Development of the Inventory of Elementary Mathematics Pre-service Teachers’ Study Strategies During Distance Education

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 74 - 90

Şevval Gökcen , Hülya Kadıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17278/ijesim.1586695

Abstract

Students all over the world who have gone through processes such as pandemics or earthquakes have switched from face-to-face education environments to distance education environments. This has created radical changes for education systems. These changes primarily affect pre-service elementary mathematics teachers enrolled in courses with applications. In these contexts, the aim of this study is to develop an inventory named "Study Strategies of Pre-Service Elementary Mathematics Teachers' During Distance Education" to examine the study strategies of pre-service elementary mathematics teachers. We performed reliability analyses, exploration factor analyses, and confirmatory factor analyses using IBM SPSS 26 and IBM AMOS 24 software. As a result of the analysis, course processes-assignments and projects and preparation for exams subscales were formed, and inventory is finalized.

Keywords

distance education , inventory development , pre-service elementary mathematics education

References

• Aiken, L. R. (1997). Questionnaires and inventories: Surveying opinions and assessing personality. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
• Amigud, A. (2013). Institutional level identity control strategies in the distance education environment: A survey of administrative staff. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 14(5), 128-143.
• Anderson, T., Ogruk, G., & Bell III, T. J. (2021). Taking Professional Certification Exams: The Correlation Between Exam Preparation Techniques and Strategies and Exam Results. Journal of Higher Education Theory & Practice, 21(5).
• Aquino, L. B. (2011). Study Habits and Attitudes of Freshmen Students: Implications for Academic Intervention Programs. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 2(5).
• Aristeidou, M., & Cross, S. (2021). Disrupted distance learning: the impact of Covid-19 on study habits of distance learning university students. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 36(3), 263-282.
• Avila, E. C., & Genio, A. M. G. J. (2020). Motivation and learning strategies of education students in online learning during pandemic. Psychology and Education Journal, 57(9), 1608-1614
• Bahar, H. H. & Okur, M. (2018). Öğretmen adaylarının ders çalışma yaklaşımlarının akademik başarıyı yordama gücü. [The predictive power of pre-service teachers' study approaches to academic achievement.] Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 7(3), 307–318 http://dx.doi.org/10.30703/cije.446929
• Barnard, L., Lan, W. Y., To, Y. M., Paton, V. O., & Lai, S. L. (2009). Measuring self-regulation in online and blended learning environments. The Internet and Higher Education, 12(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.10.005
• Berková, K., Borůvková, J., Frendlovská, D., Krpálek, P., & Melas, D. (2020). Learning style preferences of university and college students. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 78(4), 486.
• Boydak, H. A. (2015). Öğrenme stilleri [Learning Styles] (Vol. 136). BEYAZ Publishing.
• Brown, S., White, S., Wakeling, L., & Naiker, M. (2015). Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) in an Introductory Course in Chemistry. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 12(3), 6.
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological methods & research, 21(2), 230-258.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2021). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: istatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. [Data analysis handbook for social sciences: statistics, research design, SPSS applications and interpretation.] Pegem Academy Publishing.
• Çakıroğlu, Ü. (2014). Analyzing the effect of learning styles and study habits of distance learners on learning performances: A case of an introductory programming course. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 15(4), 161-185.
• Capuno, R., Necesario, R., Etcuban, J. O., Espina, R., Padillo, G., & Manguilimotan, R. (2019). Attitudes, Study Habits, and Academic Performance of Junior High School Students in Mathematics. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 14(3), 547-561.
