Yapay Zeka Çağında Liderliğin Dönüşümü Kavramsal bir İnceleme

Abstract

Yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin örgütsel süreçlerde yaygınlaşması, karar verme mekanizmalarını ve liderlerden beklenen rol ve yetkinlikleri dönüştürmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yapay zekânın liderlik anlayışı üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek; geleneksel ve çağdaş liderlik yaklaşımlarının bu dönüşümdeki konumunu değerlendirmek ve yapay zekâ çağında öne çıkan liderlik modellerini bütüncül bir çerçevede ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yaklaşımı çerçevesinde sistematik literatür derlemesi olarak tasarlanmıştır. PRISMA 2020 ilkeleri doğrultusunda Web of Science, Scopus, TR Dizin ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarında gerçekleştirilen ve 7 Ağustos 2026 tarihinde güncellenen tarama sonucunda uygunluk ölçütlerini karşılayan 74 bilimsel çalışma tematik analiz yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Bulgular, yapay zekânın liderliğin yerine geçmekten çok liderlik süreçlerini veri temelli, öngörülebilir ve teknolojiyle bütünleşik bir yapıya dönüştürdüğünü göstermektedir. Bu dönüşümde dijital liderlik, veri odaklı liderlik, algoritmik liderlik ve hibrit insan–yapay zekâ liderliği öne çıkmaktadır. Bununla birlikte algoritmik önyargı, şeffaflık, hesap verebilirlik, veri güvenliği ve insan denetiminin korunması temel risk alanlarını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma, yapay zekâ türleri, liderlik kuramları, yeni liderlik modelleri, etik yönetişim ve geleceğin liderlik yetkinlikleri arasındaki ilişkileri ortak bir kavramsal çerçevede bütünleştirerek literatüre katkı sunmaktadır.

Keywords

• Yapay Zekâ
• Liderlik
• Dijital Liderlik
• Karar Verme
• İşletme Yönetimi

Ethical Statement

Gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada “Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi” talimat ve hükümlerinin dışına çıkılmamış ve bu yönergeye aykırı hiçbir faaliyet yapılmamıştır. Çalışmada alıntı yapılırken etik kurallara dikkat edilmiş ve kullanılan bu atıflar kaynakçaya eklenmiştir.

The Transformation of Leadership in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: A Conceptual Review

Abstract

The increasing integration of artificial intelligence technologies into organizational processes is transforming decision-making mechanisms and the roles and competencies expected of leaders. This study aims to examine the effects of artificial intelligence on leadership, evaluate the position of traditional and contemporary leadership approaches within this transformation, and present the emerging leadership models of the AI era within an integrated framework. The study was designed as a systematic literature review within a qualitative research approach. In accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, searches were conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, TR Dizin, and Google Scholar and updated on August 7, 2026. A total of 74 studies meeting the eligibility criteria were examined through thematic analysis. The findings indicate that artificial intelligence does not replace leadership but transforms leadership processes into a more data-driven, predictive, and technologically integrated structure. Digital leadership, data-driven leadership, algorithmic leadership, and hybrid human–AI leadership emerge as prominent approaches within this transformation. However, algorithmic bias, transparency, accountability, data security, and the preservation of human oversight constitute major risk areas. By integrating AI types, leadership theories, emerging leadership models, ethical governance, and future leadership competencies into a common conceptual framework, this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of leadership transformation in the age of artificial intelligence.

Keywords

• Artificial Intelligence
• Leadership
• Digital Leadership
• Decision Making
• Business Management

Ethical Statement

In this study, no actions contrary to the provisions and principles of the Directive on Scientific Research and Publication Ethics of Higher Education Institutions were undertaken. Ethical principles were observed in all quotations, and all cited sources were appropriately included in the reference list.

