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Sığınmacı ve Mültecilerle Çalışanlarda Psikolojik Sağlık Üzerine Bir Derleme

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 72 - 87, 29.04.2022

Abstract

Literatürde mültecilerle çalışmanın, çalışan kişilerin psikolojik sağlığı üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olduğunu gösteren birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmaların çoğunluğunu İkincil Travma (İT) ve Dolaylı Travma (DT) çalışmaları oluşturmaktadır. Bunun yanında, mültecilerle çalışanlarda anksiyete, depresyon ve tükenmişlik gibi psikolojik zorlukların görüldüğüne dair çalışmalar da yer almaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı, İT, DT, anksiyete, depresyon ve tükenmişlik kavramlarını açıklamak, mültecilerle çalışanlarda bu psikolojik zorlukların görülme sıklığını raporlamış olan çalışmaların bir derlemesini sunmak ve bu psikolojik problemlerin gelişmesinde rol oynayan risk faktörlerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu derlemenin, özellikle Türkiye gibi fazla sayıda mülteciye ev sahipliği yapan ülkelerde mültecilerle çalışanların yaşadığı zorluklara dikkat çekmek ve bu hususta devlet kurumlarının ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının bu kişilere yönelik müdahale çalışmaları geliştirmelerinin önemini vurgulamak açısından önemli bir kaynak olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Acar, Z. (2021). Mülteci ve Sığınmacılarla Çalışan Meslek Elemanlarında Depresyon Düzeyi, Stres ve Tükenmişlik Belirtilerinin Psikososyal Risk Faktörlerinin İncelenmesi. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi] Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Ager, A., Pasha, E., Yu, G., Duke, T., Eriksson, C., & Cardozo, B. L. (2012). Stress, mental health, and burnout in national humanitarian aid workers in Gulu, Northern Uganda. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(6), 713–720. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21764
  • Alqudah, A. F. (2020). The handbook on staff-care and self-care for the Ministry of Health in the context of the health care system. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit [German Society for International Cooperation]. https://www.giz.de/de/downloads/Handbook%20Self%20Care%20and%20 Staff%20Care%20English%202020.pdf
  • APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). Washington D.C, American Psychiatric Association.
  • Aparacio, E., Michalopoulos, L. M., & Unick, G. J. (2013). An examination of the psychometric properties of the vicarious trauma scale in a sample of licensed social workers. Health and Social Work, 38(4), 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlt017
  • Berger, R. (2015). Stress, trauma, and posttraumatic growth: Social context, environment, and identities. Routledge.
  • Brooks, M.A., Dasgupta, A., Taşğın, N.Ş. et al. Secondary Traumatic Stress, Depression, and Anxiety Symptoms Among Service Providers Working with Syrian Refugees in Istanbul, Turkey. J Immigrant Minority Health (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-022-01344-6
  • Borho, A., Georgiadou, E., Grimm, T., Morawa, E., Silbermann, A., Nißlbeck, W., & Erim, Y. (2019). Professional and volunteer refugee aid workers–depressive symptoms and their predictors, experienced traumatic events, PTSD, burdens, engagement motivators and support needs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(22), 4542.
  • Branson, D. C. (2019). Vicarious trauma, themes in research, and terminology: A review of the literature. Traumatology, 25(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000161
  • Bride, B. E. (2007). Prevalence of secondary traumatic stress among social workers. Social Work, 52(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/52.1.63
  • Bride, B. E., Robinson, M. M., Yegidis, B., & Figley, C. R. (2004). Development and validation of the secondary traumatic stress scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 14(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731503254106
  • Briere, J. N., & Scott, C. (2014). Principles of trauma therapy: A guide to symptoms, evaluation, and treatment (DSM-5 update). Sage Publications.
  • Bryant, R. A. (2019). Post-traumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-art review of evidence and challenges. World Psychiatry, 18(3), 259-269.
