CHANGABLE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS IN AUTISM: VITAMIN D AND FOLIC ACID

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 151 - 160, 26.12.2018

Nalan Nogay

https://doi.org/10.23884/ijhsrp.2018.3.3.07

Abstract

Autism Spectrum
Disorder (ASD) is a severe neuro-developmental disorder which generally starts
during infancy as well as mostly in the first 3 years of life. ASD is
characterized by social, behavioral, and communication symptoms. Genetics and certain environmental
factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of autism, although the etiology of
the disease is unknown. Maternal nutrition is important for development of the
fetal brain. The mother’s nutritional condition before and during pregnancy may
affect the risk of ASD incidence. Vitamin D
deficiency is taken into consideration as a possible risk factor for
development of ASD. Compared to healthy peers, children with ASD were indicated
to have lower levels of vitamin D. However, it is not clear yet if this condition
was influenced by the fact that whether patients with ASD are born with lower
levels of vitamin D or they are exposed to sunlight lesser. Also folic
acid supplementation during pregnancy and blood folate levels in children with
autism are environmental factors contributing to autism incidence through
dietary intake. The aim of this study is to
explain the relationship between vitamin D, folic acid and ASD.

Keywords

otiz, foli, Dvit

References

• References
• [1] Coşkun, S., Şimşek, Ş., Camkurt, M.A., Çim, A., Çelik, S.B., ‘‘Association of Polymorphisms in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene and Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder’’, Gene, 588,109–114,2016.
• [2] Stubbs, G., Henley, K., Green, J., ‘‘Autism: will vitamin d supplementation during pregnancy and eearly childhood reduce the recurrence rate of autism in newborn siblings?’’ Medical Hypotheses, 88,74–78,2016.
• [3] Cannell, J.J., ‘‘Vitamin D and Autism, What’s New? ’’, Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 2017 doi:10.1007/s11154-017-9409-0.
• [4] Castro, K., Klein, L.S., Baronio, D., Gottfried, C., Riesgo, R., Perry, I.S., ‘‘Folic acid and autism: What do we know?’’ Nutritional Neuroscience, 19(7), 310-317, 2016.
• [5] Neggers, Y., ‘ ‘The relationship between folic acid and risk of autism spectrum disorders’’, Healthcare, 2, 429-444,2014.
• [6] Kałużna-Czaplińska, J., Socha, E., Rynkowski, J.B., ‘‘Vitamin supplementation reduces excretion of urinary dicarboxylic acids in autistic children’’, Nutrition Research, 31,497–502, 2011.
• [7] Lucock, M., Leeming, R., ‘‘Autism, seasonality and the environmental perturbation of epigenome related vitamin levels’’, Medical Hypotheses, 80,750–775,2013.
• [8] Hashemzadeh, M., Moharreri, F., Soltanifar, A., ‘‘Comparative study of vitamin d levels in children with autism spectrum disorderand normal children: a case-control study’’, Fundamentals of Mental Health, 17(4),197-201,2015.
• [9] Jia, F., Wang, B., Shan, L., Xu, Z., Staal, W.G., Du, L., ‘‘Core symptoms of autism improved after vitamin D supplementation’’, Pediatrics, 135( 1),196-198,2015.
• [10] Cannell, J.J., Grant, W.B., ‘‘What is The Role of Vitamin D in Autism? ’’, Dermato-Endocrinology, 5(1), 199–204,2013.
• [11] Mazahery, H., Camargo, C.A., Conlon, C., Beck, K.L., Kruger, M.C., Hurst, P.R., ‘‘Vitamin D and autism spectrum disorder: a literature review’’, Nutrients, 8,236,2016, doi:10.3390/nu8040236.
• [12] Kocˇovska, E., Elisabeth, F., Billstedt, E., Minnis, H., Gillberg, C., ‘‘Vitamin D and autism : Clinical Review’’, Research in Developmental Disabilities,33,1541–1550,2012.
• [13] Feng, J., Shan, L., Du, L., Wang, B., Li, H., Wang, W., et al., ‘‘Clinical improvement following vitamin D3 supplementation in autism spectrum disorder’’, Nutritional Neuroscience,2016, DOI 10.1080/1028415X.2015.1123847.
• [14] Zerbo, O., Losif, A.M., Delwiche, L., Walker, C., Hertz-Picciotto, I., ‘‘Month of conception and risk of autism’’, Epidemiology, 22,469–475, 2011.
• [15] Whitehous, A.J., Holt, B.J., Serralha, M., Holt, P.G., Kusel, M.M., Hart, P.H., ‘‘Maternal serum vitamin D levels during pregnancy and off spring neurocognitive development’’, Pediatrics, 129,485–493, 2012.
• [16] Morales, E., Guxens, M., Llop, S., Rodríguez-Bernal, C.L., Tardón, A., Riaño, I., et al., ‘‘Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in pregnancy and infant neuropsychological development’’, Pediatrics, 130,913–920,2012.
• [17] Eylesa, D., Burnea, T., McGrath, J., ‘‘Vitamin D in fetal brain development’’, Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 22,629– 636, 2011.
• [18] Mostafa, G.A., Al Shehab, A., Fouad, N.R., ‘‘ Frequency of CD4+CD25 high regulatory t cells in the peripheral blood of egyptian children with autism’’, J Child Neurol, 25,328-35,2010.