• Cassidy, S. (2004). Learning styles: An overview of theories, models, and measures. Educational psychology, 24(4), 419-444.
• Cerna, M. A., & Pavliushchenko, K. (2015). Influence of Study Habits on Academic Performance of International College Students in Shanghai. Higher Education Studies, 5(4), 42-55.
• Çetin, F. (2018). Öğretmen adaylarının stratejik ders çalışma eğilimlerinin incelenmesi. [Examining the strategic course study tendencies of prospective teachers.] İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi [Journal of Human and Social Sciences Research], 7(2), 898-921.
• Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical assessment, research, and evaluation, 10(1), 7.
• Cox, M., & Quinn, B. (2021). Learning leaders: teaching and learning frameworks in flux impacted by the global pandemic. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 47(4).
• Cresswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson.
• Dunn, R., & Burke, K. (2006). Learning style: The clue to you. LSCY: Research and Implementation Manual, 2006, 50.
• Durak, G., Çankaya, S., & İzmirli, S. (2020). Examining the Turkish universities’ distance education systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Necatibey Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik Fen ve Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi, [Necatibey Faculty of Education Electronic Journal of Science and Mathematics Education] 14(1), 787-809.
• Durukan, Ü. G., Batman, D., & Yiğit, N. (2015). Öğretmen adaylarının ders çalışma alışkanlıkları. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 63-81.
• Düzgün, S., & Sulak, S. E. (2020). Öğretmen adaylarının COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde uzaktan eğitim uygulamalarına ilişkin görüşleri. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 49(1), 619-633. https://doi.org/10.37669/milliegitim.787874
• Dziuban, C. D., & Shirkey, E. C. (1974). When is a correlation matrix appropriate for factor analysis? Some decision rules. Psychological bulletin, 81(6), 358.
• Entwistle, N., & Peterson, E. (2004). Learning styles and approaches to studying. Encyclopedia of applied psychology, 2, 537-542.
• Erdamar, G. (2010). Öğretmen adaylarının ders çalışma stratejilerini etkileyen bazı değişkenler. [Variables affecting pre-service teachers' study strategies]. Hacettepe University, Journal of Education 38(38), 82-93.
• Erkuş, A. (2010). Psikometrik terimlerin Türkçe karşılıklarının anlamları ile yapılan işlemlerin uyuşmazlığı. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 1(2), 72-77.
• Felder, R. M., & Henriques, E. R. (1995). Learning and teaching styles in foreign and second language education. Foreign language annals, 28(1), 21-31.
• Gentry, R. (2012). Making College a Success by Assessing and Navigating Candidates' Study Habits. Research in Higher Education Journal, 18.
• Gökcen, Ş. (2022). Uzaktan ve yüz yüze eğitim sürecinde ilköğretim matematik öğretmen adaylarının ders çalışma stratejilerinin farklı boyutlarda incelenmesi [Investigating pre-service elementary mathematics teachers’ study strategies in different subscales during distance and face-to-face education]. Master Thesis. Yıldız Technical University.
• Gül, B. (2011). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin öğrenme stilleri ile ders çalışma stratejileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Beşiktaş İlçesi Örneği). Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Yeditepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. İstanbul.
• Güneş, N., & Bedir, G. (2022). Dunn ve Dunn Öğrenme Stili Modeli'nin İlkokul 3. Sınıf Hayat Bilgisi Dersinde Kullanılmasının Öğrencilerin Derse Yönelik Tutumlarına ve Akademik Başarılarına Etkisi. [The Effect of Using Dunn and Dunn Learning Style Model in Primary School 3rd Grade Life Science Course on Students' Attitudes towards the Course and Academic Achievement.] Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 15(89).
• Harper, G., & Kember, D. (1986). Approaches to study of distance education students. British Journal of Educational Technology, 17(3), 212-222.
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
• Husmann, P. R., & O'Loughlin, V. D. (2019). Another nail in the coffin for learning styles? Disparities among undergraduate anatomy students’ study strategies, class performance, and reported VARK learning styles. Anatomical sciences education, 12(1), 6-19.
