Research Article
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Design and optimization of battery and thermal management system for AC photovoltaic energy module

Year 2024, , 69 - 92, 22.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.58559/ijes.1426354

Abstract

The utilization of renewable energy sources has increased due to concerns about climate change. However, injecting the power from renewable energy sources into grid-tied systems is challenging. The techno-economic analysis a photovoltaic (PV) energy systems is investigated. As a result, this paper presents AC-PV module for Grid-Tied and Off-Grid Scenarios via optimization, modeling, and test results. Even though the output of a PV panel is DC voltage, a three-port inverter and a lithium-ion battery pack are integrated with the back of the PV panel. They are packaged as a PV system module that makes the module output have AC voltage. Therefore, an optimized AC-PV module can be a solution for residential and commercial use, which are grid-tied systems; it can be very efficient for those without access to electricity, which is an off-grid system. An integrated battery and thermal management strategy is crucial for this AC-PV module. In the article, the battery capacity optimization, the electrical and the thermal model of the battery pack, battery heat generation model are discussed by using stochastic analysis techniques; the battery test results are also obtained to identify the models’ parameters and a control algorithm is proposed to extract the battery information such as temperature, current, voltage, SoC and SoH of the battery pack.

References

  • [1] "Empower A Billion Lives," IEEE, [Online]. Available: https://empowerabillionlives.org/. [Accessed 25 January 2024].
  • [2] Rathnayake DB. Grid Forming Inverter Modeling, Control, and Applications, IEEE Access 2021; 9:114781-114807.
  • [3] Rezaei MH, Akhbari M. Power decoupling capability with PR controller for Micro-Inverter applications. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2022;136.
  • [4] Rezaei MH, Akhbari M. An active parallel power decoupling circuit with a dual loop control scheme for micro-inverters. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2021;49 (12): 3994-4011.
  • [5] Alluhaybi K, Haibing H, Batarseh I. Design and Implementation of Dual-input Microinverter for PV-Battery Applications. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). IEEE, 2020.
  • [6] Vega-Garita, L. Ramirez-Elizondo, Bauer P. Physical integration of a photovoltaic-battery system: A thermal analysis. Applied Energy 2017;208: 446-455.
  • [7] Duryea S, Islam S, Lawrance W.A battery management system for standalone photovoltaic energy systems, Conference Record of the IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Fourth IAS Annual Meeting 1999;4:2649-2654 .
  • [8] Cheng KWE, Divakar BP, Wu H, Ding K, Ho HF. Battery-Management System (BMS) and SOC Development for Electrical Vehicles. in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2011;60: 76-88.
  • [9] Ghosh S, Barman JC, Batarseh I, Model Predictive Control of Multi-input Solar-Wind Hybrid System in DC Community with Battery Back-up, 2021 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), 2021: 1-8.
  • [10] Xiong R, Li L, Tian J, Towards a smarter battery management system: A critical review on battery state of health monitoring methods. Journal of Power Sources 2018; 405: 18-29.
  • [11] Ali MU, Zafar A, Nengroo SH, Hussain S, Alvi MJ, Kim HJ. Towards a Smarter Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation. Energies 2019; 12 (3): 446.
  • [12] Ren H, Zhao Y, Chen S, Wang T. Design and implementation of a battery management system with active charge balance based on the SOC and SOH online estimation. Energy 2019; 166: 908-917.
  • [13] Rezaii R, Ghosh S, Safayatullah M, Milad Tayebi S, Batarseh I. Quad-Input Single-Resonant Tank LLC Converter for PV Applications. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2023; 59 (3) 3438-3457.
