Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Sınırsız Dünyadan Duvarlı Dünyaya: Göçe Karşı İnşa Edilen Sınır Duvarları Üzerine Türkiye Merkezli Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 10 - 37, 29.04.2022

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Berlin Duvarı yıkıldıktan sonra küreselleşmenin ortaya çıkardığı sınırsız dünya kavramı yeni inşa edilen duvarlarla birlikte sorgulanmaktadır. Dünya genelinde coğrafya fark etmeksizin devletler göçe karşı sınırlarını duvarla kapatma yarışına girmiştir. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu bu devletlerden biri olan Türkiye, gerek göç güzergahındaki hedef ve transit bir ülke olması gerekse sınırlarının çoğunun duvarlarla çevrili olması nedeniyle örnek ülke olarak incelenmektedir. Nitekim Türkiye sadece sınırları komşu ülkeler tarafından sınırları duvarlarla çevrili bir ülke olmasının yanı sıra kendisi de son dönemlerde sınırlarını duvarlarla kontrol etme yöntemini benimseyen önemli bir kaynak, transit ve hedef ülkedir. Çalışmada göç, geleneksel olmayan güvenlik yaklaşımı bağlamında değerlendirilirken, göçe karşı inşa edilen duvarların sosyolojik arka planı için ise Foucault’un iktidar teknolojileri kavramından yararlanılmaktadır. Çalışmada “duvar”, sadece fiziki bir politika aracı olarak değil teorik ve sosyolojik arka planı ile bir iktidar teknolojisi olarak ele alınmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma uygulamalı bir çalışmadan ziyade teorik bir tartışmanın pratiğe aktarımını konu almaktadır. Bu çalışmayla, “sınırsız” dünyanın artık “duvarlı” bir dünya haline geldiği ve dünyanın duvarlarla çevrili ülkelerinden biri haline gelen Türkiye’nin sınır yönetiminin sınır ve duvarlar bağlamında eleştirel analizi ortaya konulmaktadır.

References

  • Adamson, F. B. (2006). Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security. International Security, 31(1), 165-199. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4137542
  • Akkerman, M. (2019). The Business of Building Walls. Research Report. Centre Delàs d’Estudis per la Pau.
  • Aras, R. (2020). The wall: The making and unmaking of the Turkish-Syrian border. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Arıboğan, D. Ü. (2017). Duvar. İstanbul: İnkılâp Yayınevi.
  • Atkinson, M. (2016). Barbed-wire borders in the Middle East. Middle East Eye. http://www.middleeasteye.net/ features/barbed-wire-borders-middle-east
  • BBC. (2021, Ağustos 21). Greece finishes fence at Turkey border amid warnings of Afghan migrant surge. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-58289893
  • Baylis, J. (2008). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güvenlik Kavramı. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 5(18), ss. 69-85.
  • Becker, J. (2018). Speaking to The Wall: Reconceptualizing the US–Mexico Border “Wall” from the Perspective of a Realist and Constructivist Theoretical Framework in International Relations. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2018.1482775
  • Benedicto, A. R., Akkerman, M., & Brunet, P. (2020). Walled World Towards a Global Apertheid. Centre Delas Reports. Centre Delàs d’Estudis per la Pau. https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/informe46_ walledwolrd_centredelas_tni_stopwapenhandel_stopthewall_eng_def.pdf
  • Benedicto, A. R., & Brunet, P. (2018). Building Walls: Fear and Securitizaiton in European Union (s. 58). Research Report. Centre Delàs d’Estudis per la Pau.
  • Benek, S. (2016). Historical Background of Turkey-Syria Relations in the Term of Social Geograpy. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(1), 171-192. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.256743
  • Bentham, J. (2008). Panoptikon: Gözün iktidarı (B. Çoban & Z. Özarslan, Çev.). Su Yayınları.
  • Bissonnette, A., & Vallet, É. (Ed.). (2021). Borders and border walls: İn-security, symbolism, vulnerabilities. Routledge.
  • Brown, Wendy. (2011). Yükselen Duvarlar Zayıflayan Egemenlik. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Caballero-Anthony, M. (2016). Understanding Non-traditional Security. An Introduction to Non-Traditional Security Studies: A Transnational Approach (ss. 3-19). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473972308
  • Caballero-Anthony, M. (2017). From Comprehensive Security to Regional Resilience: Coping with Nontraditional Security Challenges. A. Baviera & L. Maramis (Ed.), Building ASEAN community: Political-security and socio-cultural reflection. Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia.
