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İngiliz Romantizminde Eylem İnsanı'nın Doğuşunun Öncülü Olarak Sturm und Drang

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 1 - 21, 01.05.2024

Abstract

Edebiyat bilimiyle uğraşan akademisyenlerin çoğu Mary Shelley'nin Frankenstein'ını İngiliz Edebiyatının Romantik Akım kategorisine yerleştirirken, İngiliz Romantizminin köklerini Alman Edebiyatınının anti-Rasyonalizm olarak da adlandırılabilinen ve irrasyonalizm noktasına değin duyguların önemine odaklanan özgül bir hareketinden aldığı gerçeğini genellikle göz ardı ederler. Sturm und Drang olarak da bilinen bu romantizm öncesi hareket, İngiliz Romantizmine benzer şekilde, toplumu duygularını kucaklamak suretiyle kendi doğalarına ve insani özlerine geri dönmeye davet eder. Alman Edebiyatı kapsamında, özellikle Goethe'nin Genç Werther'in Acıları adlı eserinde, Sturm und Drang'ın bu unsurları görülebilir, dahası doğrudan doğruya Kraftmensch olarak adlandırılan başka bir kavramla da sıkı sıkıya ilişkilidir. İngiliz Romantizmi çoğunlukla insan doğasının barındırdığı olumlu duygularla ilgilenirken, Sturm und Drang'da yazarların odak noktası daha ziyade insan doğasının taşıdığı olumsuz daha doğrusu karamsar duygularıdır. Ayrıca, hem İngiliz hem de Alman edebiyatının Romantik Akımlarının, farklı yöntemlerle de olsa, insanları duygusal benliklerini ihmal eden ve rasyonalist bakış açısının saf bilimine hapsolup doğalarını dahası özlerini kaybetmek yerine, yüce olanı (Edmund Burke ve Kantçı terminolojiyle Yücelik) deneyimlemek için doğanın kendisiyle özdeşleşmenin bir yolu olarak özlerine dönmeye teşvik ettiğini söylemek yanlış olmayacaktır. Diğer bir ifadeyle, İngiliz Romantizminin odağı aşk ve güzellik iken, Sturm und Drang kaos ve ölüme odaklanır. Bu bakış açısından hareketle, Alman Sturm und Drang akımı İngiliz Romantizminin ortaya çıkışına bir nevi öncü akım hatta pre-romantik olarak konumlandırılarak, Sturm und Drang akımının İngiliz Romantik akımına iz düşümü Shelley'nin Frankenstein'ı üzerinden ele alınacaktır.

