Impact of Physical and Transitional Climate Risks on Bank Performance: Causality Analysis in the Turkish Banking Sector
Year 2025,
Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 131 - 142, 02.07.2025
Seda Turnacıgil
Abstract
In this study, the effect of climate risk index on bank financial performance was examined using the data of eleven deposit banks operating in Türkiye and traded on the stock exchange between the periods of 2006:1-2024:4. Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test was used in the study. In the study, climate risks were considered in two dimensions as physical risks and transition climate risks, and active return, return on equity and stock return were determined as bank performance indicators. In the study, there is a unidirectional and statistically significant causality from the physical climate risk index to stock returns, but there is no significant relationship between transition risks and the dependent variable. This situation shows that physical risks can directly affect stock prices in the short term by affecting investor behavior. In addition, due to the long-term structure of other climate risks, no significant causality was observed in the analyzed period. The results also show that physical climate risks are priced in capital markets in Türkiye, but the effect of transition risks is limited. This study aims to make an original contribution to the literature by examining the effect of climate risks on the financial performance of banks.
Ethical Statement
It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed while carrying out and writing this study and that all the sources used have been properly cited.
Supporting Institution
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The author extends sincere thanks to international organizations (e.g. the World Bank, ND-GAIN) for facilitating access to data. In addition, the author would like to express appreciation to colleagues who provided valuable insights and suggestions throughout the research process. Gratitude is also expressed to all sources and academic contributions that have, directly or indire
References
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Alessi, L., Di Girolamo, E.F., Pagano,A., Giudici, M.P. (2024). Accounting for climate transition risk in banks’ capital requirements. Journal of Financial Stability, 73, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2024.101269
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Aslan, C., Bulut, E. cepni O. ve Yılmaz M.H. (2022). Does climate change affect bank lending behavior?. Economics Letters ,220, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2022.110859
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Avrupa Merkez Bankası, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/home/html/index.en.html , Mayıs 2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
-
Aydın, M. (2019). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Renewable Energy 136 599-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.008
-
Bai, J., & Ng, S. (2004). A PANIC Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration. Econometrica, 72, 1127–1177.
-
Battiston, S., Mandel, A., Monasterolo, I., Schütze, F., ve Visentin, G. (2017). A climate
stress-test of the financial system. Nature Climate Change, 7, 283–288. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nclimate3255
-
Caby, J., Ziane, Y. ve Lamarque,E. (2022). The impact of climate change management on banks profitability. Journal of Business Research 142,412–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.12.078
-
Cogan, D.G.(2008). Corporate governance and climate change : the banking sector. A Ceres Report, https://doi.org/10.7939/R3GH9B84F
-
Dağlı, H. (2019). İklim değişikliği ile mücadelede iktisadi mali araç: karbon vergisi. Uluslararası Bankacılık Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 30-42.
-
Doğdu, A. (2019). Taylor kuralının gelişmekte olan ülkeler üzerindeki geçerliliğinin Dumitrescu Hurlin panel nedensellik analizi ile test edilmesi.[Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi] Konya Gıda ve Tarım Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya
-
Dou, J., Mirza, N., Umar, M., & Horobet, A. (2025). ESG uncertainties and valuation implications: Evidence from the EU banking sector. Research in International Business and Finance, 76, 102872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2025.102872
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Dumitrescu, E.I., Hurlin, C., (2012), Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels, Economic Modelling, 2012, 29(4), s.1450-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
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Fan, W., Wang,F.,Zhang,H.,Yan,B.Ling,R. Ve Jiang, H. (2024). Is climate change fueling commercial banks’ non-performing loan ratio? Empirical evidence from 31 provinces in China. International Review of Economics and Finance 96,1-15.
-
Fiordelisi, F., Ricci,O. ve Santilli, G. (2025). Spotlight on physical risk: Assessing the banks’ stock reaction to the ECB climate stress test. International Review of Financial Analysis, 98, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103882
-
Han, L., Abedin,M.Z., Wang, X., Alharbi, S.S. ve Wang, Y. (2024). Will fighting climate change affect commercial banks? A carbon tax policy simulation. International Review of Financial Analysis 96, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103787
-
Hood, M.V., Kidd, Q. ve Morris, I.L., (2008). Two sides of the same coin: Employing Granger
causality tests in a time series cross-section framework. Political Analysis, 161, 324-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpn002
-
Holtz-Eakin, D., Newey, W. ve Rosen, S., (1988). Estimatingvector autoregression with panel data. Econometrica, 56, 1371-1395.
