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Cheating in Higher Education in the Age of Artifical Intelligence

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 47 - 54
https://doi.org/10.25233/ijlel.1553831

Abstract

In this study, cheating behaviors of higher education students and the changes in these behaviors due to developments in the field of artificial intelligence were examined based on the literature. The investigations show that the cheating behavior of the students is at a level that disrupts the accuracy of the decisions made about the students and academic honesty, which is one of the cornerstones of higher education. Cheating in exams, plagiarism and contract cheating are the most common of these behaviors. The way cheating behavior is displayed has also changed from past to present, depending on educational programs, measurement approaches, and developments in technology and artificial intelligence. Tremendous developments in the field of artificial intelligence in the last three years have caused students to make artificial intelligence tools an indispensable part of their cheating processes. This situation requires the development and implementation of new methods to detect and prevent cheating in higher education. Therefore, structuring new studies that address the cheating problem and its solutions in various aspects, including the technology and especially artificial intelligence dimension, is important in terms of its contribution to relevant people and institutions. It is thought that this study is important in terms of drawing attention to the issue.

References

  • Abbasi, P., Yoosefi-Lebni, J., Jalali, A., Ziapour, A., & Nouri, P. (2021). Causes of the plagiarism: A grounded theory study. Nursing ethics, 28(2), 282-296.
  • Akdağ, M., & Güneş, U. H. (2002). Kopya çekme davranışları ve kopya çekmeye ilişkin tutumlar. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 31(31), 330-343.
  • Ali, H. I. H., Alhassan, A., & Hui, S.K.F (2021). Fighting contract cheating and ghostwriting in higher education: Moving towards a multidimensional approach. Cogent Education, 8(1), 1885837.
  • Atılgan, H., Kan, A. ve Doğan, N. (2007). Eğitimde Ölçme ve Değerlendirme. Geliştirilmiş Dokuzuncu Baskı. Anı Yayıncılık. Ankara.
  • Baijnath, N., & Singh, D. (2019). Examination cheating: Risks to the quality and integrity of higher education. South African Journal of Science, 115(11-12), 1-6.
  • Baird, M., & Clare, J. (2017). Removing the opportunity for contract cheating in business capstones: A crime prevention case study. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13, 1-15.
  • Dictionary.cambdridge.org. (2024). Retrieved 22 July 2024 from https://dictionary. cambridge.org/dictionary/english/plagiarism.
  • Carmichael, J. J., & Weiss, M. (2019). Digital warfare: Machine learning and contract cheating. In ISPIM Conference Proceedings (pp. 1-19). The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM).
  • Çakmak, N. (2015). Lisans öğrencilerinin intihal ile ilgili kavram yanılgıları. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 29(2).
  • Çeliköz, M. (2016). Öğretmen adaylarının kopya çekmeye yönelik tutumları ve kopya çekme nedenleri. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 5(2). 241-251.
  • Chirikov, I., Shmeleva, E., & Loyalka, P. (2020). The role of faculty in reducing academic dishonesty among engineering students. Studies in Higher Education, 45(12), 2464-2480.