• [19] Holló, A., Clemens, Z., Kamondi, A., Lakatos, P., Szücs, A., ‘‘Correction of vitamin D deficiency improves seizure control in epilepsy: a pilot study’’, Epilepsy Behav, 24,131-133,2012.
• [20] Patrick, R.P., Ames, B.N., ‘‘Vitamin D hormone regulates serotonin synthesis. Part 1: relevance for autism’’, FASEB J, 28,1-16,2014.
• [21] Humble, M.B., Gustafsson, S., Bejerot, S., ‘‘Low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) among psychiatric out-patients in sweden: relations with season, age, ethnic origin and psychiatric diagnosis’’, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol, 121,467–470,2010.
• [22] Saad, K., Abdel-Rahman, A.A., Elserogy, Y.M., Al-Atram, A.A., Cannell, J.J., Bjorklund, G., et al., ‘‘Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children’’, Nutr. Neurosci, 346-351, 2015.
• [23] Guler, S., Yesil, G., Ozdil, M., Ekici, B., Onal, H., ‘‘Sleep disturbances and serum vitamin D levels in children with autism spectrum disorder’’, Int J Clin Exp Med, 9(7),14691-14697, 2016.
• [24] Shane, B., ‘‘Folate and vitamin B12 metabolism: Overview and interaction with riboflavin, vitamin B6, and polymorphisms’’, Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 29(2), 5-16, 2008.
• [25] Wiens, D., DeSoto, M.C., ‘‘Is high folic acid intake a risk factor for autism?—A Review’’, BrainSci, 7, 149, 2017, doi:10.3390/brainsci7110149
• [26] Frye, R.E., Rossignol, D.A., ‘‘Treatments for biomedical abnormalities associated with autism spectrum disorder’’, Front Pediatr, 27(2),66,2014, doi: 10.3389/fped.2014.00066.
• [27] Junaid, M.A., Kuizon, S., Cardona, J., Azher, T., Murakami, N., Pullarkat, R.K., Brown, T.W., ‘‘Folic acid supplementation dysregulates gene expression in lymphoblastoid cells—Implications in nutrition’’, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 412,688–692, 2011.
• [28] Balion, C., Kapur, B.M., ‘‘Folate:clinical utility of serum and red blood cell analysis’’, Clin. Lab. News, 37, 8–10, 2011.
• [29] Baura, S., Kuizon, S., Chadman, K.K., Flory, M.J., Brown, W.T., Junaid, M.A., ‘‘Single base resolution of mouse offspring brain methylome reveals epigenome modifications caused by gestational folic acid’’, Epigenetics Chromatin, 7,1–15, 2014.
• [30] Wong, C.C., Meaburn, E.L., Ronald, A., Price, T.S., Jeffries, A.R., Scalkwyk, L.C., Plomin, R., Mills, J., ‘‘Methyomic analysis of monozygotic twins discordant for autism spectrum disorder and related behavioral traits’’, Mol. Psychiatry, 19,495–503, 2014.
• [31] Barua, S., Kuizon, S., Brown, W.T., Junaid, M.A., ‘‘High gestational folic acid supplementation alters expression of ımprinted and candidate autism susceptibility genes in a sex-specific manner in mouse offspring’’, J Mol Neurosci, 58,277–286, 2016.
• [32] Barua, S., Chadman, K.K., Kuizon, S., Buenaventura, D., Stapley, N.W., et al. ‘‘Increasing maternal or post-weaning folic acid alters gene expression and moderately changes behavior in the offspring’’, PLoS ONE, 9(7), 2014, e101674. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101674
• [33] Beard, C.M, Panser, L.A., Katusic, S.K., ‘‘Is excess folic acid supplementation a risk factor for autism? ’’, Medical Hypotheses, 77,15–17, 2011.
• [34] Girotto, F., Scott, L., Avchalumov, Y., Harris, J., Iannattone, S., Drummond-Main, C., Tobias, R., Bello-Espinosa, L., Rho, J.M., Davidsen, J., et al., ‘‘High dose folic acid supplementation of rats alters synaptic transmission and seizure susceptibility in offspring’’, Sci. Rep, 3,1465, 2013, doi: 10.1038/srep01465
• [35] Barua, S., Kuizon, S.K., Chadman, K., Brown, W.T., Juniad, M., ‘‘Microarray analysis reveals higher gestational folic acid alters expression of genes in the cerebellum of mice offspring—A pilot study’’, Brain Sci, 5,14–31, 2015.
• [36] Desai, A., Sequeira, J.M., Quadros, E.V., ‘‘Prevention of behavioral deficits in rats exposed to folate receptor antibodies: implication in autism’’, Molecular Psychiatry, 22,1291–1297, 2017.
• [37] Sequeira, J.M., Desai, A., Berrocal-Zaragoza, M.I., Murphy, M.M., Fernandez-Ballart, J.D., Quadros, E.V., ‘‘Exposure to folate receptor alpha antibodies during gestation and weaning leads to severe behavioral deficits in rats: a pilot study’’, PLoS ONE, 11(3), 2016, e0152249. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.015224
• [38] Frye, R.E., Sequeira, J.M., Quadros, E.V., James, S.J., Rossignol, D.A., ‘‘Cerebral folate receptor autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorder’’, Molecular Psychiatry, 18,369–381, 2013.
• [39] Ramaekers, V.T., Quadros, E.V., Sequeira, J.M., ‘‘Role of folate receptor autoantibodies in infantile autism’’, Mol Psychiatry, 18,270–1, 2013,doi:10.1038/mp.2012.22
• [40] Currenti, S.A., ‘‘Understanding and determining the etiology of autism’’, Cell Mol Neurobiol, 30,161–171, 2010.