-
Issa S.O., Alabi,A.T. ve Ubandawaki A.T. (2025). Climate change governance, Shariah governance quality, and financed emission mitigation: Evidence from Islamic banks in Southeast and West Asia. Borsa Istanbul Review, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2025.03.011
-
Javadi,S. ve Al-Masum, A. (2021). The impact of climate change on the cost of bank loans. Journal of Corporate Finance,69,1-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.102019
-
Jabado,F.C. Ziane,Y. (2024). Climate risks, financial performance and lending growth: Evidence from the banking industry. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 209, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123757
-
Karagöl, V. (2022). İklim değişikliği ve para politikası: Türkiye için bir değerlendirme. İnsan ve İnsan, 9, 77-95. https://doi.org/10.29224/insanveinsan.1096970
-
Kılıç, M. ve Kuzey, C. (2019). Determinants of climate change disclosures in the Turkish banking industry. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37, 901-926. doi:10.1108/IJBM-08-2018-0206
-
Kömürcüoğlu, E. D., & Artan, S. (2025). İklim değişikliği gelişen piyasa ekonomilerinde enflasyonu nasıl etkilemektedir. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 47, 245-266. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.1624464
-
Liu, Y., Wang,J, Wen, F. Ve Wu, C. (2024). Climate policy uncertainty and bank systemic risk: A creative destruction perspective. Journal of Financial Stability, 73, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2024.101289
Policy Uncertinity https://www.policyuncertainty.com/media/Climate_Risk_Index.pdf , Nisan 2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
-
Reghezza, A., Altunbas, Y., Ibanez,D.M., d’acri Rodrigez C. Ve Spaggiari, M. (2022). Do banks fuel climate change?. Journal of Financial Stability,62,1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2022.101049
-
Umar,M., Mirza, N., Achim,M.V. ve Ribeiro- Navarrete S. (2025). The impact of climate change on credit portfolios and banking resilience: Preliminary evidence from a developing economy. Review of Financial Analysis, 102, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104021
-
Wu, X., Bai, X., Qi,H., Lu,L., Yang, M. ve Hesary,F. (2023). The impact of climate change on banking systemic risk. Economic Analysis and Policy,78, 419-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.03.012
-
Yüksel, S., ve Oktar, S. (2017). Okun yasasının farklı gelişme düzeyindeki ülkelere ilişkin ekonometrik analizi. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 39, 323-332. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.329945
-
Zhang, X., Zhamg, S. ve Lu, L. (2022). The banking instability and climate change: Evidence from China. Energy Economics 106, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105787.
Fiziksel ve Geçiş İklim Risklerinin Banka Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Nedensellik Analizi
Year 2025,
Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 131 - 142, 02.07.2025
Seda Turnacıgil
Abstract
Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren ve borsada işlem gören on bir adet mevduat bankasının 2006:1-2024:4 dönemleri arasındaki verileri kullanılarak iklim riski endeksinin banka finansal performansları üzerindeki etkisi Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel nedensellik testi ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada iklim riskleri fiziksel riskler ve geçiş iklim riskleri olarak iki boyutta ele alınmış, aktif karlılık, öz sermaye karlılığı ve hisse senedi getirisi banka performans göstergeleri olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, fiziksel iklim riski endeksinden hisse senedi getirilerine doğru tek yönlü ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir nedenselliğe rastlanırken, geçiş riskleri ile bağımlı değişkenler arasında herhangi bir anlamlı ilişki bulgulanmamıştır. Bu durum fiziksel risklerin yatırımcı davranışlarını etkileyerek kısa vadede hisse senedi fiyatlarını direkt olarak etkileyebildiğini göstermektedir. Bunun yanında geçiş iklim risklerinin uzun vadeli yapısı nedeniyle analiz yapılan dönemde anlamlı bir nedensellik gözlemlenmemiştir. Sonuçlar ayrıca Türkiye’de fiziksel iklim risklerinin sermaye piyasalarında fiyatlandığını ancak geçiş risklerinin etkisinin sınırlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışma bankaların finansal performansına iklim riskleri etkisini inceleyerek literatüre özgün bir katkı sunmayı hedeflemektedir.
Ethical Statement
Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.
Supporting Institution
Çalışma, kamusal, özel, ticari nitelikte ya da kâr amacı gütmeyen herhangi bir kurumdan destek alınmadan hazırlanmıştır.
References
-
Alessi, L., Di Girolamo, E.F., Pagano,A., Giudici, M.P. (2024). Accounting for climate transition risk in banks’ capital requirements. Journal of Financial Stability, 73, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2024.101269
-
Aslan, C., Bulut, E. cepni O. ve Yılmaz M.H. (2022). Does climate change affect bank lending behavior?. Economics Letters ,220, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2022.110859
-
Avrupa Merkez Bankası, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/home/html/index.en.html , Mayıs 2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
-
Aydın, M. (2019). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Renewable Energy 136 599-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.008
-
Bai, J., & Ng, S. (2004). A PANIC Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration. Econometrica, 72, 1127–1177.