  • Caballero-Anthony, M., & Emmers, R. (2006). Understanding the Dynamics of Securitizing Non-Traditional Security. Non-Traditional Security in Asia. Routledge. IJHM, 2022; 2 (1): 10-37
  • Carter, D. B., & Poast, P. (2017). Why Do States Build Walls? Political Economy, Security, and Border Stability. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(2), 239-270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715596776
  • Chaichian, M. A. (2015). Empires and walls: Globalization, migration, and colonial domination (Haymarket Books).
  • Cook, A. (2017). Non-traditional Security and World Politics. M. Beeson & N. Bisley (Ed.), Issues in 21st century world politics (3rd ed). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Cumhuriyet. (1988, Eylül 4). Kürtlere “çadırkent”.
  • Cumhuriyet. (1989, Ağustos 22). Özal, “hepsini alırız” dedi, göçmen sayısı 300 bini aşınca sınırı kapattı. https:// www.cumhuriyetarsivi.com/katalog/192/sayfa/1989/8/22.xhtml
  • Curley, M. (2016). Migration and Movements of People. İçinde An Introduction to Non-Traditional Security Studies: A Transnational Approach (ss. 193-209). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473972308
  • Çalık, B. (2012, Ekim 16). Mülteci sayısı psikolojik sınırı aştı. Sabah. https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2012/10/16/ multeci-sayisi-psikolojik-siniri-asti
  • Delegation of the European Union to Turkey. (2019). EU Supports Stronger Border Management in Turkey.
  • Delegation of the European Union to Turkey. https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/eu-supports-stronger-bordermanagement-turkey-41
  • Devaney, T. (2017). More than 200 companies express interest in border wall construction. The Hill. https:// thehill.com/regulation/321644-construction-of-trumps-wall-attracts-bids-from-225-companies
  • Di Cintio, M. (2013). Walls: Travels along the barricades. Soft Skull Press.
  • Digidiki, V., & Bhabha, J. (2020, Şubat 7). Greece’s proposed ‘floating wall’ shows the failure of EU migration policies. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/07/greece-floating-walleu-refugees-migrant-policy
  • Flores, E. (2017). Walls of Seperation: An Analysis of Three “succesful” Border Walls. Harward International Review, 38(3), 10-12.
  • Foucault, M. (1990). The history of sexuality (Vintage Books ed). Vintage Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1991). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (Reprint). Penguin Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1994). The birth of the clinic: An archaeology of medical perception. Vintage Books.
  • Foucault, M. (2004). Toplumu savunmak gerekir = Il faut défendre la société (Ş. Aktaş, Çev.). YKY.
  • Frye, D. (2018). Walls: A history of civilization in blood and brick (First Scribner hardcover edition). Scribner.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1989). The End of History? The National Interest, 16, 3-18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027184
  • Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı. (2022). Yıllara Göre Geçici Koruma Kapsamındaki Suriyeliler. https://www.goc.gov.tr/ gecici-koruma5638
  • Gökalp Aras, N. E. (2014). Biyopolitik Bir Nüfus Politikası Olarak Avrupa Birliği’nin Düzensiz Göç Rejimi ve Sınırlarda Ölüm Siyaseti. Nüfus Bilim Dergisi, 36, 67-102.
  • Grün, Gianna-Carina. (2021). As migration is rising, so are border barriers. Deutche Welle. https://p.dw.com/ p/3yv5t.
  • Hjelmgraad, K. (2018). Border walls: 77 walls or fences around world, many erected since 9/11. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/05/24/border-walls-berlin-wall-donald-trumpwall/553250002/
  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (2012). Kısa 20. yüzyıl: Aşırılıklar çağı 1914-1991 (Y. Alogan, Çev.). Everest Yayınları.
  • İçduygu, A., Erder, S., & Gençkaya, Ö. F. (2014). Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Göç Politikaları, 1923-2023: Ulusdevlet Oluşumundan Ulus-Ötesi Dönüşümlere [MiReKoc Araştırma Raporları 1/2014]. Koç Üniversitesi
  • Göç Araştırmalar Merkezi. https://mirekoc.ku.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Tu%CC%88rkiyeninUluslararas%C4%B1-Go%CC%88c%CC%A7-Politikalar%C4%B1-1923-2023_-.pdf
  • Jones, R. (2012). Border walls: Security and the war on terror in the United States, India and Israel. Zed Books.
