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ORIENTALIST ELEMENTS IN VOLTAIRE’S ZAIRE

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 107 - 123

Abstract

The article explores the Orientalist themes in Voltaire’s celebrated French tragedy, The Tragedy of Zaire (or Zaïre) (1732), examining how the work reflects eighteenth-century Western perceptions of the East. Set in an exoticized version of the Orient, the play constructs and perpetuates cultural stereotypes, fabricating illusions that served to justify European claims of superiority. Central to the analysis is the characterization of Orosmane, the Muslim Sultan, whose depiction is steeped in Orientalist motifs such as despotism, sexual intrigue, and religious fanaticism. His fierce anger toward Zaire, a Christian woman, captures the thematic tensions that arise from the clash of distinct cultural and religious identities. This confrontation is emblematic of the broader narrative framework that rigidly divides the world into an advanced West and a backward East. Employing Edward Said’s concept of Orientalism (1978) as a critical lens, the article contends that Voltaire’s dramatization of Eastern societies not only exoticizes these cultures but also systematically misrepresents them as morally depraved and inferior. The article situates Zaïre within the framework of colonial discourse and analyzes how Western depictions of the East functioned to legitimize colonial power. The play’s dramatic tensions, marked by jealousy, violence, and religious conflict, reflect the prevailing European discourse that has historically contributed to widespread cultural misunderstandings and prejudices. Moreover, the analysis explores the play’s reception and enduring impact on Western perceptions of the Orient, challenging the ethical implications of such reductive representations. In summary, Zaïre not only embodies typical Orientalist portrayals of the East, it also offers a critique of European religious intolerance and highlights the universal nature of human suffering. By situating the play within the context of Enlightenment thought, the essay argues that Voltaire uses the East as a lens through which to critique European orthodoxy and the consequences of Eurocentric assumptions. Ultimately, Zaïre serves as a complex exploration of Eastern-Western tensions and the enduring legacy of colonialist ideologies.

References

  • Ahmad, A. (1992). In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures. Verso.
  • Ashcroft, B., Ahluwalia, P., & Ahluwalia, D. P. S. . (2001). Edward said. Psychology Press.
  • Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The Location of Culture. Routledge.
  • Bazian, H. (2015). “Islamophobia Studies Journal: Islamophobia and the Three Evils of Society”. Pluto Journals, 3(1), 158–166.
  • Brotton, J. (2006). The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, USA.
  • Cherpack, C. (1977). “French Forum: Love and alienation in Voltaire’s Zaire”. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2(1), 47–57. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/40550906
  • Del Balzo, A. (2015). “Studies in English Literature: 1500-1900: The Sultan’s Tears in Zara, an Oriental tragedy”. Gale Academic OneFile, 55(3), 501+. https://link. gale.com/apps/doc/A428751773/AONE?u=anon~4b6a5e6d&sid=googleSc holar&xid=0bcdec16
  • Gellner, E. (1993). Encounters with Nationalism. Blackwell.
  • Irwin, R. (2006). For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies. Penguin Books.
  • Lewis, B. (1993). Islam and the West. Oxford University Press.
  • Macfie, A. L. (2002). Orientalism: A Reader. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • MacKenzie, J. M. (1995). Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Row, J. E. (2017). “Le monde francais du dix-huitieme siècle: Alternative intimacies, sympathy and sexuality in Voltaire’s Zaire”. The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2(1), 7. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/mfds-ecfw
  • Said, E. (1976). “Arabs, Islam and the Dogmas of the West. In A. L. Macfie (Ed.)”, Orientalism: A Reader (pp. 104–106).
  • Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Vintage.
  • Shakespeare, W. (2006). Othello. Edited by Michael Neill, Oxford University Press.
  • Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the Subaltern Speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (pp. 271–313). University of Illinois Press.
  • De Voltaire, F. M. A. (1854). Zaire, a dramatic poem. Trans. Albany Wallace. Worthing Printed by the author.
  • Weber, C. (2004). “South Central Review: Voltaire’s Zaïre: Fantasies of infidelity, ideologies of faith”. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 21(2), 42–62. http:// www.jstor.com/stable/40039809