  • Clare, J., Walker, S., & Hobson, J. (2017). Can we detect contract cheating using existing assessment data? Applying crime prevention theory to an academic integrity issue. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13, 1-15.
  • Dam, H. (2013). Örgün din eğitimde kopya sorunu. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 34, 71-108.
  • Dee, T. S., & Jacob, B. A. (2012). Rational ignorance in education: A field experiment in student plagiarism. Journal of Human Resources, 47(2), 397-434.
  • Dodeen, H. M. (2012). Undergraduate student cheating in exams. Damascus University Journal, 28(1), 37-55.
  • Ellis, C., Zucker, I. M., & Randall, D. (2018). The infernal business of contract cheating: understanding the business processes and models of academic custom writing sites. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 14, 1-21.
  • Eminoğlu, E. (2008). A scale development study to measure academic dishonesty tendency of university students (Master dissertation), AIBU Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Eraslan, A. (2011). Matematik öğretmeni adayları ve kopya: Hiç çekmedim desem yalan olur! Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(160), 52-64.
  • Ersoy, A., & Özden, M. (2011). Öğretmen adaylarının ödevlerinde internetten intihal yapmalarında öğretim elemanının rolüne ilişkin görüşleri. İlköğretim Online, 10(2), 608-619.
  • Etter, S., Cramer, J. J., & Finn, S. (2006). Origins of academic dishonesty: Ethical orientations and personality factors associated with attitudes about cheating with information technology. Journal of research on technology in education, 39(2), 133-155.
  • Gullifer, J., & Tyson, G. A. (2010). Exploring university students' perceptions of plagiarism: A focus group study. Studies in Higher Education, 35(4), 463-481.
  • Kent, edu. (2024). Retrieved 20 July 2024 from https://www.kent.edu/writingcommons/causesplagiarism.
  • Haladyna, T.M. (1999). A Complete Guide to Student Grading. Allyn and Bacon. A Viacom Company. Boston.
  • Klyshbekova, M., & Abbott, P. (2024). ChatGPT and assessment in higher education: A Magic Wand or a Disruptor? Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 22(2), 30-45.
  • Koç, S., & Memduhoğlu, H. B. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kopya çekmeye yönelik genel eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 194-221.
  • Lanier, M. M. (2006). Academic integrity and distance learning. Journal of criminal justice education, 17(2), 244-261.
  • Lee, V. R., Pope, D., Miles, S., & Zárate, R. C. (2024). Cheating in the age of generative AI: A high school survey study of cheating behaviors before and after the release of ChatGPT. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100253.
  • Lines, L. (2016). Ghostwriters guaranteeing grades? The quality of online ghostwriting services available to tertiary students in Australia. Teaching in Higher Education, 21(8), 889-914.
  • Malgwi, C. A., & Rakovski, C. C. (2009). Combating academic fraud: are students reticent about uncovering the covert? Journal of Academic Ethics, 7, 207-221.
  • McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1997). Individual and contextual influences on academic dishonesty: A multicampus investigation. Research in higher education, 38, 379-396.
  • McCabe, D.L., Treviño, İ. K., & Butterfield, K. D. (2001). Cheating in Academic Institutions. Ethics & Behavior, 11(3), 219-332.
  • Nedir. Com. (2024) Retrieved 21 July 2024 from https://www.nedir.com/intihal.
  • Newton, P. M., & Essex, K. (2024). How common is cheating in online exams and did it increase during the COVID-19 pandemic? A systematic review. Journal of Academic Ethics, 22(2), 323-343.