  • Chatzea, V. E., Sifaki-Pistolla, D., Vlachaki, S. A., Melidoniotis, E., & Pistolla, G. (2018). PTSD, burnout and wellbeing among rescue workers: Seeking to understand the impact of the European refugee crisis on rescuers. Psychiatry Research, 262, 446-451.
  • Çırakoğlu O. C. ve Kahil, A. (2018) Mülteci psikolojik sağlığı. İçağasıoğulları Çoban A. ve Attepe Özden, A. (ed.), Psikiyatrik sosyal hizmet içinde (283-296). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık
  • Denkinger, J. K., Windthorst, P., Rometsch-Ogioun El Sount, C., Blume, M., Sedik, H., Kizilhan, J. I., Gibbons, N., Pham, P., Hillebrecht, J., Ateia, N., Nikendei, C., Zipfel, S., & Junne, F. (2018). Secondary traumatization in caregivers working with women and children who suffered extreme violence by the “Islamic State.” Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00234
  • Ebren, G., Demircioğlu, M., & Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2022). A neglected aspect of refugee relief works: Secondary and vicarious traumatic stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22796
  • Engstrom, D. W., Roth, T., & Hollis, J. (2010). The use of interpreters by torture treatment providers. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 19(1), 54–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313200903547749
  • Eriksson, C. B., Lopes Cardozo, B., Ghitis, F., Sabin, M., Gotway Crawford, C., Zhu, J., ... & Kaiser, R. (2013). Factors associated with adverse mental health outcomes in locally recruited aid workers assisting Iraqi refugees in Jordan. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 22(6), 660-680.
  • Espinosa, A., Akinsulure-Smith, A. M., & Chu, T. (2019). Trait emotional intelligence, coping, and occupational distress among resettlement workers. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(1), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000377
  • Figley, C. R. (Ed.). (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress in those who treat the traumatized. Brunner/Mazel, Publishers.
  • Foo, C. Y., Verdeli, H., & Tay, A. K. (2021). Humanizing work: Occupational mental health of humanitarian aid workers. In W. Tony, C. L. Cooper & B. Paula (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of organizational wellbeing (p. 318).
  • Forneris, C. A., Gartlehner, G., Brownley, K. A., Gaynes, B. N., Sonis, J., Coker-Schwimmer, E., ... & Lohr, K. N. (2013). Interventions to prevent post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(6), 635-650.
  • Harris, L. M., & Mellinger, H. (2021). Asylum attorney burnout and secondary trauma. Wake Forest Law Review, 56(4).
  • Harrison, R. L., & Westwood, M. J. (2009). Preventing vicarious traumatization of mental health therapists:
  • Identifying protective practices. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46(2), 203–219. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016081
  • Hensel, J. M., Ruiz, C., Finney, C., & Dewa, C. S. (2015). Meta-analysis of risk factors for secondary traumatic stress in therapeutic work with trauma victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(2), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jts.21998
  • Iqbal, A. (2015). The ethical considerations of counselling psychologists working with trauma: Is there a risk of vicarious traumatisation. Counselling Psychology Review, 30(1), 44–51.
  • Jachens, L., Houdmont, J., & Thomas, R. (2018). Work-related stress in a humanitarian context: a qualitative investigation. Disasters, 42(4), 619-634.
  • Jobst, E., Gall, C., Eiche, C., Birkholz, T., & Prottengeier, J. (2018). Do good, stay well. Well-being and work satisfaction among German refugee helpers: A national cross-sectional study. PloS one, 13(12), e0209697.
  • Kafes, A. Y. (2021). Depresyon ve anksiyete bozuklukları üzerine bir bakış. Humanistic Perspective, 3(1), 186-194.
  • Killian, K. D. (2008). Helping till it hurts? A multimethod study of compassion fatigue, burnout, and self-care in clinicians working with trauma survivors. Traumatology, 14(2), 32–44. https://doi. org/10.1177%2F1534765608319083
  • Kim, Y. J. (2017). Secondary traumatic stress and burnout of North Korean refugees service providers. Psychiatry Investigation, 14(2), 118.