-
Battiston, S., Mandel, A., Monasterolo, I., Schütze, F., ve Visentin, G. (2017). A climate
stress-test of the financial system. Nature Climate Change, 7, 283–288. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nclimate3255
-
Caby, J., Ziane, Y. ve Lamarque,E. (2022). The impact of climate change management on banks profitability. Journal of Business Research 142,412–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.12.078
-
Cogan, D.G.(2008). Corporate governance and climate change : the banking sector. A Ceres Report, https://doi.org/10.7939/R3GH9B84F
-
Dağlı, H. (2019). İklim değişikliği ile mücadelede iktisadi mali araç: karbon vergisi. Uluslararası Bankacılık Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 30-42.
-
Doğdu, A. (2019). Taylor kuralının gelişmekte olan ülkeler üzerindeki geçerliliğinin Dumitrescu Hurlin panel nedensellik analizi ile test edilmesi.[Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi] Konya Gıda ve Tarım Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya
-
Dou, J., Mirza, N., Umar, M., & Horobet, A. (2025). ESG uncertainties and valuation implications: Evidence from the EU banking sector. Research in International Business and Finance, 76, 102872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2025.102872
-
Dumitrescu, E.I., Hurlin, C., (2012), Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels, Economic Modelling, 2012, 29(4), s.1450-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
-
Fan, W., Wang,F.,Zhang,H.,Yan,B.Ling,R. Ve Jiang, H. (2024). Is climate change fueling commercial banks’ non-performing loan ratio? Empirical evidence from 31 provinces in China. International Review of Economics and Finance 96,1-15.
-
Fiordelisi, F., Ricci,O. ve Santilli, G. (2025). Spotlight on physical risk: Assessing the banks’ stock reaction to the ECB climate stress test. International Review of Financial Analysis, 98, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103882
-
Han, L., Abedin,M.Z., Wang, X., Alharbi, S.S. ve Wang, Y. (2024). Will fighting climate change affect commercial banks? A carbon tax policy simulation. International Review of Financial Analysis 96, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103787
-
Hood, M.V., Kidd, Q. ve Morris, I.L., (2008). Two sides of the same coin: Employing Granger
causality tests in a time series cross-section framework. Political Analysis, 161, 324-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpn002
-
Holtz-Eakin, D., Newey, W. ve Rosen, S., (1988). Estimatingvector autoregression with panel data. Econometrica, 56, 1371-1395.
-
Issa S.O., Alabi,A.T. ve Ubandawaki A.T. (2025). Climate change governance, Shariah governance quality, and financed emission mitigation: Evidence from Islamic banks in Southeast and West Asia. Borsa Istanbul Review, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2025.03.011
-
Javadi,S. ve Al-Masum, A. (2021). The impact of climate change on the cost of bank loans. Journal of Corporate Finance,69,1-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.102019
-
Jabado,F.C. Ziane,Y. (2024). Climate risks, financial performance and lending growth: Evidence from the banking industry. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 209, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123757
-
Karagöl, V. (2022). İklim değişikliği ve para politikası: Türkiye için bir değerlendirme. İnsan ve İnsan, 9, 77-95. https://doi.org/10.29224/insanveinsan.1096970
-
Kılıç, M. ve Kuzey, C. (2019). Determinants of climate change disclosures in the Turkish banking industry. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37, 901-926. doi:10.1108/IJBM-08-2018-0206
-
Kömürcüoğlu, E. D., & Artan, S. (2025). İklim değişikliği gelişen piyasa ekonomilerinde enflasyonu nasıl etkilemektedir. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 47, 245-266. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.1624464
-
Liu, Y., Wang,J, Wen, F. Ve Wu, C. (2024). Climate policy uncertainty and bank systemic risk: A creative destruction perspective. Journal of Financial Stability, 73, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2024.101289
Policy Uncertinity https://www.policyuncertainty.com/media/Climate_Risk_Index.pdf , Nisan 2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
-
Reghezza, A., Altunbas, Y., Ibanez,D.M., d’acri Rodrigez C. Ve Spaggiari, M. (2022). Do banks fuel climate change?. Journal of Financial Stability,62,1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2022.101049
-
Umar,M., Mirza, N., Achim,M.V. ve Ribeiro- Navarrete S. (2025). The impact of climate change on credit portfolios and banking resilience: Preliminary evidence from a developing economy. Review of Financial Analysis, 102, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104021
-
Wu, X., Bai, X., Qi,H., Lu,L., Yang, M. ve Hesary,F. (2023). The impact of climate change on banking systemic risk. Economic Analysis and Policy,78, 419-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.03.012
-
Yüksel, S., ve Oktar, S. (2017). Okun yasasının farklı gelişme düzeyindeki ülkelere ilişkin ekonometrik analizi. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 39, 323-332. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.329945
-
Zhang, X., Zhamg, S. ve Lu, L. (2022). The banking instability and climate change: Evidence from China. Energy Economics 106, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105787.