  • [14] Nilian M, Rezaii R, Safayatullah M, Gullu S, Alaql F, Batarseh I. A Three-port Dual Active Bridge Resonant Based with DC/AC Output, 2023 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Nashville, TN, USA, 2023. (Accepted)
  • [15] Rezaii R. Design and Implementation of a Multiport System for Solar EV Applications," 2023 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Orlando, FL, USA, 2023, pp. 29-34.
  • [16] Rezaii R, Ghosh S, Safayatullah M, I. Batarseh. Design and Implementation of a Five-Port LLC Converter for PV Applications. 2023 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Orlando, FL, USA, 2023.
  • [17] Gullu S, Phelps J, Batarseh I, Alluhaybi K, Salameh M. and Al-Hallaj S, Smart Battery Management System for Integrated PV, Microinverter and Energy Storage. 12th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC), 2021.
  • [18] Xiong R. Battery Management Algorithm for Electrical Vehicles, Springer & China Machine Press, Singapore, 2020.
  • [19] Du Y, Fell CJ, Duck B, Chen D, Liffman K, Zhang Y, Gu M, Zhu Y. Evaluation of photovoltaic panel temperature in realistic scenarios. Energy Conversion and Management 2016; 108:60-67.
  • [20] Yang S, Ling C, Fan Y, Yang Y, Tan X, Dong H. A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management System Strategies and the Evaluate Criteria. International Journal of Electrochemical Sciences 2019; 14: 6077-6107.
  • [21] Al-Zareer M, Dincer I, Rosen MA. A novel approach for performance improvement of liquid to vapor based battery cooling systems. Energy Conversion and Management 2019; 187: 191-204.
  • [22] Lu M, Zhang X, Ji J, Xu X, Zhang Y. Research progress on power battery cooling technology for electric vehicles. Journal of Energy Storage 2020; 27.
  • [23] Feng L. et al. Experimental investigation of thermal and strain management for lithium-ion battery pack in heat pipe cooling. Journal of Energy Storage2018; 16: 84-92.
  • [24] Salameh M, Wilke S, Schweitzer B, Sveum P, Al-Hallaj S, Krishnamurthy M, Thermal State of Charge Estimation in Phase Change Composites for Passively Cooled Lithium-Ion Battery Packs. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2018; 54(1): 426-436.
  • [25] Schuler K. (2021, 1 20). Retrieved from MEDILL Reports Chicago: https://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/chicago-company-makes-batteries-cool-again/.
  • [26] Chen C, Plunkett S, Salameh M, Stoyanov S, Al-Hallaj S, Krishnamurthy M. Enhancing the Fast-Charging Capability of High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Pack Design Perspective. IEEE Electrification Magazine 2020; 8(3): 62-69.
  • [27] Ali HM. Recent advancements in PV cooling and efficiency enhancement integrating phase change materials-based systems – A comprehensive review. Solar Energy 2020; 197: 163-198.
  • [28] AllCell Technologies (www.allcelltech.com)
  • [29] Cole W, Frazier AW, Augustine C. Cost Projections for Utility-Scale Battery Storage: 2021 Update. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-6A20-79236, Golden, CO, 2021.
  • [30] Feldman D, Ramasamy V, Fu R, Ramdas A, Desai J, Margolis R. U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-6A20-77324, Golden, CO, 2021.
  • [31] Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, [Online]. Available: https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/standardinterpretations/2015-09-04#:~:text=However%2C%20OSHA%20considers%20all%20voltages,the%20resistance%20of%20the%20object. [Accessed 25 January 2024].
  • [32] Harter J, McIntyre TJ, White JD. Electrical Safety Practices Developed for Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Dismantlement. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL/TM-2019/1366, Oak Ridge, TN, 2020.
Year 2024, , 69 - 92, 22.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.58559/ijes.1426354

