Analysis of Anti-cancer Potential of Solanum Virginianum L. extract of fruit and leaf by using In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Madhu Kushwaha; Dr Pankaj Tiwari

Analysis of Anti-cancer Potential of Solanum Virginianum L. extract of fruit and leaf by using In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Abstract

Solanum virginianum L. has been recognized as a traditional medicinal plant within Ayurveda. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the anticancer properties of S. virginianum through both in vitro and in silico methodologies. Methods: The fruit and leaves of the plant underwent hot extraction utilizing methanol and water as solvents. A cytotoxicity assay was conducted on the MCF-7 (Adenocarcinoma breast cancer cell line) and HEK-293 (Human embryonic kidney cell line—a normal cell line). Additionally, cell migration inhibition assays and colony formation assays were performed specifically on the MCF-7 cell line. The leaf aqueous extract was analyzed using HR-LCMS/MS to identify various phytocompounds. The in-silico analysis involved assessing the binding affinity between nine selected phytocompounds and specific apoptotic target proteins. Results: Among all tested extracts, the leaf aqueous extracts exhibited notable efficacy, with an IC50 concentration of 10.4 ± 1.13 µg/mL at the 72-hour incubation period. The leaf aqueous extract also demonstrated significant performance in the cell migration inhibition and colony-forming assays compared to the fruit extracts. Metabolite identification in the aqueous leaf extract through HR-LCMS/MS revealed the presence of over 30 phytocompounds. Nine chosen phytocompounds were characterized for their capacity to bind to specific apoptotic target proteins. Of the docked compounds, ritterazine A exhibited exceptionally strong binding, with a binding energy exceeding -9 kcal/mol across all target proteins. Conclusion: This study concludes that the leaf of S. virginianum possesses potent anti-cancer properties. Moreover, there exists a promising avenue for extensive research into the therapeutic applications of this plant in the treatment of breast cancer.

Keywords

References

Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M. Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors. Lancet. 2005; 366(9499):1784-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67725-2 PMid:16298215
Jia LT, Zhang R, Shen L, Yang AG. Regulators of carcinogenesis: emerging roles beyond their primary functions. Cancer Lett. 2015; 357(1):75-82. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.048 PMid:25448403
Singh P, Ngcoya N, Kumar V. A review of the recent developments in synthetic anti-breast cancer agents. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents). 2016; 16(6):668-85. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520616666151120122120 PMid:26584726
Rajeswara Rao BR. Genetic diversity, genetic erosion, conservation of genetic resources, and cultivation of medicinal plants. Genetic Diversity and Erosion in Plants: Case Histories. 2015. p. 357-407. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-319-25954-3_11
Kumar S, Pandey AK. Medicinal attributes of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit consumed by several tribal communities as food: an in vitro antioxidant, anticancer and anti-HIV perspective. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014; 14:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-112 PMid:24678980 PMCid: PMC3973604
Chaturvedi PK, Bhui K, Shukla Y. Lupeol: connotations for chemoprevention. Cancer Lett. 2008; 263(1):1-3. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.047 PMid:18359153
Kuo KW, Hsu SH, Li YP, Lin WL, Liu LF, Chang LC, Lin CC, Lin CN, Sheu HM. Anticancer activity evaluation of the Solanum glycol alkaloids olamargine: triggering apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000; 60(12):1865-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00506-2 PMid:11108802
Siddique YH, Beg T, Afzal M. Antigenotoxic effect of apigenin against anti-cancerous drugs. Toxicol In Vitro. 2008; 22(3):625-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tiv.2007.12.002 PMid:18206345

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Ecotoxicology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Madhu Kushwaha ^*
0009-0006-1927-9920
India

Dr Pankaj Tiwari This is me
0000-0003-2548-0111
India

Publication Date

December 25, 2025

Submission Date

January 7, 2025

Acceptance Date

June 27, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 8 Number: 2

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA22ZW75LW

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Kushwaha, M., & Tiwari, D. P. (2025). Analysis of Anti-cancer Potential of Solanum Virginianum L. extract of fruit and leaf by using In Vitro and In Silico Studies. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Environmental Modelling, 8(2), 89-98. https://izlik.org/JA22ZW75LW

AMA

1.Kushwaha M, Tiwari DP. Analysis of Anti-cancer Potential of Solanum Virginianum L. extract of fruit and leaf by using In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Int. j. environ. pollut. environ. model. 2025;8(2):89-98. https://izlik.org/JA22ZW75LW

Chicago

Kushwaha, Madhu, and Dr Pankaj Tiwari. 2025. “Analysis of Anti-Cancer Potential of Solanum Virginianum L. Extract of Fruit and Leaf by Using In Vitro and In Silico Studies”. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Environmental Modelling 8 (2): 89-98. https://izlik.org/JA22ZW75LW.

EndNote

Kushwaha M, Tiwari DP (December 1, 2025) Analysis of Anti-cancer Potential of Solanum Virginianum L. extract of fruit and leaf by using In Vitro and In Silico Studies. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Environmental Modelling 8 2 89–98.

IEEE

[1]M. Kushwaha and D. P. Tiwari, “Analysis of Anti-cancer Potential of Solanum Virginianum L. extract of fruit and leaf by using In Vitro and In Silico Studies”, Int. j. environ. pollut. environ. model., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 89–98, Dec. 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA22ZW75LW

ISNAD

Kushwaha, Madhu - Tiwari, Dr Pankaj. “Analysis of Anti-Cancer Potential of Solanum Virginianum L. Extract of Fruit and Leaf by Using In Vitro and In Silico Studies”. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Environmental Modelling 8/2 (December 1, 2025): 89-98. https://izlik.org/JA22ZW75LW.

JAMA

1.Kushwaha M, Tiwari DP. Analysis of Anti-cancer Potential of Solanum Virginianum L. extract of fruit and leaf by using In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Int. j. environ. pollut. environ. model. 2025;8:89–98.

MLA

Kushwaha, Madhu, and Dr Pankaj Tiwari. “Analysis of Anti-Cancer Potential of Solanum Virginianum L. Extract of Fruit and Leaf by Using In Vitro and In Silico Studies”. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Environmental Modelling, vol. 8, no. 2, Dec. 2025, pp. 89-98, https://izlik.org/JA22ZW75LW.

Vancouver

1.Madhu Kushwaha, Dr Pankaj Tiwari. Analysis of Anti-cancer Potential of Solanum Virginianum L. extract of fruit and leaf by using In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Int. j. environ. pollut. environ. model. [Internet]. 2025 Dec. 1;8(2):89-98. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA22ZW75LW