  • Karabulut, B. (2021). "Uluslararası İlişkiler Kuramlarının Güvenlik Yaklaşımları: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz". Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5 (1), ss. 51-87.
  • Kershner, I. (2005). Barrier: The seam of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (1st ed). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kicinger, A. (2004). International migration as a non-traditional security threat and the EU responses to this phenomenon. Central European Forum for Migration Research.
  • Kirişçi, K., & Karaca, S. (2016). Hoşgörü ve Çelişkiler: 1989, 1991 ve 2011’de Türkiye’ye Yönelen Kitlesel Mülteci Akınları. İçinde A. Kaya & M. M. Erdoğan (Ed.), Türkiye’nin Göç Tarihi 14. Yüzyıldan 21. Yüzyıla Türkiye’ye Göçler (2. Baskı, ss. 295-314). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Langerbein, H. (2009). Great Blunders?: The Great Wall of China, the Berlin Wall, and the Proposed United States/Mexico Border Fence. The History Teacher, 43(1), 9-29.
  • Linebarger, C., & Braithwaite, A. (2020). Do Walls Work? The Effectiveness of Border Barriers in Containing the Cross-Border Spread of Violent Militancy. International Studies Quarterly, 64(3), 487-498. https://doi. org/10.1093/isq/sqaa035
  • Loftus, B. (2015). Border regimes and the sociology of policing. Policing and Society, 25(1), 115-125. https://doi. org/10.1080/10439463.2013.802788
  • Lyman, R. (2015, Nisan 6). Bulgaria Puts Up a New Wall, but This One Keeps People Out. The New York Times.
  • https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/06/world/europe/bulgaria-puts-up-a-new-wall-but-this-one-keepspeople-out.html Major, P. (2010). Behind the Berlin Wall: East Germany and the frontiers of power. Oxford University Press.
  • Marzęda-Młynarska, K. (2016, Haziran 23). Non-Traditional Security Challenges And Regional Governance: Eu And Asean Answers to The Migration Crisis. CEEISA-ISA Conference 2016, Ljubljana.
  • Masys, A. J. (2016). Manufactured Risk, Complexity and Non-traditional Security: From World Risk Society to a Networked Risk Model. Içinde A. J. Masys (Ed.), Exploring the Security Landscape: Non-Traditional Security Challenges (ss. 313-325). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27914-5_15
  • Mbembe, A. (2018, Kasım 11). The idea of a borderless world. Africa Is a Country. https://africasacountry. com/2018/11/the-idea-of-a-borderless-world
  • Meyer, M. (2015, Kasım 6). Günter Schabowski, the Man Who Opened the Wall. New York Times. https://www. nytimes.com/2015/11/07/opinion/gnter-schabowski-the-man-who-opened-the-wall.html
  • Milliyet. (1988, Eylül 4). Irak’tan Türkiye’ye Bomba.
  • Milliyet. (1991a, Nisan 4). Saddam’a Yaptırım Bekliyoruz.
  • Milliyet. (1991b, Nisan 5). Batı’dan Türkiye’ye gözdağı:"Kürtlere sınırı aç".
  • Moraczewska, A. (2010). The changing interpretation of border functions in international relations. Revista Română de Geografie Politică, 12(2). http://rrgp.uoradea.ro/2010_2.html
  • Mortimer, C. (2015). Bulgaria builds final part of razor wire fence to keep out refugees. The Independent. https:// www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-builds-final-part-razor-wire-fence-keep-outrefugees-10437962.html
  • Moulson, G. (2015, Kasım 2). Günter Schabowski: Political spokesman whose 1989 press conference hastened the fall of the Berlin Wall. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/g-nter-schabowskipolitical-spokesman-whose-1989-press-conference-hastened-the-fall-of-the-berlin-a6718601.html
  • Muna, R. (2006). Securitizing Small Arms and Drug Trafficking in Indonesia. İçinde Non-Traditional Security in Asia. Routledge.