Abstract

References

  • [1] "Empower A Billion Lives," IEEE, [Online]. Available: https://empowerabillionlives.org/. [Accessed 25 January 2024].
  • [2] Rathnayake DB. Grid Forming Inverter Modeling, Control, and Applications, IEEE Access 2021; 9:114781-114807.
  • [3] Rezaei MH, Akhbari M. Power decoupling capability with PR controller for Micro-Inverter applications. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2022;136.
  • [4] Rezaei MH, Akhbari M. An active parallel power decoupling circuit with a dual loop control scheme for micro-inverters. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2021;49 (12): 3994-4011.
  • [5] Alluhaybi K, Haibing H, Batarseh I. Design and Implementation of Dual-input Microinverter for PV-Battery Applications. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). IEEE, 2020.
  • [6] Vega-Garita, L. Ramirez-Elizondo, Bauer P. Physical integration of a photovoltaic-battery system: A thermal analysis. Applied Energy 2017;208: 446-455.
  • [7] Duryea S, Islam S, Lawrance W.A battery management system for standalone photovoltaic energy systems, Conference Record of the IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Fourth IAS Annual Meeting 1999;4:2649-2654 .
  • [8] Cheng KWE, Divakar BP, Wu H, Ding K, Ho HF. Battery-Management System (BMS) and SOC Development for Electrical Vehicles. in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2011;60: 76-88.
  • [9] Ghosh S, Barman JC, Batarseh I, Model Predictive Control of Multi-input Solar-Wind Hybrid System in DC Community with Battery Back-up, 2021 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), 2021: 1-8.
  • [10] Xiong R, Li L, Tian J, Towards a smarter battery management system: A critical review on battery state of health monitoring methods. Journal of Power Sources 2018; 405: 18-29.
  • [11] Ali MU, Zafar A, Nengroo SH, Hussain S, Alvi MJ, Kim HJ. Towards a Smarter Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation. Energies 2019; 12 (3): 446.
  • [12] Ren H, Zhao Y, Chen S, Wang T. Design and implementation of a battery management system with active charge balance based on the SOC and SOH online estimation. Energy 2019; 166: 908-917.
  • [13] Rezaii R, Ghosh S, Safayatullah M, Milad Tayebi S, Batarseh I. Quad-Input Single-Resonant Tank LLC Converter for PV Applications. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2023; 59 (3) 3438-3457.
  • [14] Nilian M, Rezaii R, Safayatullah M, Gullu S, Alaql F, Batarseh I. A Three-port Dual Active Bridge Resonant Based with DC/AC Output, 2023 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Nashville, TN, USA, 2023. (Accepted)
  • [15] Rezaii R. Design and Implementation of a Multiport System for Solar EV Applications," 2023 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Orlando, FL, USA, 2023, pp. 29-34.
  • [16] Rezaii R, Ghosh S, Safayatullah M, I. Batarseh. Design and Implementation of a Five-Port LLC Converter for PV Applications. 2023 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Orlando, FL, USA, 2023.
  • [17] Gullu S, Phelps J, Batarseh I, Alluhaybi K, Salameh M. and Al-Hallaj S, Smart Battery Management System for Integrated PV, Microinverter and Energy Storage. 12th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC), 2021.
  • [18] Xiong R. Battery Management Algorithm for Electrical Vehicles, Springer & China Machine Press, Singapore, 2020.
  • [19] Du Y, Fell CJ, Duck B, Chen D, Liffman K, Zhang Y, Gu M, Zhu Y. Evaluation of photovoltaic panel temperature in realistic scenarios. Energy Conversion and Management 2016; 108:60-67.
  • [20] Yang S, Ling C, Fan Y, Yang Y, Tan X, Dong H. A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management System Strategies and the Evaluate Criteria. International Journal of Electrochemical Sciences 2019; 14: 6077-6107.
  • [21] Al-Zareer M, Dincer I, Rosen MA. A novel approach for performance improvement of liquid to vapor based battery cooling systems. Energy Conversion and Management 2019; 187: 191-204.
  • [22] Lu M, Zhang X, Ji J, Xu X, Zhang Y. Research progress on power battery cooling technology for electric vehicles. Journal of Energy Storage 2020; 27.
  • [23] Feng L. et al. Experimental investigation of thermal and strain management for lithium-ion battery pack in heat pipe cooling. Journal of Energy Storage2018; 16: 84-92.
  • [24] Salameh M, Wilke S, Schweitzer B, Sveum P, Al-Hallaj S, Krishnamurthy M, Thermal State of Charge Estimation in Phase Change Composites for Passively Cooled Lithium-Ion Battery Packs. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2018; 54(1): 426-436.
  • [25] Schuler K. (2021, 1 20). Retrieved from MEDILL Reports Chicago: https://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/chicago-company-makes-batteries-cool-again/.
  • [26] Chen C, Plunkett S, Salameh M, Stoyanov S, Al-Hallaj S, Krishnamurthy M. Enhancing the Fast-Charging Capability of High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Pack Design Perspective. IEEE Electrification Magazine 2020; 8(3): 62-69.
  • [27] Ali HM. Recent advancements in PV cooling and efficiency enhancement integrating phase change materials-based systems – A comprehensive review. Solar Energy 2020; 197: 163-198.
  • [28] AllCell Technologies (www.allcelltech.com)
  • [29] Cole W, Frazier AW, Augustine C. Cost Projections for Utility-Scale Battery Storage: 2021 Update. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-6A20-79236, Golden, CO, 2021.
  • [30] Feldman D, Ramasamy V, Fu R, Ramdas A, Desai J, Margolis R. U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-6A20-77324, Golden, CO, 2021.
  • [31] Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, [Online]. Available: https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/standardinterpretations/2015-09-04#:~:text=However%2C%20OSHA%20considers%20all%20voltages,the%20resistance%20of%20the%20object. [Accessed 25 January 2024].
  • [32] Harter J, McIntyre TJ, White JD. Electrical Safety Practices Developed for Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Dismantlement. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL/TM-2019/1366, Oak Ridge, TN, 2020.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Electrical Energy Storage, Photovoltaic Power Systems
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sahin Gullu 0000-0002-2997-172X

