Modeling of Some Properties of Solhan Plain Soils

Öz

This study aimed to model certain soil properties of the Solhan Plain in Bingöl using data derived from soil quality parameters such as organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and available water content. Soil samples were collected from 85 different coordinates at a depth of 0-30 cm, with sampling points arranged in a 300 m x 300 m grid using ArcGIS 10.8 software. Laboratory analyses were conducted to determine the available water content, cation exchange capacity, and organic matter content of the soil samples. The results revealed that the available water content of the Solhan Plain ranged between 1.06% and 25.27%, with an average of 10.15%. The cation exchange capacity varied from 35.38 to 85.28 meq.100g-1, averaging 60.53 meq.100g-1. The organic matter content ranged from 0.84% to 4.76%, with an average of 2.50%. For the soils in the study area to perform their desired functions, their physical, chemical, and biological quality must meet the required standards. Therefore, maintaining and even improving soil functionality depends on appropriate management systems and land use practices. In areas where soil quality is low, practices such as crop rotation and manure application can positively impact the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil in a short time. Conversely, poor land management practices can further degrade already weak soil properties. This study highlights the importance of providing farmers, land managers, and decision-makers with the necessary information to make informed and effective decisions regarding sustainable land use and soil health improvement practices.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Available Water Content
• Cation Exchange Capacity
• Organic Matter.
• Modeling

Mappig of Some Properties of the Solhan Plain Soils by Using Ordinary Kriging Method

Abstract

This study aimed to show the spetial variability and distribution of certain soil properties of the Solhan Plain in Bingöl using data derived from soil quality parameters such as organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and available water content. Soil samples were collected from 85 different coordinates at a depth of 0-30 cm, with sampling points arranged in a 300 m x 300 m grid using ArcGIS 10.8 software. Laboratory analyses were conducted to determine the available water content (AWC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and organic matter content (OM) of the soil samples. The results revealed that the AWC of the Solhan Plain ranged between 1.06% and 25.27%, with an average of 10.15%. The CEC varied from 35.38 to 85.28 cmol.kg-1, averaging 60.53 cmol.kg-1. The organic matter content ranged from 0.84% to 4.76%, with an average of 2.50%. For the soils in the study area to perform their desired functions, their physical, chemical, and biological quality must meet the required standards. Therefore, maintaining and even improving soil functionality depends on appropriate management systems and land use practices. In areas where soil quality is low, practices such as crop rotation and manure application can positively impact the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil in a short time. Conversely, poor land management practices can further degrade already weak soil properties. This study emphasizes the importance of providing farmers, land managers, and decision-makers with the necessary information to make informed and effective decisions regarding sustainable land use and soil health improvement practices. This study emphasizes the critical role of soil quality in ensuring sustainable agricultural production and environmental health. By understanding the spatial variability of soil properties like AWC, CEC, and OM, stakeholders can make informed decisions to improve soil functionality and resilience. The findings underscore the need for integrated soil management practices that balance productivity with conservation, ensuring the long-term sustainability of the Solhan Plain and similar regions.

Keywords

• Available Water Content
• Cation Exchange Capacity
• Organic Matter.

References

1. Acar, M. (2023). Determination of management sensitive indicators in the evaluation and monitoring of soil quality in the lower Seyhan plain. Çukurova University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Adana.
2. Adriano, D.C., Albright, J., Whicker, F.W., Iskandar, I.K., Sherony, C. (1997). Remediation of soils contaminated with metals and radionuclide-contaminated soils. In: Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Metals, Science Reviews, Northwood, UK, pp. 27-46.
3. Alagöz, Z., Yılmaz, E., Öktüren, F. (2006). Effects of organic material addition on some physical and chemical soil properties. Akdeniz University Journal of Faculty of Agriculture, 9(2), 245-254.
4. Alloway, B.J. (1990). Heavy Metals in Soils. Blackie and Son Ltd., London, UK.
5. Anderson, D.W., Paul, E.A. (1984). Organo-mineral complexes and their study by radio carbon dating. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48, 298-301.
6. Anderson, D.W., Sagar, S., Bettany, J.R., Stewart, J.W.B. (1981). Particle size fractions and their use in studies of soil organic matter: ı. the nature and distribution of forms of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45, 767-772.
7. Andrews, S., Karlen, D., Cambardella, C. (2004a). The soil management assessment framework: A quantitative soil quality evaluation method. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 68, 1945.
8. Andrews, S.S., Karlen, D.L., Mitchell, J.P. (2004b). A comparison of soil quality indexing methods for vegetable production systems in Northern California. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 102, 331–343.