  • Kindermann, D., Sanzenbacher, M., Nagy, E., Greinacher, A., Cranz, A., Nikendei, A., Friedrich, H. C., & Nikendei, C. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of secondary traumatic stress in emergency call-takers and dispatchers–A cross-sectional study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1799478. doi.org/1 0.1080/20008198.2020.1799478.
  • Kumar, M., & Fonagy, P. (2013). Differential effects of exposure to social violence and natural disaster on children's mental health. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(6), 695–702. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21874 Lusk, M., & Terrazas, S. (2015). Secondary trauma among caregivers who work with Mexican and Central American refugees. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 37(2), 257–273. https://doi. org/10.1177%2F0739986315578842 Manning, D., & Preston, A. (2003). Organizational stress: Focusing on ways to minimize Distress. Cupa HR Journal, 54, 15-18.
  • McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(1), 131–149.
  • Merrell, H. (2013). Dissociation Differences Between Human-made Trauma and Natural Disaster Trauma. [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. George Fox Üniversitesi
  • Micale, M. (1994). Charcot and les névroses traumatiques: historical and scientific reflections. Revue Neurologique, 150(8-9), 498-505.
  • Miller, K. E., Martell, Z. L., Pazdirek, L., Caruth, M., & Lopez, D. (2005). The role of interpreters in psychotherapy with refugees: An exploratory study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(1), 27–39. https://doi. org/10.1037/0002-9432.75.1.27
  • Mishori, R., Mujawar, I., & Ravi, N. (2014). Self-reported vicarious trauma in asylum evaluators: A preliminary survey. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 16(6), 1232–1237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-013- 9958-6
  • Pıçakçıefe, M. (2010). Çalışma yaşamı ve anksiyete. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni, 9(4), 367-369. Possick, C., Waisbrod, N., & Buchbinder, E. (2015). The dialectic of chaos and control in the experience of therapists who work with sexually abused children. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 24(7), 816–836. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1057667
  • Rizkalla, N., & Segal, S. P. (2019). Trauma during humanitarian work: the effects on intimacy, wellbeing and PTSD-symptoms. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1679065.
  • Roberts, F., Teague, B., Lee, J., & Rushworth, I. (2021). The prevalence of burnout and secondary traumatic stress in professionals and volunteers working with forcibly displaced people: A systematic review and two meta-analyses. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 34(4), 773–785. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22659
  • Sağaltıcı, E., Cetinkaya, M., Nielsen, S. Y., Sahin, S. K., Gulen, B., & Altindag, A. (2022). Identified predictors and levels of burnout among staff workers in a refugee camp of first immigrant group: A cross-sectional study. Medicine, 11(1), 135-41.
  • Turgut, İ. (2014). Travma Mağduru Mültecilerle Çalışan Meslek Elemanlarının Ruhsal Sorunları Üzerine Karşılaştırma Gruplu Bir Değerlendirme Çalışması [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Haliç Üniversitesi.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2016). Staff wellbeing and mental health. https://www.unhcr. org/56e2dfa09.pdf
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2020). Refugee data finder. Retrieved February 21, 2022, from https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/
  • Ünal, Y., Kara, K., Calayır, A., Önder, E., Uygun, E. ve Aker, A. T. (2017). Türkiye’de yaşayan Suriyeli mültecilere psikososyal destek sunan insani yardım çalışanlarının yaşam kalitesi düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. [Poster sunumu].
  • Welton-Mitchell, C. E. (2013) UNHCR’s mental health and psychosocial support. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
  • World Health Organization (2019). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/
  • Živanović, M., & Vukčević Marković, M. (2020). Latent structure of secondary traumatic stress, its precursors, and effects on people working with refugees. PLoS One, 15(10), e0241545. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0241545
Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 72 - 87, 29.04.2022