• Jansen, R. S., Van Leeuwen, A., Janssen, J., & Kester, L. (2018). Validation of the revised self-regulated online learning questionnaire. In Lifelong Technology-Enhanced Learning: 13th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning, EC-TEL 2018, Leeds, UK, September 3-5, 2018, Proceedings 13(pp. 116-121). Springer International Publishing.
• Julius, M., & Evans, A. S. (2015). Study of the relationship between study habits and academic achievement of students: A case of Spicer Higher Secondary School, India. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 7(7), 134-141.
• Karaman, H. (2015). Açımlayıcı faktör analizinde kullanılan faktör çıkartma yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması. [Comparison of factor extraction methods used in exploratory factor analysis] Master Thesis. Hacettepe University.
• Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. Guilford publications.
• Kocdar, S., Karadeniz, A., Bozkurt, A., & Büyük, K. (2018). Measuring self-regulation in self-paced open and distance learning environments. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 19(1), 25-43
• Landbeck, R., & Mugler, F. (2000). Distance learners of the South Pacific: Study strategies, learning conditions, and consequences for course design. Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 63-80.
• Magno, C. (2011). Validating the academic self-regulated learning scale with the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ) and learning and study strategies inventory (LASSI). The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 7(2).
• Magulod Jr, G. C. (2019). Learning styles, study habits and academic performance of Filipino University students in applied science courses: Implications for instruction. JOTSE: Journal of Technology and Science Education, 9(2), 184-198.
• Marinoni, G., Van’t Land, H., & Jensen, T. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on higher education around the world. IAU global survey report, 23, 1-17.
• Melancon, J. G. (2002). Reliability, structure, and correlates of Learning and Study Strategies Inventory scores. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(6), 1020-1027.
• Mendezabal, M. J. N. (2013). Study habits and attitudes: the road to academic success. Open Science Repository Education. Online (open access), e70081928. doi:10.7392/Education.70081928
• Mesut, B., & Demir, S. B. (Eds.). (2018). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri. [Qualitative research and evaluation methods]. Pegem Academy Publishing.
• Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı, Temel Eğitim Genel Müdürlüğü [Ministry of National Education, General Department of Primary Education]. (2019). 2023 vizyonu.[2023 Vision]. https://tegm.meb.gov.tr/www/2023-vizyonu/icerik/23
• Moll, R., & Nielsen, W. (2017). Development and validation of a social media and science learning survey. International Journal of Science Education, Part B, 7(1), 14-30.
• Morehead, K., Rhodes, M. G., & DeLozier, S. (2016). Instructor and student knowledge of study strategies. Memory, 24(2), 257-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2014.1001992
• Murat, T., Meryem, G. C., & Aytan, İ. (2020). Examination of mathematics study strategies of secondary school students from the perspective of multiple variables. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 8(3), 83-92.
• Neroni, J., Meijs, C., Gijselaers, H. J., Kirschner, P. A., & de Groot, R. H. (2019). Learning strategies and academic performance in distance education. Learning and Individual Differences, 73, 1-7.
• Özonur, M., & Kamişli, H. (2019). Mesleki Eğitimde Ders Çalışma Yaklaşımlarının Belirlenmesi. [Determination of Course Study Approaches in Vocational Education]. Eskişehir Osmangazi University Journal of Social Sciences, 20, 723-733.
• Pawlak, M. (2018). Grammar learning strategy inventory (GLSI): Another look. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(2), 351-379.
• Peker Ünal, D. (2021). Factors Affecting Study Habits in Higher Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anatolian Journal of Education, 6(2), 109-124.
• Rasheed, F. A., & Abadi, M. F. (2014). Impact of service quality, trust and perceived value on customer loyalty in Malaysia services industries. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 164, 298-304.
• Rashid, S., & Yadav, S. S. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on higher education and research. Indian Journal of Human Development, 14(2), 340-343.