References

  • Backes, A. (1994). Revisiting “Frankenstein”: A Study in Reading and Education. The English Journal, 83(4), 33–36. Retrieve Date: December 9, 2023. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/821081.
  • Bataille, G. (1986). Erotism: Death and Sensuality. (Dalwood, M. Trans.) Walker and Company, NY.
  • Botting, F. (1999) Gothic. Routledge. New York, NY, The USA, and Canada.
  • Burke, E. (1764). A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful. (4th Ed.). Library of the University of Michigan.
  • Furst, L. R. (1968). Romanticism in Historical Perspective. Comparative Literature Studies, 5(2), 115–143. Retrieve Date: January 2, 2024. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40467744.
  • Gardner, S. (1999). Routledge Philosophy Guidebook To Kant and The Critique of Pure Reason. Routledge.
  • Goethe, J.W. v. (2021) The Sorrows of Young Werther. (Dillon, B. R. Trans.) The U.S. The Project Gutenberg EBook. Retrieve Date: December 10, 2023. Retrieved from https://www.gutenberg.org/.
  • Greenblatt, S. (Ed.) (2006). The Norton Anthology of English Literature (8th Ed.). W.W. Norton Company.
  • Hamilton, E. (2017). Mythology Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. Hachette Book Group, Inc. New York, NY 10104.
  • Hill, D. (2003) Introduction David Hill (Ed.) Volume 6 Literature of the Sturm und Drang. Rochester, NY, The USA. Camden House.
  • Hogsette, D. S. (2011). Metaphysical Intersections in “Frankenstein”: Mary Shelley’s Theistic Investigation of Scientific Materialism and Transgressive Autonomy. Christianity and Literature, 60(4), 531–559. Retrieve Date: December 12, 2023. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/44314873.
  • Kant, I. (2007) Oxford World‘s Classics: Immanuel Kant Critique of Judgement. (Meredith, J. C. Trans.). Revised, Edited, and Introduced by Nicholas Walker.
  • KİZİLTAN, E., & DALKILIÇ, N. (2022). Elektrofizyolojinin Tarihsel Serüveni: Galvani Sonrası Galvanizm. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi Ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 12(2), 247-261. Retrieve Date: December 12, 2023. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1037800.
  • Leidner, A. C. (1989). A Titan in Extenuating Circumstances: Sturm und Drang and the Kraftmensch. PMLA, 104(2), 178–189. Retrieve Date: December 12, 2023. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/462503.
  • New Living Translation. (1996). Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. Wheaton, Illinois.
  • Nietzsche, F. (2006) Thus Spoke Zarathustra A Book for All and None. (Caro, A. del Ed. &Trans.). Cambridge University Press. The UK.
  • Román, D. C. (2014/2015) The role and significance of nature in the novel: Swiss Alps, Scotland and the Arctic, according to Romantic and Gothic tenets like “The Sublime. Retrieve Date: January 12, 2024. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/20853730/The_role_and_significance_of_nature_in_Frankenstein_Swiss_ Alps_Scotland_and_the_Arctic_according_to_Romantic_and_Gothic_tenets_like_The_Sublime_.
  • Shelley, M. (1999) Frankenstein: or The Modern Prometheus. The U.S. The Project Gutenberg EBook. Retrieve Date: December 10, 2023. Retrieved from https://www.gutenberg.org/.
  • Stokoe, F. W. (1963). German Influence In The English Romantic Period. New York Russell & Russell.
  • Tezcan, E. (2018) Batı Geleneğinde Aşk, Cinsellik ve Ölüm: Tristan ve İsolde [Doctorate Dissertation, Istanbul University]. Yükseköğretim Kurumu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi, Dissertation No: 514399. Retrieve Date: January 3, 2024. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp.
  • Walker, J. S. (1999). Sex, Suicide, and the Sublime: A Reading of Goethe’s “Werther.” Monatshefte, 91(2), 208–223. Retrieve Date: January 2, 2024. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30153789

Sturm Und Drang a Precursor to the Emergence of ‘The Man of Agency’ In English Romanticism

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 1 - 21, 01.05.2024

Abstract

The Romantic Movement in English Literature, literary scholars generally overlook the fact that English Romanticism takes its roots in German Literature, mostly from a specific movement deemed as anti-Rationalism and focused on the value of emotions to the point of irrationalism. This pre-romantic movement known as Sturm und Drang, similar to English Romanticism, urges society to go back to their nature and their human core by way of embracing their emotions. Within the scope of German Literature, specifically in Goethe’s The Sorrows of Young Werther, one can see these elements of the Sturm und Drang, yet related to another concept coined as Kraftmensch. English Romanticism, mostly, deals with the positive emotions of human nature whereas in the Sturm und Drang the focus of the authors is dealing with negative emotions of human nature. Furthermore, it is safe to say that both English and German literature’s Romantic Movements, though by different methods, urge people to go back to their core as a way of reuniting with nature itself to experience the sublime (in terms of Edmund Burke and the Kantian Sublime) rather than lose their nature by being confined by pure science of the rationalist perspective neglecting their emotional self. Namely, while the main focus of English Romanticism is love and beauty, Sturm und Drang focuses on chaos and death. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss and highlight the emergence of English Romanticism and place elements of the German Sturm und Drang Movement as its precursor whilst using the primary romantic novel of English literature: Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein.