9. Anonymous, (2015). soil quality indicators. particulate organic matter. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.
10. Anonymous, (2024). Bingöl Meteorological Station Directorate. 33 years of climate data for Bingöl province. Anonymous, (2024a). Website: www.dw.com. Access Date: 27.10.2024.
11. Askari, M.S., Holden, N.M. (2015). Quantitative soil quality indexing of temperate arable management systems. Soil & Tillage Research, 150, 57-67.
12. Audsley, E., Alber, S., Gemeinschaften, E. (1997). Harmonisation of environmental life cycle assessment for agriculture. European Comm., DG VI Agriculture, p. 139.
13. Baldock, J.A., Skjemstad, J.O. (2000). Role of The Soil matrix and minerals in protecting organic materials against biological attack. Organic Geochemistry, 31, 697-710.
14. Brady, N.C., Weil, R.R. (2008). The Nature and Properties of Soils. 14th Edition. Pearson Education, 142-145. Budak, M., Günal, H., Çelik, I., Yıldız, H., Acir, N., Acar, M. (2018). Soil quality assessment of upper Tigris basin. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 13, 301-316.
15. Brussaard, L., De Ruiter, P.C., Brown, G.G. (2007). Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 121(3), 233-244.
16. Caravaca, F., Lax, A., Albaladejo, J. (1999). Organic matter, nutrient contents and cation exchange capacity in fine fractions from semiarid calcareous soils. Geoderma, 93, 161-176.
17. Charman, P.E.V., Roper, M.M. (2000). Soil Organic Matter. In: (Ed. P.E.V. Charman and B.W. Murphy) Soils Properties and Management. 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press, pp. 260-270.
18. Chen, Z.S., Lee, D.Y., Lin, C.F., Lo, S.L., Wang, Y.P. (1996). Contamination of rural and urban soils in Taiwan. In: Contaminants and the Soil Environment in the Australasia-Pacific Region, R. Naidu, R.S. Kookuna, D.P. Oliver, S. Rogers, M.J. McLaughlin (Eds.). First Australasia-Pacific Conference on Contaminants and Soil.
19. Dalal, R.C., Mayer, R.J. (1986). Long-term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in Southern Queensland: IV. Loss of Organic Carbon from Different Density Fractions. Aust. J. Soil Res., 24, 293-300.
20. Demir, Y., Doğan Demir, A. (2019). The effect of organic matter applications on the saturated hydraulic conductivity and available water-holding capacity of sandy soils. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(2), 3137-3146.
21. Diacono, M., Montemurro, F. (2010). Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 30(2), 401-422.
22. Doran, J.W., Parkin, T.B. (1994). Defining and assessing soil quality. In: Doran, J.W., et al. (Eds.), Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. SSSA Special Publication 35, pp. 3–21.
23. Emerson, W.W. (1991). Soil structural decline, evaluation and previous attention. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 29, 905-922.
24. Geisseler, D., Scow, K.M. (2014). Long-term effects of mineral fertilizers on soil microorganisms – A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 75, 54-63.
25. Govaerts, B., Sayre, K.D., Deckers, J. (2006). A minimum data set for soil quality assessment of wheat and maize in the highlands of Mexico. Soil and Tillage Research, 87, 163–174.
26. Hassink, J. (1994). Effects of soil texture and grassland management on soil organic C and N and rates of C and N mineralization. Soil Biol. Biochem., 26, 1221-1231.
27. Hassink, J. (1997). The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles. Plant and Soil, 191, 77-87.
28. Hillel, D. (2004). Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics. Academic Press, 153-157.
29. ICRCL, (1987). Guidance on the assessment and redevelopment of contaminated land. ICRCL Department of the Environment, London, UK. paper 59/83.
30. Jacobs, L.W. (1990). Potential hazards when using organic materials as fertilizers for crop production. FFTC Extension Bulletin No. 313, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center of Asia and Pacific Regions (FFTC/ASPAC). 20 pp.
31. Klute, A. (1986). Water Retention: Laboratory Methods. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. 2nd Ed. Agronomy 9. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison.
32. Lal, R. (2001). Soil degradation by erosion. Land Degradation & Development, 12(6), 519-539.
33. Lal, R., (2015). Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation. Sustainability, 7(5), 5875-5895.
34. Madakbaş, S., Önal, M.S., Dündar, B., Başak, H. (2014). The function of water retaining polymers in soil and plant, environmental impact and utilisation possibilities in vegetable production. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, 1(2), 173-179.