  • Nitko, A.J. (1996). Educational Assessment of Students. Second Edition. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
  • Openai.com. (2024). Retrieved 15 July 2024 from https://openai.com/chatgpt/
  • Özalkan, G. Ş. (2021). Uzaktan eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme: Pandemi sürecinde sosyal bilimler eğitimini yeniden düşünmek. International Journal of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences, 4, 18-26.
  • Rayhan, R & Anas, A. (2021). Plagiarism: Causes and possible solutions. SSRN Electronic Journal. 10.2139/ssrn.3930196.
  • Semerci, Ç. (2004). Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin kopya çekmeye ilişkin tutum ve görüşleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(3), 139-146.
  • Sözlük.com (2024). Retrieved 15 July 2024 from https://sozluk.gov.tr/.
  • Sozon, M., Mohammad Alkharabsheh, O. H., Fong, P. W., & Chuan, S. B. (2024). Cheating and plagiarism in higher education institutions (HEIs): A literature review. F1000Research, 13, 788.
  • Susnjak, T., & McIntosh, T. R. (2024). ChatGPT: The end of online exam integrity? Education Sciences, 14(6), 656.
  • Sweeney, S. (2023). Who wrote this? Essay mills and assessment: Considerations regarding contract cheating and AI in higher education. The International Journal of Management Education, 21(2), 100818.
  • Tan, Ş. (2001). Sınavlarda kopya çekmeyi önlemeye yönelik önlemler. Eğitim ve Bilim, 26(122).
  • Tight, M. (2023). Challenging cheating in higher education: a review of research and practice. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 1-13.
  • Topçu, K., & Gürer, H. H. (2019). Plagiarism perception of university students. Muhasebe Enstitusu DergisiJournal of Accounting Institute, (61), 83-91.
  • Turgut, F., & Bayku, Y (2021). Eğitimde Ölçme ve Değerlendirme. Dokuzuncu Baskı. Pegem Akademi. Ankara
  • Turnitin.com. (2024). Retrieved 15 July 2024 from https://tr.turnitin.com/ ueruenler/originality/contractcheating.
  • Ünal, Y., & Uçak, N. Ö. (2017). Farklı eğitim ve kültürlerdeki üniversite öğrencilerinin intihale ilişkin görüş ve davranışları. Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi, 34(1).
  • Xie, Y., Wu, S., & Chakravarty, S. (2023, October). AI meets AI: Artificial intelligence and academic integritya survey on mitigating ai-assisted cheating in computing education. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education (pp. 79-83).
  • Valızadeh, M. (2022). Cheating in online learning programs: learners’ perceptions and solutions. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 23(1), 195-209.
  • Voronkova, E. K., & Dolgova, M. V. (2021). Professional objectives of higher education: Imbalances and adaptation. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 125, p. 05006). EDP Sciences.
  • Yangın, S., & Kahyaoğlu, M. (2009). İlköğretim öğretmen adaylarının kopya çekmeye yönelik tutum ve görüşleri. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(21), 46-55.
  • Yükseköğretim Kanunu (2024). 2547 Sayılı Yükseköğretim Kanunu. Retrieved 13 July 2024 from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.2547.pdf
  • Yükseköğretim Kurulu (2024). Yükseköğretim kurumları bilimsel araştırma ve yayın etiği yönergesi. Retrieved 13 July 2024 from https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Kurumsal/ mevzuat/bilimselarastirma-ve-etik-yonetmeligi.aspx
Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 47 - 54
https://doi.org/10.25233/ijlel.1553831