References

  • Backes, A. (1994). Revisiting “Frankenstein”: A Study in Reading and Education. The English Journal, 83(4), 33–36. Retrieve Date: December 9, 2023. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/821081.
  • Bataille, G. (1986). Erotism: Death and Sensuality. (Dalwood, M. Trans.) Walker and Company, NY.
  • Botting, F. (1999) Gothic. Routledge. New York, NY, The USA, and Canada.
  • Burke, E. (1764). A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful. (4th Ed.). Library of the University of Michigan.
  • Furst, L. R. (1968). Romanticism in Historical Perspective. Comparative Literature Studies, 5(2), 115–143. Retrieve Date: January 2, 2024. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40467744.
  • Gardner, S. (1999). Routledge Philosophy Guidebook To Kant and The Critique of Pure Reason. Routledge.
  • Goethe, J.W. v. (2021) The Sorrows of Young Werther. (Dillon, B. R. Trans.) The U.S. The Project Gutenberg EBook. Retrieve Date: December 10, 2023. Retrieved from https://www.gutenberg.org/.
  • Greenblatt, S. (Ed.) (2006). The Norton Anthology of English Literature (8th Ed.). W.W. Norton Company.
  • Hamilton, E. (2017). Mythology Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. Hachette Book Group, Inc. New York, NY 10104.
  • Hill, D. (2003) Introduction David Hill (Ed.) Volume 6 Literature of the Sturm und Drang. Rochester, NY, The USA. Camden House.
  • Hogsette, D. S. (2011). Metaphysical Intersections in “Frankenstein”: Mary Shelley’s Theistic Investigation of Scientific Materialism and Transgressive Autonomy. Christianity and Literature, 60(4), 531–559. Retrieve Date: December 12, 2023. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/44314873.
  • Kant, I. (2007) Oxford World‘s Classics: Immanuel Kant Critique of Judgement. (Meredith, J. C. Trans.). Revised, Edited, and Introduced by Nicholas Walker.
  • KİZİLTAN, E., & DALKILIÇ, N. (2022). Elektrofizyolojinin Tarihsel Serüveni: Galvani Sonrası Galvanizm. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi Ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 12(2), 247-261. Retrieve Date: December 12, 2023. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1037800.
  • Leidner, A. C. (1989). A Titan in Extenuating Circumstances: Sturm und Drang and the Kraftmensch. PMLA, 104(2), 178–189. Retrieve Date: December 12, 2023. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/462503.
  • New Living Translation. (1996). Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. Wheaton, Illinois.
  • Nietzsche, F. (2006) Thus Spoke Zarathustra A Book for All and None. (Caro, A. del Ed. &Trans.). Cambridge University Press. The UK.
  • Román, D. C. (2014/2015) The role and significance of nature in the novel: Swiss Alps, Scotland and the Arctic, according to Romantic and Gothic tenets like “The Sublime. Retrieve Date: January 12, 2024. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/20853730/The_role_and_significance_of_nature_in_Frankenstein_Swiss_ Alps_Scotland_and_the_Arctic_according_to_Romantic_and_Gothic_tenets_like_The_Sublime_.
  • Shelley, M. (1999) Frankenstein: or The Modern Prometheus. The U.S. The Project Gutenberg EBook. Retrieve Date: December 10, 2023. Retrieved from https://www.gutenberg.org/.
  • Stokoe, F. W. (1963). German Influence In The English Romantic Period. New York Russell & Russell.
  • Tezcan, E. (2018) Batı Geleneğinde Aşk, Cinsellik ve Ölüm: Tristan ve İsolde [Doctorate Dissertation, Istanbul University]. Yükseköğretim Kurumu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi, Dissertation No: 514399. Retrieve Date: January 3, 2024. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp.
  • Walker, J. S. (1999). Sex, Suicide, and the Sublime: A Reading of Goethe’s “Werther.” Monatshefte, 91(2), 208–223. Retrieve Date: January 2, 2024. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30153789
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects British and Irish Language, Literature and Culture, World Languages, Literature and Culture (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Berkay Çelebi 0009-0001-8236-6924

Esma Tezcan 0000-0002-5781-9119

Publication Date May 1, 2024
Submission Date April 5, 2024
Acceptance Date April 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çelebi, B., & Tezcan, E. (2024). Sturm Und Drang a Precursor to the Emergence of ‘The Man of Agency’ In English Romanticism. International Journal of Media Culture and Literature, 9(1), 1-21.


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