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On Its Eighth Anniversary: The EU-Turkey Deal - From Externalization to Digitalization

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 44 - 65, 15.05.2024

Abstract

The article provides a critical review of the EU-Turkey deal on its eighth anniversary. Despite initial success in reducing irregular migration, the deal’s shortcomings have led to a resurgence in arrivals and challenges in its implementation. Criticisms focus on the violation of international law and human rights. Moreover, the article shows how the deal reinforces externalization and digitalization policies in migration management, while raising concerns about accountability, transparency, and discrimination. Although digital technologies offer new tools for border control, their deployment has sparked ethical and legal debates regarding their impact on migrants’ rights. Overall, the article argues for a re-evaluation of migration policies, emphasizing the importance of a rights-based approach and genuine collaboration to address the complex challenges posed by displacement, detention, externalization and digitalization.

References

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On Its Eighth Anniversary: The EU-Turkey Deal - From Externalization to Digitalization

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 44 - 65, 15.05.2024

Abstract

The article provides a critical review of the EU-Turkey deal on its eighth anniversary. Despite initial success in reducing irregular migration, the deal’s shortcomings have led to a resurgence in arrivals and challenges in its implementation. Criticisms focus on the violation of international law and human rights. Moreover, the article shows how the deal reinforces externalization and digitalization policies in migration management, while raising concerns about accountability, transparency, and discrimination. Although digital technologies offer new tools for border control, their deployment has sparked ethical and legal debates regarding their impact on migrants’ rights. Overall, the article argues for a re-evaluation of migration policies, emphasizing the importance of a rights-based approach and genuine collaboration to address the complex challenges posed by displacement, detention, externalization and digitalization.