Voltaire’in Zaire’sinde Oryantalist Unsurlar

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 107 - 123

Abstract

Makale, Voltaire'in ünlü Fransız trajedisi Zaire (veya Zaïre) Trajedisi'ndeki (1732) Oryantalist temaları ve eserin on sekizinci yüzyıl Batı'sının Doğu algılarını nasıl yansıttığını inceliyor. Oryantalize edilmiş bir Doğu versiyonunda geçen oyun, kültürel klişeler inşa ediyor ve sürdürüyor, Avrupalıların üstünlük iddialarını haklı çıkarmaya yarayan yanılsamalar üretiyor. Analizin merkezinde, despotizm, cinsel entrika ve dini fanatizm gibi Oryantalist motiflerle dolu tasviri olan Müslüman Sultan Orosmane'nin karakterizasyonu yer alıyor. Hristiyan bir kadın olan Zaire'ye duyduğu şiddetli öfke, farklı kültürel ve dini kimliklerin çatışmasından kaynaklanan tematik gerilimleri yakalıyor. Bu yüzleşme, dünyayı katı bir şekilde gelişmiş bir Batı ve geri kalmış bir Doğu olarak bölen daha geniş anlatı çerçevesinin simgesidir. Makale, Edward Said'in Oryantalizm (1978) kavramını eleştirel bir mercek olarak kullanarak, Voltaire'in Doğu toplumlarını dramatize etmesinin bu kültürleri sadece egzotikleştirmekle kalmayıp aynı zamanda onları sistematik olarak ahlaki açıdan yozlaşmış ve aşağı olarak yanlış tanıttığını ileri sürmektedir. Makale, Zaïre'yi sömürgeci söylem çerçevesine yerleştirmekte ve Batı'nın Doğu tasvirlerinin sömürgeci gücü meşrulaştırmak için nasıl işlev gördüğünü analiz etmektedir. Oyunun kıskançlık, şiddet ve dini çatışmalarla işaretlenen dramatik gerilimleri, tarihsel olarak yaygın kültürel yanlış anlamalara ve önyargılara katkıda bulunan hakim Avrupa söylemini yansıtmaktadır. Dahası, analiz oyunun Batı'nın Doğu algıları üzerindeki alımını ve kalıcı etkisini araştırarak bu tür indirgeyici temsillerin etik sonuçlarına meydan okumaktadır. Özetle, Zaïre yalnızca Doğu'nun tipik Oryantalist tasvirlerini somutlaştırmakla kalmamakta, aynı zamanda Avrupa'nın dini hoşgörüsüzlüğüne yönelik bir eleştiri sunmakta ve insan acısının evrensel doğasını vurgulamaktadır. Oyunu Aydınlanma düşüncesi bağlamına yerleştirerek, makale Voltaire'in Doğu'yu Avrupa ortodoksluğunu ve Avrupamerkezci varsayımların sonuçlarını eleştirmek için bir mercek olarak kullandığını savunuyor. Sonuç olarak, Zaïre Doğu-Batı gerginliklerinin ve sömürgeci ideolojilerin kalıcı mirasının karmaşık bir incelemesi olarak hizmet ediyor.

References

  • Ahmad, A. (1992). In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures. Verso.
  • Ashcroft, B., Ahluwalia, P., & Ahluwalia, D. P. S. . (2001). Edward said. Psychology Press.
  • Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The Location of Culture. Routledge.
  • Bazian, H. (2015). “Islamophobia Studies Journal: Islamophobia and the Three Evils of Society”. Pluto Journals, 3(1), 158–166.
  • Brotton, J. (2006). The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, USA.
  • Cherpack, C. (1977). “French Forum: Love and alienation in Voltaire’s Zaire”. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2(1), 47–57. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/40550906
  • Del Balzo, A. (2015). “Studies in English Literature: 1500-1900: The Sultan’s Tears in Zara, an Oriental tragedy”. Gale Academic OneFile, 55(3), 501+. https://link. gale.com/apps/doc/A428751773/AONE?u=anon~4b6a5e6d&sid=googleSc holar&xid=0bcdec16
  • Gellner, E. (1993). Encounters with Nationalism. Blackwell.
  • Irwin, R. (2006). For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies. Penguin Books.
  • Lewis, B. (1993). Islam and the West. Oxford University Press.
  • Macfie, A. L. (2002). Orientalism: A Reader. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • MacKenzie, J. M. (1995). Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Row, J. E. (2017). “Le monde francais du dix-huitieme siècle: Alternative intimacies, sympathy and sexuality in Voltaire’s Zaire”. The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2(1), 7. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/mfds-ecfw
  • Said, E. (1976). “Arabs, Islam and the Dogmas of the West. In A. L. Macfie (Ed.)”, Orientalism: A Reader (pp. 104–106).
  • Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Vintage.
  • Shakespeare, W. (2006). Othello. Edited by Michael Neill, Oxford University Press.
  • Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the Subaltern Speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (pp. 271–313). University of Illinois Press.
  • De Voltaire, F. M. A. (1854). Zaire, a dramatic poem. Trans. Albany Wallace. Worthing Printed by the author.
  • Weber, C. (2004). “South Central Review: Voltaire’s Zaïre: Fantasies of infidelity, ideologies of faith”. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 21(2), 42–62. http:// www.jstor.com/stable/40039809
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects World Languages, Literature and Culture (Other), Cultural Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Turkan Elbayiyeva 0000-0002-8133-5229

Early Pub Date November 17, 2025
Publication Date November 18, 2025
Submission Date April 7, 2025
Acceptance Date August 4, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Elbayiyeva, T. (2025). ORIENTALIST ELEMENTS IN VOLTAIRE’S ZAIRE. International Journal of Media Culture and Literature, 11(2), 107-123.


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