  • Murray-Chandler, L. A. (2009). Agent and subject of discipline: How the novice teacher experiences the techniques of power [Master Thesis, University of Nevada Las Vegas]. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/ thesesdissertations/949
  • Nail, T. (2013). The Crossroads of Power: Michel Foucault and the US/Mexico Border Wall. Foucault Studies, 110- 128. https://doi.org/10.22439/fs.v0i15.3993
  • Nielsen, N. (2012). Fortress Europe: A Greek wall close up. EUobserver. https://euobserver.com/fortresseu/118565
  • NTV. (2021). İran sınırına 43 kilometre beton duvar örüldü. https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/iran-sinirina43-kilometre-beton-duvar-oruldu,Hf5MlWqR1E6FHNldfMckJQ Ohmae, K. (1989, Mayıs 1). Managing in a Borderless World. Harvard Business Review, May–June 1989, 152-161. https://hbr.org/1989/05/managing-in-a-borderless-world
  • Özdel, G. (2012). Foucault Bağlamında İktidarın Görünmezliği Ve “Panoptikon” İle “İktidarın Gözü” Göstergeleri. The Turkish Online Journal Of Design, Art And Communication, 2(1), 22-29. https://doi. org/10.7456/10201100/003
  • Öztığ, L. İ. (2016, Ocak 28). 1988-1991 Kuzey Irak Sığınmacı Krizi. Türk Dış Politikası Kriz İncelemeleri. http:// tdpkrizleri.org/index.php/1988-1991-irakl-s-g-nmac-lar-krizi
  • Reuters. (2015, Ocak 14). Bulgaria to extend fence at Turkish border to bar refugee influx. Reuters. https://www. reuters.com/article/us-bulgaria-turkey-fence-idUSKBN0KN1JG20150114
  • Reuters. (2020, Ocak 30). Greece wants floating fence to keep migrants out. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/ article/us-europe-migrants-greece-barrier-idUSKBN1ZT0W5
  • Rottman, G. L., & Taylor, C. (2008). The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border, 1961-89. Osprey.
  • Rousseau, J.-J. (1913). The Social Contract: And, Discourses. Dent.
  • Saddiki, S. (2017). World of Walls: The Structure, Roles and Effectiveness of Separation Barriers. Open Book Publishers. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0121
  • Schick, J. M. (2016). The Berlin Crisis, 1958-1962. University of Pennsylvania Press. https://www.degruyter.com/ doc/cover/9781512806465.jpg
  • Sferrazza Papa, E. C. (2018). What is a wall?: Towards an ontology of political artefacts. Rivista di estetica, 67, 80-96. https://doi.org/10.4000/estetica.2645
  • Sheridan, C. (2016). Foucault, Power and the Modern Panopticon [Senior Theses, Trinity College]. https:// digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/548
  • Sonnevend, J. (2016). Stories without borders: The Berlin Wall and the making of a global iconic event. Oxford University Press.
  • Sperber, E. (2017). The Concept of the Wall. Truthout. https://truthout.org/articles/the-concept-of-the-wall/ Sun-Tzu. (2008). Savaş Sanatı (A. Demir, Çev.; 3. Baskı). Kastaş Yayınları.
  • Taylor, F. (2011). The Berlin Wall: A world divided, 1961 - 1989 (1. Harper Perennial ed., [Nachdr.]). Harper Perennial.
  • Thucydides. (1972). History of the Peloponnesian War ([Rev. ed). Penguin Books.
  • Thucydides. (2009). The Peloponnesian War (M. Hammond & P. J. Rhodes, Çev.). Oxford University Press. TOKİ. (2017, Şubat). Sınır duvarı inşaatı tüm hızıyla sürüyor. toki.gov.tr. https://toki.gov.tr/haber/sinir-duvariinsaati-tum-hiziyla-suruyor
  • Ulusoy, O., Baldwin-Edwards, M., & Last, T. (2019). Border policies and migrant deaths at the Turkish-Greek border. New Perspectives on Turkey, 60, 3-32. https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2019.2
  • Upadhyaya, P. (2006). Securitization Matrix in South Asia: Bangladeshi Migrants as Enemy Alien. İçinde M. Caballero-Anthony, R. Emmers, & A. Acharya (Ed.), Non-Traditional Security in Asia: Dilemmas in Securitization. Routledge.