References

1. Akturan, A. (2024). Yapay zekânın işletme yönetimi ve liderlik üzerindeki etkileri: Bir literatür incelemesi. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 1305–1348. https://doi.org/10.30561/sinopusd.1554856
2. Avaner, T., & Çelik, M. (2021). Türkiye’de Dijital Dönüşüm Ofisi ve Yapay Zekâ Yönetimi: Büyük Veri ve Yapay Zekâ Daire Başkanlığı’nın geleceği üzerine. Medeniyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.52539/mad.1050640
3. Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S., & Baker, B. (2014). E-leadership: Re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 105–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.003
4. Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 421–449. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621
5. Aydıner Vural, Ş., Boydak Özan, M., & Akgül, R. (2025). Dönüşümcü liderliğin yapay zekâ kullanımına etkisi. Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 18(105), 65-82. https://doi.org/10.29228/JASSS.80736
6. Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press.
7. Baş, M. (2022). Mesleki özdeşleşme ve bilgi paylaşımı arasındaki ilişkide prososyal motivasyonun aracı, mütevazı liderliğin düzenleyici rolü. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(84), 1892-1908. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1114553
8. Blake, R. R., & Mouton, J. S. (1964). The managerial grid. Gulf Publishing.

9. Bolden, R. (2011). Distributed leadership in organizations: A review of theory and research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(3), 251–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00306.x
10. Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies. Oxford University Press.
11. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
12. Brougham, D., & Haar, J. (2018). Smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and algorithms (STARA): Employees' perceptions of our future workplace. Journal of Management & Organization, 24(2), 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.55
13. Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2017). Machine, platform, crowd: Harnessing our digital future. W. W. Norton & Company.
14. Bughin, J., Seong, J., Manyika, J., Chui, M., & Joshi, R. (2018). Notes from the AI frontier: Modeling the impact of AI on the world economy. McKinsey Global Institute.
15. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. Harper & Row.
16. Campbell, M., Hoane, A. J., Jr., & Hsu, F.-H. (2002). Deep Blue. Artificial Intelligence, 134(1–2), 57–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-3702(01)00129-1
17. Crevier, D. (1993). AI: The tumultuous history of the search for artificial intelligence. Basic Books.
18. Çelik, A., & Soyalın, M. (2025). Mütevazı liderlik algısının psikolojik refah ve iş stresine etkisi: Siirt üniversitesi örneği. Ekinoks Ekonomi İşletme ve Siyasal Çalışmalar Dergisi, 12(2), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.48064/equinox.1782714
19. Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107
20. Dafoe, A. (2018). AI governance: A research agenda. Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. https://www.governance.ai/research-paper/agenda
21. Davenport, T. H. (2019). The AI advantage: How to put the artificial intelligence revolution to work. MIT Press.
22. Davenport, T. H., & Harris, J. G. (2017). Competing on analytics: The new science of winning (Rev. ed.). Harvard Business Review Press.
23. Davenport, T. H., & Ronanki, R. (2018). Artificial intelligence for the real world. Harvard Business Review, 96(1), 108–116.
24. Davenport, T., Guha, A., Grewal, D., & Bressgott, T. (2020). How artificial intelligence will change the future of marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48, 24–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00696-0
25. Davutoğlu, N. A. (2018). Sanayi 4.0’ın liderlik ve insan kaynakları yönetimine algısal etkileri. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research, 5(30), 4041–4048. https://doi.org/10.26450/jshsr.848
26. Dellermann, D., Ebel, P., Söllner, M., & Leimeister, J. M. (2019). Hybrid intelligence. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 61(5), 637–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-019-00595-2
27. Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Ismagilova, E., Aarts, G., Coombs, C., Crick, T., ... Williams, M. D. (2021). Artificial intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 57, 101994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.002
28. Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Slade, E. L., Jeyaraj, A., Kar, A. K., ... Wright, R. (2023). Opinion paper: “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71, 102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642 European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, & High-
29. Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence. (2019). Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2759/346720
30. European Parliament and Council of the European Union. (2016). Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. Official Journal of the European Union, L 119, 1–88. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj
31. European Union Agency for Cybersecurity. (2023). ENISA threat landscape 2023. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2824/782573
32. Fiedler, F. E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. McGraw-Hill.
33. Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2019). A unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Harvard Data Science Review, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.8cd550d1
34. Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., Luetge, C., Madelin, R., Pagallo, U., Rossi, F., Schafer, B., Valcke, P., & Vayena, E. (2018). AI4People—An ethical framework for a good AI society: Opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 689–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9482-5
35. Goertzel, B., & Pennachin, C. (Eds.). (2007). Artificial general intelligence. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68677-4
36. Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership. Paulist Press.
37. Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1969). Life cycle theory of leadership. Training and Development Journal, 23(5), 26–34.
38. House, R. J. (1971). A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16(3), 321–339. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391905
39. Jarrahi, M. H. (2018). Artificial intelligence and the future of work. Business Horizons, 61(4), 577–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.007
40. Kahneman, D., Sibony, O., & Sunstein, C. R. (2021). Noise: A flaw in human judgment. Little, Brown Spark.
41. Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A. N., Kiron, D., & Buckley, N. (2015). Strategy, not technology, drives digital transformation. MIT Sloan Management Review & Deloitte University Press.
42. Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A. N., Kiron, D., & Buckley, N. (2019). Accelerating digital innovation inside and out: Agile teams, ecosystems, and ethics. MIT Sloan Management Review and Deloitte Insights. https://www.deloitte.com/za/en/issues/digital/accelerating-digital-innovation-inside-and-out.html
43. Kaplan, A., & Haenlein, M. (2019). Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who’s the fairest in the land? Business Horizons, 62(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.09.003
44. Karataş, İ. H. (2025). Okul müdürleri ve akademik liderler için yapay zekâ yetkinlikleri: Türkiye için bir çerçeve önerisi. Okul Yönetimi, 5(2), 138–142. https://izlik.org/JA54KH78JL
45. Kellogg, K. C., Valentine, M. A., & Christin, A. (2020). Algorithms at work: The new contested terrain of control. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), 366–410. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0174 Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanunu, Kanun No. 6698, Resmî Gazete No. 29677 (7 Nisan 2016). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.6698.pdf
46. Kokina, J., & Davenport, T. H. (2017). The emergence of artificial intelligence: How automation is changing auditing. Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting, 14(1), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.2308/jeta-51730
47. Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Harvard Business School Press.
48. Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Authentic leadership development. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline (pp. 241–258). Berrett-Koehler.
49. Makarius, E. E., Mukherjee, D., Fox, J. D., & Fox, A. K. (2020). Rising with the machines: A sociotechnical framework for bringing artificial intelligence into the organization. Journal of Business Research, 120, 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.07.045
50. Mann, R. D. (1959). A review of the relationships between personality and performance in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 56(4), 241–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044587
51. Manyika, J., Chui, M., Miremadi, M., Bughin, J., George, K., Willmott, P., & Dewhurst, M. (2017). A future that works: Automation, employment, and productivity. McKinsey Global Institute.
52. McAfee, A., & Brynjolfsson, E. (2012). Big data: The management revolution. Harvard Business Review, 90(10), 60–68.
53. McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (2006). A proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on artificial intelligence, August 31, 1955. AI Magazine, 27(4), 12. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1904
54. Newell, A., Shaw, J. C., & Simon, H. A. (1959). Report on a general problem solving program. In Proceedings of the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) Congress 1959 (Vol. 1, pp. 256–264).
55. Northouse, P. G. (2022). Leadership: Theory and practice (9th ed.). SAGE Publications.
56. O’Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of math destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Crown.
57. OECD. (2019). OECD principles on artificial intelligence. OECD Publishing. https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles
58. OECD. (2024). OECD AI Principles. OECD AI Policy Observatory. https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles
59. Ordu, A., & Nayır, F. (2021). Dijital liderlik nedir? Bir tanım önerisi. E-International Journal of Educational Research, 12(3), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.946094
60. Owens, B. P., Johnson, M. D., & Mitchell, T. R. (2013). Expressed humility in organizations: Implications for performance, teams, and leadership. Organization Science, 24(5), 1517–1538. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0795
61. Özkul, F. U., & Alkan, B. Ş. (2020). Dijital çağda muhasebenin dönüşümü. Muhasebe Bilim Dünyası Dergisi, 22(2), 218–236. https://doi.org/10.31460/mbdd.657162
62. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., . . . Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
63. Paschen, U., Pitt, C., & Kietzmann, J. (2020). Artificial intelligence: Building blocks and an innovation typology. Business Horizons, 63(2), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.10.004
64. Raisch, S., & Krakowski, S. (2021). Artificial intelligence and management: The automation–augmentation paradox. Academy of Management Review, 46(1), 192–210. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2018.0072
65. Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (4th ed.). Pearson. Schwab, K. (2016). The fourth industrial revolution. World Economic Forum.
66. Schwarzmüller, T., Brosi, P., Duman, D., & Welpe, I. M. (2018). How does the digital transformation affect organizations? Key themes of change in work design and leadership. Management Revue, 29(2), 114–138. https://doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2018-2-114
67. Silver, D., Huang, A., Maddison, C. J., Guez, A., Sifre, L., van den Driessche, G., Schrittwieser, J., Antonoglou, I., Panneershelvam, V., Lanctot, M., Dieleman, S., Grewe, D., Nham, J., Kalchbrenner, N., Sutskever, I., Lillicrap, T., Leach, M., Kavukcuoglu, K., Graepel, T., & Hassabis, D. (2016). Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search. Nature, 529, 484–489. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16961
68. Simon, H. A. (1960). The new science of management decision. Harper & Brothers.
69. Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
70. Soyalın, M. (2023). The medıatıng role of workplace happıness ın the effect of humble leadershıp on employee performance. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(27), 206-222. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2023.008
71. Soyalın, M., & Çelik, A. (2025). Dijital dönüştürücü liderliğin iş tatmini üzerindeki etkisi: iş stresinin aracı rolü. Kafkas Üniversitesi Yönetim ve Bilişim Dergisi, 1(1), 40-50. https://izlik.org/JA46ZU89HN
72. Stogdill, R. M. (1948). Personal factors associated with leadership. Journal of Psychology, 25(1), 35–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1948.9917362
73. Sürücü, L., Yıkılmaz, İ., & Maşlakçı, A. (2022). Dijital liderlik: bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(3), 1038–1050. https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1099012
74. Tambe, P., Cappelli, P., & Yakubovich, V. (2019). Artificial intelligence in human resources management: Challenges and a path forward. California Management Review, 61(4), 15–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125619867910
75. Tegmark, M. (2017). Life 3.0: Being human in the age of artificial intelligence. Alfred A. Knopf.
76. Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
77. TÜSİAD. (2016). Türkiye’nin sanayide dijital dönüşüm yetkinliği raporu. TÜSİAD.
78. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2021). Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence. https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/recommendation-ethics-artificial-intelligence
79. Ünal, A. (2025). Yapay zekâ çağında liderlik. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 13(4), 2406–2418. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v13i4.2660
80. Wang, P. (2019). On defining artificial intelligence. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence, 10(2), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.2478/jagi-2019-0002
81. Westerman, G., Bonnet, D., & McAfee, A. (2014). Leading digital: Turning technology into business transformation. Harvard Business Press.
82. World Economic Forum. (2023). The future of jobs report 2023. WEF. https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2023/
83. World Economic Forum. (2025). The future of jobs report 2025. https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/
84. Yang, K., Zhou, L., Wang, Z., Lin, C., & Luo, Z. (2019). Humble leadership and innovative behaviour among Chinese nurses: The mediating role of work engagement. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(8), 1801–1808. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12879
85. Yıkılmaz, İ., & Sürücü, L. (2021). Dijital çağda liderliğin yeni yüzü. In İ. Tarakçı & B. Göktaş (Eds.), Dijital Gelecek Dijital Dönüşüm-2, (pp. 301–317). Efe Akademi.
86. Yılmaz, G., & Örücü, E. (2026). Dönüşümcü liderliğin inovatif davranış üzerindeki etkisi. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(1), 805–823. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2026.2208
87. Yukl, G. A., & Gardner, W. L. (2020). Leadership in organizations (9th ed.). Pearson.