Throughout history, in all great civilizations, works of a moral and didactic nature have been written with the idea of creating an ideal society consisting of virtuous people. In Turkish literature, there is a tradition of giving advice and speaking for the purpose of giving advice that dates back to the oral period. When we come to the Islamic period, works in the genre of advice books began to be written by taking as examples the verses and hadiths that encourage good morals and giving advice. When works that have similar characteristics to advice-books in terms of content such as pend-books, siyaset-books, futuvvet books, etc. are included, writing advice-books has become a tradition in Turkish Islamic literature since Kutadgu Bilig, and many works in the genre of advice-books have been written in verse, prose or a mixture of verse and prose.
In this study, some works in the genre of advice-nâme in Turkish literature are briefly mentioned, then Şeyh Eşref b. Ahmed and his Advice-nâme are introduced. Information is given about the author of the work, its copies, the date of writing, its form, language and spelling features and its content.
Sheikh Esref b. Ahmed’s Nasihat-name is a valuable work among the advice-names written in Turkish literature in terms of belonging to the Old Anatolian Turkish Period. The work, consisting of 503 couplets, was written in the aruz “fâ ʿi lâ tün / fâ ʿi lâ tün / fâ ʿi lün” pattern. The work provides religious and moral advice on various subjects such as human relations, family life, trade, and education. We do not have definite information about when the author of the work, Sheikh Esref b. Ahmed, lived exactly or when he wrote the Nasihat-name. Based on the fact that the poet’s other works and the collection, which also includes the Nasihat-name, were copied in 856/1452, it can be said that Sheikh Esref b. Ahmed lived between the second half of the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century. The fact that Nasuh b. Ahmed, who transcribed the poet’s works, wrote the phrase “Mevlana”, meaning “our master”, at the beginning of the works shows us that Eşref b. Ahmed was one of the well-known Sufi sheikhs of his time. Orhan Bilgin, who published the poet’s mathnawi called Futuvvet-name, states that Eşref b. Ahmed was the father of Abdullah b. Eşref from Nicaea, who was famous with the name Eşrefoğlu Rûmî and died in 874/1469, and attributes Rumî’s being called Eşrefoğlu to his father being a well-known person at the time.
The work, which shows the language and spelling characteristics of the Old Anatolian Turkish Period, was not written with vowels; the poet or the copyist found it appropriate to put vowels in some places that could be read incorrectly. While some Turkish words were written without vocals, long vocals were used in some words in a way that confused the meter. Words and expressions belonging to the Old Turkish Period such as ög, bilü, tamu, uçmak, anaru are noteworthy in the work.
In Nasihat-nâme, Sheikh Eşref b. Ahmed included universal teachings on subjects such as neighborhood, friendship, trade, and family life, as well as religious teachings by making allusions to verses and hadiths. The advice in the work is not grouped under certain headings but is listed haphazardly. In addition to advice on human relations such as not talking badly about people behind their backs, forgiving someone who confesses his crime and apologizes, not setting out with people you do not know, and not sharing your secret with everyone, there are also religious advices such as following the path of Allah and His Prophet, not falling for the tricks of the devil, helping those who do fulfill Allah's commands even if you do not fulfill them, and not valuing worldly possessions. The poet devoted the last two hundred couplets of his mesnevi to subjects related to family life such as the rights of parents, choosing a spouse, the attitudes and behaviors of spouses towards each other, and the education and upbringing of children. The advices here are important in terms of providing us with information about the family, social life, and beliefs of that period.
The most striking feature of the work is that the author, while listing his views on child upbringing and education, says that children can be asked riddles to stimulate their minds when they are bored and tired from lessons, and asks twelve riddles as examples. We found it appropriate to give all the couplets containing these riddles in the article, thinking that they may be the oldest riddle/lugaz examples that have survived to the present day in Turkish literature.
Tarih boyunca bütün büyük medeniyetlerde erdemli insanlardan oluşmuş ideal bir toplum meydana getirmek düşüncesiyle ahlâkî, didaktik türde eserler verilmiştir. Türk edebiyatında da sözlü döneme kadar uzanan bir nasihat etme, öğüt vermek amacıyla söz söyleme geleneği vardır. İslâmî döneme gelindiğinde güzel ahlâkı ve nasihat etmeyi teşvik edici ayet ve hadislerin örnek alınmasıyla nasihat-nâme türünde eserler verilmeye başlanmıştır. Başta pend-nâme olmak üzere siyaset-nâme, fütüvvet-nâme gibi içerik bakımından nasihat-nâmeler ile benzer özellikler taşıyan eserler de dahil edildiğinde Türk İslâm edebiyatında Kutadgu Bilig’den itibaren nasihat-nâme yazma bir gelenek hâlini almış ve nasihat-nâme türünde manzum, mensur ya da manzum mensur karışık pek çok eser yazılmıştır.
Bu çalışmada Türk edebiyatında nasihat-nâme türündeki bazı eserlerden kısaca söz edilmiş, daha sonra Şeyh Eşref b. Ahmed ve Nasihat-nâme’si tanıtılmıştır. Eserin yazarı, nüshaları, yazılış tarihi, şekil, dil ve imlâ özellikleri ile muhtevası hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Eser, nasihat-nâmeler içerisinde Eski Anadolu Türkçesi dönemine ait olması, Türkçenin o dönemdeki dil ve imlâ özelliklerini ve kelime hazinesini yansıtması açısından önem taşımaktadır.
Şeyh Eşref b. Ahmed, Nasihat-nâme’de komşuluk, arkadaşlık, ticaret, aile hayatı gibi konularda evrensel öğretilerin yanı sıra ayet ve hadislere telmih yaparak dinî öğretilere de yer vermiştir. Eserdeki öğütler bize o dönemin aile, toplum hayatı ve inanışlarıyla ilgili bilgiler vermesi açısından mühimdir. Müellifin, çocuk terbiyesi ve eğitimle ilgili görüşlerini sıralarken çocukların derslerden sıkıldığı ve yorulduğu zamanlarda onların zihnini canlandırmak amacıyla bilmece sorulabileceğini söylemesi ve örnek olarak on iki adet bilmece sorması eserin asıl dikkat çekici özelliğidir. Türk edebiyatında günümüze ulaşan en eski bilmece/lugaz örnekleri arasında sayılabileceği düşüncesiyle makalede bu bilmecelerin yer aldığı beyitlerin tümünü vermeyi uygun bulduk.
Bu makalenin planlanmasından, uygulanmasına, verilerin toplanmasından verilerin analizine kadar olan tüm süreçte “Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi” kapsamında uyulması belirtilen tüm kurallara uyulmuştur. Yönergenin ikinci bölümü olan “Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine Aykırı Eylemler” başlığı altında belirtilen eylemlerden hiçbiri gerçekleştirilmemiştir. Bu araştırmanın yazım sürecinde bilimsel, etik ve alıntı kurallarına uyulmuş; toplanan veriler üzerinde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışma herhangi başka bir akademik yayın ortamına değerlendirme için gönderilmemiştir.
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Popular and Genre Literature |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | April 10, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | June 12, 2025 |
| Early Pub Date | June 17, 2025 |
| Publication Date | June 20, 2025 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA57BN72KN |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 |

International Journal of Human and Art Studies İJHAR; Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Human and Art Studies IJHAR has been registered with the decision of the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office, numbered 71248886-2020/24446 / E.2020-OE-458377.