Abstract

References

  • Abbasi, P., Yoosefi-Lebni, J., Jalali, A., Ziapour, A., & Nouri, P. (2021). Causes of the plagiarism: A grounded theory study. Nursing ethics, 28(2), 282-296.
  • Akdağ, M., & Güneş, U. H. (2002). Kopya çekme davranışları ve kopya çekmeye ilişkin tutumlar. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 31(31), 330-343.
  • Ali, H. I. H., Alhassan, A., & Hui, S.K.F (2021). Fighting contract cheating and ghostwriting in higher education: Moving towards a multidimensional approach. Cogent Education, 8(1), 1885837.
  • Atılgan, H., Kan, A. ve Doğan, N. (2007). Eğitimde Ölçme ve Değerlendirme. Geliştirilmiş Dokuzuncu Baskı. Anı Yayıncılık. Ankara.
  • Baijnath, N., & Singh, D. (2019). Examination cheating: Risks to the quality and integrity of higher education. South African Journal of Science, 115(11-12), 1-6.
  • Baird, M., & Clare, J. (2017). Removing the opportunity for contract cheating in business capstones: A crime prevention case study. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13, 1-15.
  • Dictionary.cambdridge.org. (2024). Retrieved 22 July 2024 from https://dictionary. cambridge.org/dictionary/english/plagiarism.
  • Carmichael, J. J., & Weiss, M. (2019). Digital warfare: Machine learning and contract cheating. In ISPIM Conference Proceedings (pp. 1-19). The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM).
  • Çakmak, N. (2015). Lisans öğrencilerinin intihal ile ilgili kavram yanılgıları. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 29(2).
  • Çeliköz, M. (2016). Öğretmen adaylarının kopya çekmeye yönelik tutumları ve kopya çekme nedenleri. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 5(2). 241-251.
  • Chirikov, I., Shmeleva, E., & Loyalka, P. (2020). The role of faculty in reducing academic dishonesty among engineering students. Studies in Higher Education, 45(12), 2464-2480.
  • Clare, J., Walker, S., & Hobson, J. (2017). Can we detect contract cheating using existing assessment data? Applying crime prevention theory to an academic integrity issue. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13, 1-15.
  • Dam, H. (2013). Örgün din eğitimde kopya sorunu. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 34, 71-108.
  • Dee, T. S., & Jacob, B. A. (2012). Rational ignorance in education: A field experiment in student plagiarism. Journal of Human Resources, 47(2), 397-434.
  • Dodeen, H. M. (2012). Undergraduate student cheating in exams. Damascus University Journal, 28(1), 37-55.
  • Ellis, C., Zucker, I. M., & Randall, D. (2018). The infernal business of contract cheating: understanding the business processes and models of academic custom writing sites. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 14, 1-21.
  • Eminoğlu, E. (2008). A scale development study to measure academic dishonesty tendency of university students (Master dissertation), AIBU Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Eraslan, A. (2011). Matematik öğretmeni adayları ve kopya: Hiç çekmedim desem yalan olur! Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(160), 52-64.
  • Ersoy, A., & Özden, M. (2011). Öğretmen adaylarının ödevlerinde internetten intihal yapmalarında öğretim elemanının rolüne ilişkin görüşleri. İlköğretim Online, 10(2), 608-619.
  • Etter, S., Cramer, J. J., & Finn, S. (2006). Origins of academic dishonesty: Ethical orientations and personality factors associated with attitudes about cheating with information technology. Journal of research on technology in education, 39(2), 133-155.
  • Gullifer, J., & Tyson, G. A. (2010). Exploring university students' perceptions of plagiarism: A focus group study. Studies in Higher Education, 35(4), 463-481.
  • Kent, edu. (2024). Retrieved 20 July 2024 from https://www.kent.edu/writingcommons/causesplagiarism.
  • Haladyna, T.M. (1999). A Complete Guide to Student Grading. Allyn and Bacon. A Viacom Company. Boston.
  • Klyshbekova, M., & Abbott, P. (2024). ChatGPT and assessment in higher education: A Magic Wand or a Disruptor? Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 22(2), 30-45.
  • Koç, S., & Memduhoğlu, H. B. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kopya çekmeye yönelik genel eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 194-221.
  • Lanier, M. M. (2006). Academic integrity and distance learning. Journal of criminal justice education, 17(2), 244-261.
  • Lee, V. R., Pope, D., Miles, S., & Zárate, R. C. (2024). Cheating in the age of generative AI: A high school survey study of cheating behaviors before and after the release of ChatGPT. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100253.
  • Lines, L. (2016). Ghostwriters guaranteeing grades? The quality of online ghostwriting services available to tertiary students in Australia. Teaching in Higher Education, 21(8), 889-914.