  • Ünay, H. (2020). Düzensiz Göçmenlerin Sınırı Geçme Deneyimleri ve Kararlılıklarının Analizi: Pazarkule Sınır Kapısı Örneği [GAV Çalışma Raporları]. Göç Araştırmaları Vakfı.
  • Vallet, É. (Ed.). (2014). Borders, fences and walls: State of insecurity? Ashgate.
  • Yeşiltaş, M., Özdemir, Ö. B., Öncel, R., Düz, S., & Öztürk, B. (2016). Sınırdaki düşman Türkiye’nin DAİŞ mücadelesi. SETA/Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı.
  • Yüzbaşıoğlu, N. (2019, Kasım 4). 4 Soruda Bulgaristan’dan zorunlu göç. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/4- soruda-bulgaristandan-zorunlu-goc/1634850
Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 10 - 37, 29.04.2022

Abstract

References

  • Adamson, F. B. (2006). Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security. International Security, 31(1), 165-199. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4137542
  • Akkerman, M. (2019). The Business of Building Walls. Research Report. Centre Delàs d’Estudis per la Pau.
  • Aras, R. (2020). The wall: The making and unmaking of the Turkish-Syrian border. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Arıboğan, D. Ü. (2017). Duvar. İstanbul: İnkılâp Yayınevi.
  • Atkinson, M. (2016). Barbed-wire borders in the Middle East. Middle East Eye. http://www.middleeasteye.net/ features/barbed-wire-borders-middle-east
  • BBC. (2021, Ağustos 21). Greece finishes fence at Turkey border amid warnings of Afghan migrant surge. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-58289893
  • Baylis, J. (2008). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güvenlik Kavramı. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 5(18), ss. 69-85.
  • Becker, J. (2018). Speaking to The Wall: Reconceptualizing the US–Mexico Border “Wall” from the Perspective of a Realist and Constructivist Theoretical Framework in International Relations. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2018.1482775
  • Benedicto, A. R., Akkerman, M., & Brunet, P. (2020). Walled World Towards a Global Apertheid. Centre Delas Reports. Centre Delàs d’Estudis per la Pau. https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/informe46_ walledwolrd_centredelas_tni_stopwapenhandel_stopthewall_eng_def.pdf
  • Benedicto, A. R., & Brunet, P. (2018). Building Walls: Fear and Securitizaiton in European Union (s. 58). Research Report. Centre Delàs d’Estudis per la Pau.
  • Benek, S. (2016). Historical Background of Turkey-Syria Relations in the Term of Social Geograpy. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(1), 171-192. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.256743
  • Bentham, J. (2008). Panoptikon: Gözün iktidarı (B. Çoban & Z. Özarslan, Çev.). Su Yayınları.
  • Bissonnette, A., & Vallet, É. (Ed.). (2021). Borders and border walls: İn-security, symbolism, vulnerabilities. Routledge.
  • Brown, Wendy. (2011). Yükselen Duvarlar Zayıflayan Egemenlik. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Caballero-Anthony, M. (2016). Understanding Non-traditional Security. An Introduction to Non-Traditional Security Studies: A Transnational Approach (ss. 3-19). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473972308
  • Caballero-Anthony, M. (2017). From Comprehensive Security to Regional Resilience: Coping with Nontraditional Security Challenges. A. Baviera & L. Maramis (Ed.), Building ASEAN community: Political-security and socio-cultural reflection. Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia.
  • Caballero-Anthony, M., & Emmers, R. (2006). Understanding the Dynamics of Securitizing Non-Traditional Security. Non-Traditional Security in Asia. Routledge. IJHM, 2022; 2 (1): 10-37
  • Carter, D. B., & Poast, P. (2017). Why Do States Build Walls? Political Economy, Security, and Border Stability. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(2), 239-270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715596776
  • Chaichian, M. A. (2015). Empires and walls: Globalization, migration, and colonial domination (Haymarket Books).
  • Cook, A. (2017). Non-traditional Security and World Politics. M. Beeson & N. Bisley (Ed.), Issues in 21st century world politics (3rd ed). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Cumhuriyet. (1988, Eylül 4). Kürtlere “çadırkent”.
