Trace Metal Dynamics in Niger Delta Mangrove: A Comprehensive Contamination, Pollution, and Bioaccumulation Modeling

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the spatial contamination, pollution load, and bioaccumulation of trace metals in the mangrove swamp of the Niger Delta Estuary, focusing on water, sediment, Periwinkles (P. fusca), and Whelks (T. fuscatus). Samples were collected from May and August 2023 and analyzed for heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, and As) across three stations in the Ibaka mangrove swamp, Upper Bonny River Creek, using standard methods. There were station-specific variations for Fe and Zn, while there were no such variations for Pb, Cd, Cu, and As. In surface water, significant differences were observed in Fe, Zn, and Pb concentrations between stations, while Cd, As, and Cu showed minor variations. Sediment analysis revealed varying concentrations of Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, and As across stations. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) for water indicated low pollution levels, while the sediment PLI showed elevated pollution in Station 3. Enrichment Factor (EF) values demonstrated significant contamination, especially for Cd. Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) values in T. fuscatus and P. fusca were generally below 1, suggesting a low risk of metal contamination to humans. The study underscores the significance of ongoing monitoring and mitigation measures for long-term ecosystem and community health, particularly in addressing heavy metal contamination in sediment.

Keywords

• Mangrove
• Contamination
• Heavy Metal
• Bioaccumulation
• Pollution

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