References

  • Augustova, K., Ilbiz, E., & Carrapico, H. (2024). Complex harms of migration externalisation: EU policy ‘creep’ processes into domestic counterterrorism at the Turkey-Iran border. Journal of Interational Relations and Develeopment, 27, 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-023-00319-w.
  • Ataç, I., Heck, G., Hess, S., Kaşlı, Z., Ratfisch, P., Soykan, C., & Yılmaz, B. (2017). Contested B/Orders. Turkey’s changing migration regime. An Introduction. Journal for Critical Migration and Border Regime Studies, 3(2), 9–21.
  • Aydin-Düzgit, S, Keyman, E. F., & Kristen B. (2019). Changing Parameters of Migration Cooperation: beyond The EU-Turkey Deal? Istanbul: Istanbul Policy Center/Sabanci University.
  • Baban, F., Ilcan, S. & Rygiel, K. (2017). Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Pathways to Precarity, Differential Inclusion, and Negotiated Citizenship Rights. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(1), 41-57.
  • Baban, F., Ilcan, S. and Rygiel, K. (2021). The Precarious Lives of Syrians: Migration, Citizenship, and Temporary Protection in Turkey. McGill-Queen’s University Press: Montreal.
  • Bal, S. (2023). Reappraising the EU-Turkey refugee statement within the human rights and neoliberalism nexus, Journal of European Integration, 45(7), 1035-1053, doi: 10.1080/07036337.2023.2243539
  • Bialasiewicz, L. & Maessen. E. (2018). Scaling rights: The ‘Turkey Deal’ and the divided geographies of european responsibility, Patterns of Prejudice, 52(2–3), 210–30.
  • Biehl, K. (2009). Migration ‘Securitization’ and its Everyday Implications: An Examination of Turkish Asylum Policy and Practice, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS), European University Institute: Florance,.
  • Boedeltje, F., & Van Houtum, H. (2011). Introduction to a special section and Brussels is speaking: The Adverse speech geo-politics of the European Union towards its neighbours. Geopolitics, 16(1), 121–145.
  • Broeders, D. (2007). The new digital borders of Europe: EU databases and the surveillance of irregular migrants, International Sociology 22 (1), 71–92.
  • Casaglia, A. & Pacciardi, A. (2023). A close look at the EU–Turkey deal: The language of border externalisation, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 40(8), 1659-1676. https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544221100149
  • Cobarrubias, S. (2020). Scale in motion? Rethinking scalar production and border externalization. Political Geography, 80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
  • Cobarrubias, S., Cuttitta, M., Casas-Cort’es P., Lemberg-Pedersen, M., El Qadim, N., & Hine, S., İşleyen, B., Guisa, C., & Heller, C., (2023). Interventions on the concept of externalisation in migration and border studies. Political Geography, 105(3), 102911 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2023.102911
  • Crisp, J. (2022). Externalisation and the Erosion of Refugee Protection. Comparative Network on Refugee Externalisation Policies, https://arts.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/4264143/CONREPBlogCompendium-Final.pdf
  • Cuttitta, P. (2015). Territorial and non-territorial: The mobile borders of migration controls. In A. L. Amilhat Szary, & F. Giraut (Eds.), Borderities and The Politics of Contemporary Mobile Borders (pp. 241–255). Basingstoke: Palgrave-McMillan.
  • Danış, D. (2021). The fifth year of the EU-Turkey statement, Istanbul: GAR.
  • Danış, D., & Dikmen, H. (2022). Türkiye’de göçmen ve mülteci entegrasyonu: Politikalar, uygulamalar ve zorluklar. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Türkiye’nin Göç Siyaseti Özel Sayısı, 21(Özel Sayı), 24-45.
  • Demirbaş, E. & Miliou, C. (2024). Looking at the EU-Turkey Deal: The Implications for Migrants in Greece and Turkey. In Migrations in the Mediterranean, R. Zapata Barrero & İ. Awad (eds.), Springer, Open Access, pp.11-28.
  • Eder, M., & Özkul, D. (2016). Editors’ Introduction: precarious lives and Syrian Refugees in Turkey, New Perspectives on Turkey, 54 (54), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2016.5 .
  • El Qadim, N., İşleyen, B., Ansems de Vries, L., Hansen, S. S., Karadağ, S., Lisle, D., & Simonneau, D. (2021). (Im) moral Borders in Practice. Geopolitics, 26(5), 1608–1638. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2020.1747902
  • Erdoğan, M. & Pütmann, F. (2023). The EU-Turkey deal is based on a fundamental misunderstanding, SüdeuropeMittelungen, 2, 76-84.
  • European Commission, (2016a) Communication on the second report on the progress made in the implementation of the EU-Turkey Statement, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ HTML/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0349&from=EN
  • European Commission (2016b), Turkey Report 2016, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/ document/download/e703a769-bf7f-46d1-8a13-6a836683e838_en?filename=20161109_report_turkey. pdf
  • European Commission (2018), Turkey Report 2018, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/ download/446c8261-6297-4300-86c1-bd3fc143731e_en?filename=20180417-turkey-report.pdf
  • European Commission (2019), Turkey Report 2019, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/ files/2019-05/20190529-turkey-report.pd
  • European Commission (2020a), Turkey Report 2020, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/ document/download/f4b4f445-6f09-4130-95bc-04b1df4e8f46_en?filename=turkey_report_2020.pdf
  • European Commission (2020b). New Pact on Migration and Asylum: Questions & Answers, https://ec.europa.eu/ commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_1707
  • European Commission (2021), Turkey Report 2021, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/turkiyereport-2021_en
  • European Commission (2022), Turkey Report 2022, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/turkiyereport-2022_en
  • European Commission (2023), Turkey Report 2023, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/turkiyereport-2023_en European Commission (2024). Pact on Migration and Asylum: A Common EU System to manage Migration, (https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/migration-and-asylum/pact-migration-and-asylum_en.)
  • European Court of Auditors, (2024). Special Report 06/2024: The Facility for Refugees in Turkey, https://www. eca.europa.eu/ECAPublications/SR-2024-06/SR-2024-06_EN.pdf
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There are 83 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Migration Sociology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ayşem Biriz Karaçay 0000-0002-2305-7099

Publication Date May 15, 2024
Submission Date April 19, 2024
Acceptance Date May 13, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karaçay, A. B. (2024). On Its Eighth Anniversary: The EU-Turkey Deal - From Externalization to Digitalization. İnsan Hareketliliği Uluslararası Dergisi, 4(1), 44-65.