  • Malgwi, C. A., & Rakovski, C. C. (2009). Combating academic fraud: are students reticent about uncovering the covert? Journal of Academic Ethics, 7, 207-221.
  • McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1997). Individual and contextual influences on academic dishonesty: A multicampus investigation. Research in higher education, 38, 379-396.
  • McCabe, D.L., Treviño, İ. K., & Butterfield, K. D. (2001). Cheating in Academic Institutions. Ethics & Behavior, 11(3), 219-332.
  • Nedir. Com. (2024) Retrieved 21 July 2024 from https://www.nedir.com/intihal.
  • Newton, P. M., & Essex, K. (2024). How common is cheating in online exams and did it increase during the COVID-19 pandemic? A systematic review. Journal of Academic Ethics, 22(2), 323-343.
  • Nitko, A.J. (1996). Educational Assessment of Students. Second Edition. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
  • Openai.com. (2024). Retrieved 15 July 2024 from https://openai.com/chatgpt/
  • Özalkan, G. Ş. (2021). Uzaktan eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme: Pandemi sürecinde sosyal bilimler eğitimini yeniden düşünmek. International Journal of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences, 4, 18-26.
  • Rayhan, R & Anas, A. (2021). Plagiarism: Causes and possible solutions. SSRN Electronic Journal. 10.2139/ssrn.3930196.
  • Semerci, Ç. (2004). Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin kopya çekmeye ilişkin tutum ve görüşleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(3), 139-146.
  • Sözlük.com (2024). Retrieved 15 July 2024 from https://sozluk.gov.tr/.
  • Sozon, M., Mohammad Alkharabsheh, O. H., Fong, P. W., & Chuan, S. B. (2024). Cheating and plagiarism in higher education institutions (HEIs): A literature review. F1000Research, 13, 788.
  • Susnjak, T., & McIntosh, T. R. (2024). ChatGPT: The end of online exam integrity? Education Sciences, 14(6), 656.
  • Sweeney, S. (2023). Who wrote this? Essay mills and assessment: Considerations regarding contract cheating and AI in higher education. The International Journal of Management Education, 21(2), 100818.
  • Tan, Ş. (2001). Sınavlarda kopya çekmeyi önlemeye yönelik önlemler. Eğitim ve Bilim, 26(122).
  • Tight, M. (2023). Challenging cheating in higher education: a review of research and practice. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 1-13.
  • Topçu, K., & Gürer, H. H. (2019). Plagiarism perception of university students. Muhasebe Enstitusu DergisiJournal of Accounting Institute, (61), 83-91.
  • Turgut, F., & Bayku, Y (2021). Eğitimde Ölçme ve Değerlendirme. Dokuzuncu Baskı. Pegem Akademi. Ankara
  • Turnitin.com. (2024). Retrieved 15 July 2024 from https://tr.turnitin.com/ ueruenler/originality/contractcheating.
  • Ünal, Y., & Uçak, N. Ö. (2017). Farklı eğitim ve kültürlerdeki üniversite öğrencilerinin intihale ilişkin görüş ve davranışları. Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi, 34(1).
  • Xie, Y., Wu, S., & Chakravarty, S. (2023, October). AI meets AI: Artificial intelligence and academic integritya survey on mitigating ai-assisted cheating in computing education. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education (pp. 79-83).
  • Valızadeh, M. (2022). Cheating in online learning programs: learners’ perceptions and solutions. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 23(1), 195-209.
  • Voronkova, E. K., & Dolgova, M. V. (2021). Professional objectives of higher education: Imbalances and adaptation. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 125, p. 05006). EDP Sciences.
  • Yangın, S., & Kahyaoğlu, M. (2009). İlköğretim öğretmen adaylarının kopya çekmeye yönelik tutum ve görüşleri. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(21), 46-55.
  • Yükseköğretim Kanunu (2024). 2547 Sayılı Yükseköğretim Kanunu. Retrieved 13 July 2024 from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.2547.pdf
  • Yükseköğretim Kurulu (2024). Yükseköğretim kurumları bilimsel araştırma ve yayın etiği yönergesi. Retrieved 13 July 2024 from https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Kurumsal/ mevzuat/bilimselarastirma-ve-etik-yonetmeligi.aspx
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Specialist Studies in Education (Other)
Journal Section Review research
Authors

Zekeriya Nartgün 0000-0003-4006-372X

Eugene Kennedy 0009-0008-7418-3774

Early Pub Date December 9, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date September 23, 2024
Acceptance Date October 29, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Nartgün, Z., & Kennedy, E. (2024). Cheating in Higher Education in the Age of Artifical Intelligence. International Journal on Lifelong Education and Leadership, 10(2), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.25233/ijlel.1553831