Abstract

References

  • Acar, Z. (2021). Mülteci ve Sığınmacılarla Çalışan Meslek Elemanlarında Depresyon Düzeyi, Stres ve Tükenmişlik Belirtilerinin Psikososyal Risk Faktörlerinin İncelenmesi. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi] Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Ager, A., Pasha, E., Yu, G., Duke, T., Eriksson, C., & Cardozo, B. L. (2012). Stress, mental health, and burnout in national humanitarian aid workers in Gulu, Northern Uganda. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(6), 713–720. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21764
  • Alqudah, A. F. (2020). The handbook on staff-care and self-care for the Ministry of Health in the context of the health care system. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit [German Society for International Cooperation]. https://www.giz.de/de/downloads/Handbook%20Self%20Care%20and%20 Staff%20Care%20English%202020.pdf
  • APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). Washington D.C, American Psychiatric Association.
  • Aparacio, E., Michalopoulos, L. M., & Unick, G. J. (2013). An examination of the psychometric properties of the vicarious trauma scale in a sample of licensed social workers. Health and Social Work, 38(4), 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlt017
  • Berger, R. (2015). Stress, trauma, and posttraumatic growth: Social context, environment, and identities. Routledge.
  • Brooks, M.A., Dasgupta, A., Taşğın, N.Ş. et al. Secondary Traumatic Stress, Depression, and Anxiety Symptoms Among Service Providers Working with Syrian Refugees in Istanbul, Turkey. J Immigrant Minority Health (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-022-01344-6
  • Borho, A., Georgiadou, E., Grimm, T., Morawa, E., Silbermann, A., Nißlbeck, W., & Erim, Y. (2019). Professional and volunteer refugee aid workers–depressive symptoms and their predictors, experienced traumatic events, PTSD, burdens, engagement motivators and support needs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(22), 4542.
  • Branson, D. C. (2019). Vicarious trauma, themes in research, and terminology: A review of the literature. Traumatology, 25(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000161
  • Bride, B. E. (2007). Prevalence of secondary traumatic stress among social workers. Social Work, 52(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/52.1.63
  • Bride, B. E., Robinson, M. M., Yegidis, B., & Figley, C. R. (2004). Development and validation of the secondary traumatic stress scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 14(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731503254106
  • Briere, J. N., & Scott, C. (2014). Principles of trauma therapy: A guide to symptoms, evaluation, and treatment (DSM-5 update). Sage Publications.
  • Bryant, R. A. (2019). Post-traumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-art review of evidence and challenges. World Psychiatry, 18(3), 259-269.
  • Chatzea, V. E., Sifaki-Pistolla, D., Vlachaki, S. A., Melidoniotis, E., & Pistolla, G. (2018). PTSD, burnout and wellbeing among rescue workers: Seeking to understand the impact of the European refugee crisis on rescuers. Psychiatry Research, 262, 446-451.
  • Çırakoğlu O. C. ve Kahil, A. (2018) Mülteci psikolojik sağlığı. İçağasıoğulları Çoban A. ve Attepe Özden, A. (ed.), Psikiyatrik sosyal hizmet içinde (283-296). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık
  • Denkinger, J. K., Windthorst, P., Rometsch-Ogioun El Sount, C., Blume, M., Sedik, H., Kizilhan, J. I., Gibbons, N., Pham, P., Hillebrecht, J., Ateia, N., Nikendei, C., Zipfel, S., & Junne, F. (2018). Secondary traumatization in caregivers working with women and children who suffered extreme violence by the “Islamic State.” Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00234
  • Ebren, G., Demircioğlu, M., & Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2022). A neglected aspect of refugee relief works: Secondary and vicarious traumatic stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22796
  • Engstrom, D. W., Roth, T., & Hollis, J. (2010). The use of interpreters by torture treatment providers. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 19(1), 54–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313200903547749
  • Eriksson, C. B., Lopes Cardozo, B., Ghitis, F., Sabin, M., Gotway Crawford, C., Zhu, J., ... & Kaiser, R. (2013). Factors associated with adverse mental health outcomes in locally recruited aid workers assisting Iraqi refugees in Jordan. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 22(6), 660-680.
  • Espinosa, A., Akinsulure-Smith, A. M., & Chu, T. (2019). Trait emotional intelligence, coping, and occupational distress among resettlement workers. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(1), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000377
  • Figley, C. R. (Ed.). (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress in those who treat the traumatized. Brunner/Mazel, Publishers.
  • Foo, C. Y., Verdeli, H., & Tay, A. K. (2021). Humanizing work: Occupational mental health of humanitarian aid workers. In W. Tony, C. L. Cooper & B. Paula (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of organizational wellbeing (p. 318).
  • Forneris, C. A., Gartlehner, G., Brownley, K. A., Gaynes, B. N., Sonis, J., Coker-Schwimmer, E., ... & Lohr, K. N. (2013). Interventions to prevent post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(6), 635-650.
  • Harris, L. M., & Mellinger, H. (2021). Asylum attorney burnout and secondary trauma. Wake Forest Law Review, 56(4).
  • Harrison, R. L., & Westwood, M. J. (2009). Preventing vicarious traumatization of mental health therapists:
  • Identifying protective practices. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46(2), 203–219. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016081
  • Hensel, J. M., Ruiz, C., Finney, C., & Dewa, C. S. (2015). Meta-analysis of risk factors for secondary traumatic stress in therapeutic work with trauma victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(2), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jts.21998