35. Ministry of Housing - Netherlands, (1994). Dutch intervention values of heavy metals and organic pollutants in soils, sediments, and ground water. Physical Planning and Environmental Conservation Report HSE 94.021.
36. Morgan, R.P.C. (2005). Soil Erosion and Conservation. Blackwell Publishing.
37. Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E. (1982). Organic Matter. Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties Second Edition. Agronomy. No: 9 Part 2. Edition, pp. 574-579.
38. Oades, J.M. (1988). The retention of organic matter in soils. Biogeochemistry, 5, 35-70.
39. Özyazıcı, G., Özdemir, O., Özyazıcı, M.A., Üstün, G.Y. (2011). Effects of some organic materials and soil conditioners on yield and soil properties in organic hazelnut cultivation. IV. Organic Agriculture Symposium, 28 June-1 July, Erzurum, Turkey.
40. Parfitt, R.L., Theng, B.K.G., Whitton, J.S., Shepherd, T.G. (1997). Effects of clay minerals and land use on organic matter pools. Geoderma, 75, 1-12.
41. Pimentel, D., Harvey, C., Resosudarmo, P., Sinclair, K., Kurz, D., McNair, M., Blair, R. (1995). Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science, 267(5201), 1117-1123.
42. Qadir, M., Ghafoor, A., Murtaza, G. (2000). Amelioration strategies for saline soils: A review. Land Degradation & Development, 11(6), 501-521.
43. Reeves, D.W. (1997). The role of soil organic matter in maintaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems. Soil and Tillage Research, 43, 131–167.
44. Reicosky, D.C. (2003). Tillage-induced CO2 emissions and carbon sequestration: Effect of secondary tillage and compaction. Soil Management for Sustainability, 87-98.
45. Sagar, S., Parshotam, A., Sparling, G.P., Feltham, C.W., Hart, P.B.S. (1996). C-labelled rygrass turnover and residence times in soils varying in clay content and mineralogy. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 28, 1677-1686.
46. Six, J., Conant, R.T., Paul, E.A., Paustian, K. (2002). Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: Implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant and Soil, 241(2), 155-176.
47. Soil Science Society of America (SSSA), (1997). Glossary of Soil Science Terms.
48. Sparks, D.L. (2003. Environmental Soil Chemistry. 2nd Edition. Academic Press.
49. Summer, M.E., Miller, W.P. (1996). Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficient. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Sparks, D.L. (Ed). SSSSA Book Series 5, pp. 1205-1230.
50. Süleyman, Ş.E.N., Yılmaz, G., Topdemir, T., Alkan, Ü. (2019). The effect of micro-basin water harvesting technique and some applications that increase soil water holding capacity on olive sapling growth. Journal of Soil Water, 122-129.
51. Söylemez, S., Esin, Ş., Pakyürek, A. (2020). Effect of waterpad polymer on yield and some quality characteristics of aubergine grown at different irrigation levels. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(2), 367-378.
52. Şeker, C., Ozaytekin, H.H., Negiş, H., Gumuş, İ., Dedeoğlu, M., Atmaca, E., Karaca, U. (2017). Assessment of soil quality index for wheat and sugar beet cropping systems on an entisol in Central Anatolia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(4), 135.
53. Şenol, H., Alaboz, P., Demir, S., Dengiz, O. (2020). Computational intelligence applied to soil quality index using GIS and geostatistical approaches in semiarid ecosystem. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13(23), 1-20. Tan, K.H. (2005). Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Analysis. 2nd Edition. CRC Press.
54. Tiessen, H., Stewart, W.B., Moir, J.O., (1983. Changes in organic and ınorganic phosphorus composition of two grassland soils and their particle size fractions during 60-90 years of cultivation. J. Soil Sci., 34, 815-823.
55. Tiller, K.G. (1992). Urban soil contamination in Australia. Australian J. Soil Research, 30, 937-957.
56. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), (1989). Standards for the disposal of sewage sludge: Proposed rules. Federal Register, 54, 5778-5902. USA.
57. Veum, K.S., Sudduth, K.A., Kremer, R.J., Kitchen, N.R. (2017). Sensor data fusion for soil health assessment. Geoderma, 305, 53-61.
58. Zhao, L., Sun, Y., Zhang, X., Yang, X., Drury, C.F. (2006). Soil organic carbon in clay and silt sized particles in chinese mollisols: Relationship to the predicted capacity. Geoderma, 132, 315-323.