  • Cumhuriyet. (1989, Ağustos 22). Özal, “hepsini alırız” dedi, göçmen sayısı 300 bini aşınca sınırı kapattı. https:// www.cumhuriyetarsivi.com/katalog/192/sayfa/1989/8/22.xhtml
  • Curley, M. (2016). Migration and Movements of People. İçinde An Introduction to Non-Traditional Security Studies: A Transnational Approach (ss. 193-209). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473972308
  • Çalık, B. (2012, Ekim 16). Mülteci sayısı psikolojik sınırı aştı. Sabah. https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2012/10/16/ multeci-sayisi-psikolojik-siniri-asti
  • Delegation of the European Union to Turkey. (2019). EU Supports Stronger Border Management in Turkey.
  • Delegation of the European Union to Turkey. https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/eu-supports-stronger-bordermanagement-turkey-41
  • Devaney, T. (2017). More than 200 companies express interest in border wall construction. The Hill. https:// thehill.com/regulation/321644-construction-of-trumps-wall-attracts-bids-from-225-companies
  • Di Cintio, M. (2013). Walls: Travels along the barricades. Soft Skull Press.
  • Digidiki, V., & Bhabha, J. (2020, Şubat 7). Greece’s proposed ‘floating wall’ shows the failure of EU migration policies. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/07/greece-floating-walleu-refugees-migrant-policy
  • Flores, E. (2017). Walls of Seperation: An Analysis of Three “succesful” Border Walls. Harward International Review, 38(3), 10-12.
  • Foucault, M. (1990). The history of sexuality (Vintage Books ed). Vintage Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1991). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (Reprint). Penguin Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1994). The birth of the clinic: An archaeology of medical perception. Vintage Books.
  • Foucault, M. (2004). Toplumu savunmak gerekir = Il faut défendre la société (Ş. Aktaş, Çev.). YKY.
  • Frye, D. (2018). Walls: A history of civilization in blood and brick (First Scribner hardcover edition). Scribner.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1989). The End of History? The National Interest, 16, 3-18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027184
  • Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı. (2022). Yıllara Göre Geçici Koruma Kapsamındaki Suriyeliler. https://www.goc.gov.tr/ gecici-koruma5638
  • Gökalp Aras, N. E. (2014). Biyopolitik Bir Nüfus Politikası Olarak Avrupa Birliği’nin Düzensiz Göç Rejimi ve Sınırlarda Ölüm Siyaseti. Nüfus Bilim Dergisi, 36, 67-102.
  • Grün, Gianna-Carina. (2021). As migration is rising, so are border barriers. Deutche Welle. https://p.dw.com/ p/3yv5t.
  • Hjelmgraad, K. (2018). Border walls: 77 walls or fences around world, many erected since 9/11. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/05/24/border-walls-berlin-wall-donald-trumpwall/553250002/
  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (2012). Kısa 20. yüzyıl: Aşırılıklar çağı 1914-1991 (Y. Alogan, Çev.). Everest Yayınları.
  • İçduygu, A., Erder, S., & Gençkaya, Ö. F. (2014). Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Göç Politikaları, 1923-2023: Ulusdevlet Oluşumundan Ulus-Ötesi Dönüşümlere [MiReKoc Araştırma Raporları 1/2014]. Koç Üniversitesi
  • Göç Araştırmalar Merkezi. https://mirekoc.ku.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Tu%CC%88rkiyeninUluslararas%C4%B1-Go%CC%88c%CC%A7-Politikalar%C4%B1-1923-2023_-.pdf
  • Jones, R. (2012). Border walls: Security and the war on terror in the United States, India and Israel. Zed Books.
  • Karabulut, B. (2021). "Uluslararası İlişkiler Kuramlarının Güvenlik Yaklaşımları: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz". Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5 (1), ss. 51-87.
  • Kershner, I. (2005). Barrier: The seam of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (1st ed). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kicinger, A. (2004). International migration as a non-traditional security threat and the EU responses to this phenomenon. Central European Forum for Migration Research.
  • Kirişçi, K., & Karaca, S. (2016). Hoşgörü ve Çelişkiler: 1989, 1991 ve 2011’de Türkiye’ye Yönelen Kitlesel Mülteci Akınları. İçinde A. Kaya & M. M. Erdoğan (Ed.), Türkiye’nin Göç Tarihi 14. Yüzyıldan 21. Yüzyıla Türkiye’ye Göçler (2. Baskı, ss. 295-314). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Langerbein, H. (2009). Great Blunders?: The Great Wall of China, the Berlin Wall, and the Proposed United States/Mexico Border Fence. The History Teacher, 43(1), 9-29.
