalli, C., Sevim, A., Celik-Sevim, E., Sivri, N. (2009). Class 1 and Class 2 integrons and plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in coliforms isolated from ten Rivers in Northern Turkey. Journal of Microbiology, 47(1), 19-27. doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0206-z.
• Parvez, S., Khan, A.U. (2018). Hospital sewage water: a reservoir for variants of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 51(1), 82-88. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.032.
• Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P., Donald, A.K. (1996). Microbiology: Laboratory Exercises. In: W. C. Brown Publishers, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., New York, NY, USA, 5th edition, 1996.
• Sipahi, N,, Mutlu, C., Akkan, T. (2013). Giresun ilinde tüketime sunulan bazi baliklardan izole edilen Enterobacteriaceae üyelerinin antibiyotik ve ağır metal dirençlilik düzeyleri. Gıda Dergisi, 38(6), 343-349. doi.org/10.5505/gida.2013.55264.
• Sultan, I., Ali, A., Gogry, F.A., Rather, I.A., Sabir, J.S., Haq, Q.M. (2020). Bacterial isolates harboring antibiotics and heavy-metal resistance genes co-existing with mobile genetic elements in natural aquatic water bodies. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 27(10), 2660-2668. doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs. 2020.06.002.
• Yalım, F.B., Emre, Nİ, Gulle, I,. Emre, Y., Pak, F., Aktas, O., Uysal. R., Veske, E. 2020. Karacaören I Baraj Gölü (Burdur) Mikrobiyolojik Kirlilik Düzeyinin Mevsimsel Değişimi. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 6(2), 120-126. doi.10.17216/LimnoFish.633769
• Yamina, B., Tahar, B., Marie Laure, F. (2012). Isolation and screening of heavy metal resistant bacteria from wastewater: a study of heavy metal co-resistance and antibiotics resistance. Water Science and Technology, 66(10), 2041-2048. doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.355.
• Yang, Y., Song, W., Lin, H., Wang, W., Du, L., Xing, W. (2018). Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in global lakes: a review and meta-analysis. Environment International, 116, 60-73. doi.org/10. 1016/j.envint.2018.04.011.
• WHO (2008). World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva, Switzerland. 2008.
• WHO (2006). World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Geneva, Switzerland, 3rd edition.
• WHO (2017).World Health Organization, Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality; Incorporating the First Addendum. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
• Xu, Y., Xu, J., Mao, D., Luo, Y. (2017). Effect of the selective pressure of sub-lethal level of heavy metals on the fate and distribution of ARGs in the catchment scale. Environmental Pollution, 220, 900-908. doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.074