  • Iqbal, A. (2015). The ethical considerations of counselling psychologists working with trauma: Is there a risk of vicarious traumatisation. Counselling Psychology Review, 30(1), 44–51.
  • Jachens, L., Houdmont, J., & Thomas, R. (2018). Work-related stress in a humanitarian context: a qualitative investigation. Disasters, 42(4), 619-634.
  • Jobst, E., Gall, C., Eiche, C., Birkholz, T., & Prottengeier, J. (2018). Do good, stay well. Well-being and work satisfaction among German refugee helpers: A national cross-sectional study. PloS one, 13(12), e0209697.
  • Kafes, A. Y. (2021). Depresyon ve anksiyete bozuklukları üzerine bir bakış. Humanistic Perspective, 3(1), 186-194.
  • Killian, K. D. (2008). Helping till it hurts? A multimethod study of compassion fatigue, burnout, and self-care in clinicians working with trauma survivors. Traumatology, 14(2), 32–44. https://doi. org/10.1177%2F1534765608319083
  • Kim, Y. J. (2017). Secondary traumatic stress and burnout of North Korean refugees service providers. Psychiatry Investigation, 14(2), 118.
  • Kindermann, D., Sanzenbacher, M., Nagy, E., Greinacher, A., Cranz, A., Nikendei, A., Friedrich, H. C., & Nikendei, C. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of secondary traumatic stress in emergency call-takers and dispatchers–A cross-sectional study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1799478. doi.org/1 0.1080/20008198.2020.1799478.
  • Kumar, M., & Fonagy, P. (2013). Differential effects of exposure to social violence and natural disaster on children's mental health. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(6), 695–702. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21874 Lusk, M., & Terrazas, S. (2015). Secondary trauma among caregivers who work with Mexican and Central American refugees. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 37(2), 257–273. https://doi. org/10.1177%2F0739986315578842 Manning, D., & Preston, A. (2003). Organizational stress: Focusing on ways to minimize Distress. Cupa HR Journal, 54, 15-18.
  • McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(1), 131–149.
  • Merrell, H. (2013). Dissociation Differences Between Human-made Trauma and Natural Disaster Trauma. [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. George Fox Üniversitesi
  • Micale, M. (1994). Charcot and les névroses traumatiques: historical and scientific reflections. Revue Neurologique, 150(8-9), 498-505.
  • Miller, K. E., Martell, Z. L., Pazdirek, L., Caruth, M., & Lopez, D. (2005). The role of interpreters in psychotherapy with refugees: An exploratory study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(1), 27–39. https://doi. org/10.1037/0002-9432.75.1.27
  • Mishori, R., Mujawar, I., & Ravi, N. (2014). Self-reported vicarious trauma in asylum evaluators: A preliminary survey. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 16(6), 1232–1237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-013- 9958-6
  • Pıçakçıefe, M. (2010). Çalışma yaşamı ve anksiyete. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni, 9(4), 367-369. Possick, C., Waisbrod, N., & Buchbinder, E. (2015). The dialectic of chaos and control in the experience of therapists who work with sexually abused children. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 24(7), 816–836. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1057667
  • Rizkalla, N., & Segal, S. P. (2019). Trauma during humanitarian work: the effects on intimacy, wellbeing and PTSD-symptoms. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1679065.
  • Roberts, F., Teague, B., Lee, J., & Rushworth, I. (2021). The prevalence of burnout and secondary traumatic stress in professionals and volunteers working with forcibly displaced people: A systematic review and two meta-analyses. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 34(4), 773–785. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22659
  • Sağaltıcı, E., Cetinkaya, M., Nielsen, S. Y., Sahin, S. K., Gulen, B., & Altindag, A. (2022). Identified predictors and levels of burnout among staff workers in a refugee camp of first immigrant group: A cross-sectional study. Medicine, 11(1), 135-41.
  • Turgut, İ. (2014). Travma Mağduru Mültecilerle Çalışan Meslek Elemanlarının Ruhsal Sorunları Üzerine Karşılaştırma Gruplu Bir Değerlendirme Çalışması [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Haliç Üniversitesi.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2016). Staff wellbeing and mental health. https://www.unhcr. org/56e2dfa09.pdf
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2020). Refugee data finder. Retrieved February 21, 2022, from https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/
  • Ünal, Y., Kara, K., Calayır, A., Önder, E., Uygun, E. ve Aker, A. T. (2017). Türkiye’de yaşayan Suriyeli mültecilere psikososyal destek sunan insani yardım çalışanlarının yaşam kalitesi düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. [Poster sunumu].
  • Welton-Mitchell, C. E. (2013) UNHCR’s mental health and psychosocial support. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
  • World Health Organization (2019). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/
  • Živanović, M., & Vukčević Marković, M. (2020). Latent structure of secondary traumatic stress, its precursors, and effects on people working with refugees. PLoS One, 15(10), e0241545. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0241545
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Migration Sociology, Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Gökhan Ebren This is me 0000-0002-9715-4692

Pınar Ayça Özgen This is me 0000-0001-5209-7703

Okan Cem Çırakoğlu 0000-0002-1607-3293

Publication Date April 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ebren, G., Özgen, P. A., & Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2022). Sığınmacı ve Mültecilerle Çalışanlarda Psikolojik Sağlık Üzerine Bir Derleme. İnsan Hareketliliği Uluslararası Dergisi, 2(1), 72-87.