  • Linebarger, C., & Braithwaite, A. (2020). Do Walls Work? The Effectiveness of Border Barriers in Containing the Cross-Border Spread of Violent Militancy. International Studies Quarterly, 64(3), 487-498. https://doi. org/10.1093/isq/sqaa035
  • Loftus, B. (2015). Border regimes and the sociology of policing. Policing and Society, 25(1), 115-125. https://doi. org/10.1080/10439463.2013.802788
  • Lyman, R. (2015, Nisan 6). Bulgaria Puts Up a New Wall, but This One Keeps People Out. The New York Times.
  • https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/06/world/europe/bulgaria-puts-up-a-new-wall-but-this-one-keepspeople-out.html Major, P. (2010). Behind the Berlin Wall: East Germany and the frontiers of power. Oxford University Press.
  • Marzęda-Młynarska, K. (2016, Haziran 23). Non-Traditional Security Challenges And Regional Governance: Eu And Asean Answers to The Migration Crisis. CEEISA-ISA Conference 2016, Ljubljana.
  • Masys, A. J. (2016). Manufactured Risk, Complexity and Non-traditional Security: From World Risk Society to a Networked Risk Model. Içinde A. J. Masys (Ed.), Exploring the Security Landscape: Non-Traditional Security Challenges (ss. 313-325). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27914-5_15
  • Mbembe, A. (2018, Kasım 11). The idea of a borderless world. Africa Is a Country. https://africasacountry. com/2018/11/the-idea-of-a-borderless-world
  • Meyer, M. (2015, Kasım 6). Günter Schabowski, the Man Who Opened the Wall. New York Times. https://www. nytimes.com/2015/11/07/opinion/gnter-schabowski-the-man-who-opened-the-wall.html
  • Milliyet. (1988, Eylül 4). Irak’tan Türkiye’ye Bomba.
  • Milliyet. (1991a, Nisan 4). Saddam’a Yaptırım Bekliyoruz.
  • Milliyet. (1991b, Nisan 5). Batı’dan Türkiye’ye gözdağı:"Kürtlere sınırı aç".
  • Moraczewska, A. (2010). The changing interpretation of border functions in international relations. Revista Română de Geografie Politică, 12(2). http://rrgp.uoradea.ro/2010_2.html
  • Mortimer, C. (2015). Bulgaria builds final part of razor wire fence to keep out refugees. The Independent. https:// www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-builds-final-part-razor-wire-fence-keep-outrefugees-10437962.html
  • Moulson, G. (2015, Kasım 2). Günter Schabowski: Political spokesman whose 1989 press conference hastened the fall of the Berlin Wall. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/g-nter-schabowskipolitical-spokesman-whose-1989-press-conference-hastened-the-fall-of-the-berlin-a6718601.html
  • Muna, R. (2006). Securitizing Small Arms and Drug Trafficking in Indonesia. İçinde Non-Traditional Security in Asia. Routledge.
  • Murray-Chandler, L. A. (2009). Agent and subject of discipline: How the novice teacher experiences the techniques of power [Master Thesis, University of Nevada Las Vegas]. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/ thesesdissertations/949
  • Nail, T. (2013). The Crossroads of Power: Michel Foucault and the US/Mexico Border Wall. Foucault Studies, 110- 128. https://doi.org/10.22439/fs.v0i15.3993
  • Nielsen, N. (2012). Fortress Europe: A Greek wall close up. EUobserver. https://euobserver.com/fortresseu/118565
  • NTV. (2021). İran sınırına 43 kilometre beton duvar örüldü. https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/iran-sinirina43-kilometre-beton-duvar-oruldu,Hf5MlWqR1E6FHNldfMckJQ Ohmae, K. (1989, Mayıs 1). Managing in a Borderless World. Harvard Business Review, May–June 1989, 152-161. https://hbr.org/1989/05/managing-in-a-borderless-world
  • Özdel, G. (2012). Foucault Bağlamında İktidarın Görünmezliği Ve “Panoptikon” İle “İktidarın Gözü” Göstergeleri. The Turkish Online Journal Of Design, Art And Communication, 2(1), 22-29. https://doi. org/10.7456/10201100/003
  • Öztığ, L. İ. (2016, Ocak 28). 1988-1991 Kuzey Irak Sığınmacı Krizi. Türk Dış Politikası Kriz İncelemeleri. http:// tdpkrizleri.org/index.php/1988-1991-irakl-s-g-nmac-lar-krizi
  • Reuters. (2015, Ocak 14). Bulgaria to extend fence at Turkish border to bar refugee influx. Reuters. https://www. reuters.com/article/us-bulgaria-turkey-fence-idUSKBN0KN1JG20150114
  • Reuters. (2020, Ocak 30). Greece wants floating fence to keep migrants out. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/ article/us-europe-migrants-greece-barrier-idUSKBN1ZT0W5
  • Rottman, G. L., & Taylor, C. (2008). The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border, 1961-89. Osprey.