Issa Batarseh 0000-0002-8420-1891

Fahad Alaql 0000-0003-0178-0232

Publication Date March 22, 2024
Submission Date January 26, 2024
Acceptance Date March 1, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Gullu, S., Batarseh, I., & Alaql, F. (2024). Design and optimization of battery and thermal management system for AC photovoltaic energy module. International Journal of Energy Studies, 9(1), 69-92. https://doi.org/10.58559/ijes.1426354
AMA Gullu S, Batarseh I, Alaql F. Design and optimization of battery and thermal management system for AC photovoltaic energy module. Int J Energy Studies. March 2024;9(1):69-92. doi:10.58559/ijes.1426354
Chicago Gullu, Sahin, Issa Batarseh, and Fahad Alaql. “Design and Optimization of Battery and Thermal Management System for AC Photovoltaic Energy Module”. International Journal of Energy Studies 9, no. 1 (March 2024): 69-92. https://doi.org/10.58559/ijes.1426354.
EndNote Gullu S, Batarseh I, Alaql F (March 1, 2024) Design and optimization of battery and thermal management system for AC photovoltaic energy module. International Journal of Energy Studies 9 1 69–92.
IEEE S. Gullu, I. Batarseh, and F. Alaql, “Design and optimization of battery and thermal management system for AC photovoltaic energy module”, Int J Energy Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 69–92, 2024, doi: 10.58559/ijes.1426354.
ISNAD Gullu, Sahin et al. “Design and Optimization of Battery and Thermal Management System for AC Photovoltaic Energy Module”. International Journal of Energy Studies 9/1 (March 2024), 69-92. https://doi.org/10.58559/ijes.1426354.
JAMA Gullu S, Batarseh I, Alaql F. Design and optimization of battery and thermal management system for AC photovoltaic energy module. Int J Energy Studies. 2024;9:69–92.
MLA Gullu, Sahin et al. “Design and Optimization of Battery and Thermal Management System for AC Photovoltaic Energy Module”. International Journal of Energy Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, 2024, pp. 69-92, doi:10.58559/ijes.1426354.
Vancouver Gullu S, Batarseh I, Alaql F. Design and optimization of battery and thermal management system for AC photovoltaic energy module. Int J Energy Studies. 2024;9(1):69-92.