• Seaman, J. (2009). Online Learning as a Strategic Asset. Volume II: The Paradox of Faculty Voices--Views and Experiences with Online Learning. Results of a National Faculty Survey, Part of the Online Education Benchmarking Study Conducted by the APLU-Sloan National Commission on Online Learning. Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities.
• Spector, P. (1992). Summated rating scale construction: An introduction. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
• Stroud, K. C. (2006). Development of the school motivation and learning strategies inventory. Texas A&M University.
• Sudria, I. B. N., Redhana, I. W., Kirna, I., & Aini, D. (2018). Effect of Kolb's Learning Styles under Inductive Guided-Inquiry Learning on Learning Outcomes. International Journal of Instruction, 11(1), 89-102.
• Tsai, M.-J. (2007). A pilot study of the development of the Online Learning Strategies Scale (OLSS). 7th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT 2007), Proceedings (pp. 106-110). DOI: 10.1109/ICALT.2007.30
• Tümkaya, S., & Bal, L. (2006). Çukurova Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Ders Çalışma Alışkanlıklarının Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. [Investigation of Cukurova University Students' Study Habits in Terms of Some Variables] Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, [Çukurova University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences] 15(2), 313-326.
• Turan, İ., Şimşek, Ü., & Aslan, H. (2015). The Use and Analysis of Likert Scales and Likert-Type Items in Educational Research. Sakarya University Journal of Education Faculty, (30), 186-203.
• Ullman, J. B. (2007). Structural equation modeling. BG Tabachnik & LS Fidell (Eds.), Using multivariate statistics (pp. 676-780).
• Uzun, N. B., Gelbal, S., & Öğretmen, T. (2010). Modelling The Relationship Between Timms-R Science Achievement and Affective Characteristics and Comparing The Model According To Gender. Kastamonu Education Journal, 18(2), 531-544.
• Van Prooijen, J. W., & Van Der Kloot, W. A. (2001). Confirmatory analysis of exploratively obtained factor structures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(5), 777-792.
• Walck-Shannon, E. M., Rowell, S. F., & Frey, R. F. (2021). To what extent do study habits relate to performance? CBE Life Sciences Education, 20(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.20-05-0091
• Walker, S. L., & Fraser, B. J. (2005). Development and validation of an instrument for assessing distance education learning environments in higher education: The Distance Education Learning Environments Survey (DELES). Learning environments research, 8, 289-308.
• Watson, S. A., & Thompson, C. (2001). Learning styles of interior design students as assessed by the Gregorc Style Delineator. Journal of Interior Design, 27(1), 12-19.
• Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Factor Analysis and Validity in Social Sciences: Application of Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses. Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Business Administration, 46, 74-85.
• Yiğit, B. (2014). Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Ders Çalışma Alışkanlıklarının İncelenmesi. [Investigation of Study Habits of Secondary School Students]. Master Thesis. Dicle University.
• Yıldırım, A., Doğanay, A., & Türkoğlu, A. (2009). Okulda Başarı için Ders Çalışma ve Öğrenme Yöntemleri. [Study and Learning Methods for Success at School]. Seçkin Publishing.
• Yılmaz, H. (2013). Farklı tutumlara sahip öğretmenlerin sınıflarında öğrenim gören 4-5. sınıf öğrencilerinin öğrenme ve ders çalışma stratejilerinin karşılaştırılması. [Comparison of learning and study strategies of 4-5th grade students in the classrooms of teachers with different attitudes]. Doctoral dissertation. Marmara University.
• Yükseköğretim Kurulu [Higher Education Council]. (2023). 2024-2028 stratejik planı [2024-2028 Strategic Plan] (ss.66-67). https://www.yok.gov.tr/Documents/Kurumsal/strateji_dairesi/stratejik-plan/2024-2028-yok-stratejik-plani.pdf
• Zalli, M. M. M., Nordin, H., & Hashim, R. A. (2019). The role of self-regulated learning strategies on learners’ satisfaction in massive open online course (MOOC): Evidence from Malaysia MOOC. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(10), 2286-2290.
• Zerbini, T., & Abbad, G. (2008). Learning strategies in distance course: Validation of a scale. PsicoUSF, 13(2), 177-187.