  • Rousseau, J.-J. (1913). The Social Contract: And, Discourses. Dent.
  • Saddiki, S. (2017). World of Walls: The Structure, Roles and Effectiveness of Separation Barriers. Open Book Publishers. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0121
  • Schick, J. M. (2016). The Berlin Crisis, 1958-1962. University of Pennsylvania Press. https://www.degruyter.com/ doc/cover/9781512806465.jpg
  • Sferrazza Papa, E. C. (2018). What is a wall?: Towards an ontology of political artefacts. Rivista di estetica, 67, 80-96. https://doi.org/10.4000/estetica.2645
  • Sheridan, C. (2016). Foucault, Power and the Modern Panopticon [Senior Theses, Trinity College]. https:// digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/548
  • Sonnevend, J. (2016). Stories without borders: The Berlin Wall and the making of a global iconic event. Oxford University Press.
  • Sperber, E. (2017). The Concept of the Wall. Truthout. https://truthout.org/articles/the-concept-of-the-wall/ Sun-Tzu. (2008). Savaş Sanatı (A. Demir, Çev.; 3. Baskı). Kastaş Yayınları.
  • Taylor, F. (2011). The Berlin Wall: A world divided, 1961 - 1989 (1. Harper Perennial ed., [Nachdr.]). Harper Perennial.
  • Thucydides. (1972). History of the Peloponnesian War ([Rev. ed). Penguin Books.
  • Thucydides. (2009). The Peloponnesian War (M. Hammond & P. J. Rhodes, Çev.). Oxford University Press. TOKİ. (2017, Şubat). Sınır duvarı inşaatı tüm hızıyla sürüyor. toki.gov.tr. https://toki.gov.tr/haber/sinir-duvariinsaati-tum-hiziyla-suruyor
  • Ulusoy, O., Baldwin-Edwards, M., & Last, T. (2019). Border policies and migrant deaths at the Turkish-Greek border. New Perspectives on Turkey, 60, 3-32. https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2019.2
  • Upadhyaya, P. (2006). Securitization Matrix in South Asia: Bangladeshi Migrants as Enemy Alien. İçinde M. Caballero-Anthony, R. Emmers, & A. Acharya (Ed.), Non-Traditional Security in Asia: Dilemmas in Securitization. Routledge.
  • Ünay, H. (2020). Düzensiz Göçmenlerin Sınırı Geçme Deneyimleri ve Kararlılıklarının Analizi: Pazarkule Sınır Kapısı Örneği [GAV Çalışma Raporları]. Göç Araştırmaları Vakfı.
  • Vallet, É. (Ed.). (2014). Borders, fences and walls: State of insecurity? Ashgate.
  • Yeşiltaş, M., Özdemir, Ö. B., Öncel, R., Düz, S., & Öztürk, B. (2016). Sınırdaki düşman Türkiye’nin DAİŞ mücadelesi. SETA/Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı.
  • Yüzbaşıoğlu, N. (2019, Kasım 4). 4 Soruda Bulgaristan’dan zorunlu göç. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/4- soruda-bulgaristandan-zorunlu-goc/1634850
There are 89 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Migration Sociology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hakan Ünay 0000-0001-7040-5570

Publication Date April 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ünay, H. (2022). Sınırsız Dünyadan Duvarlı Dünyaya: Göçe Karşı İnşa Edilen Sınır Duvarları Üzerine Türkiye Merkezli Bir Değerlendirme. İnsan Hareketliliği Uluslararası Dergisi, 2(1), 10-37.