Palynological Investigation of Echium italicum, E. plantagineum and E. glomeratum Species Distributed in Türkiye

Melek Gencal; Gülden Doğan; Yaşar Kıran; Azize Demirpolat

doi:10.47947/ijnls.1847907

Palynological Investigation of Echium italicum, E. plantagineum and E. glomeratum Species Distributed in Türkiye

Abstract

In this study, genera of Echium from the family Boraginaceae, Echium italicum, Echium plantagineum and Echium glomeratum taxa the morphologies of the pollen were revealed using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). According to the research results, the symmetry, aperture, and ornamentation in the pollens of the species generally show similarities. All the pollens examined were heteropolar symmetry and aperture type tricolpate, while in two of the three species investigated, the pollen grains were subprolate, whereas in the remaining species they were prolate. In polar view, the broader pole exhibits a rounded–triangular outline, while the narrower pole is characterized by a more deeply incised, three-lobed configuration. In equatorial view, pollen shape ranges from ovoid to ovoid–triangular. Exine ornamentation is generally reticulate the pollen surface, but appears distinctly granulate within the colpus region.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

I testify on behalf of all co-authors that our article submitted followed ethical principles in publishing.

Thanks

This article was produced from the master’s thesis of Melek Gencal, a student of Firat University, Institute of Science.

References

Akçin, Ö. E., & Binzet, R. (2009). Nutlet size, shape and surface ornamentation in 14 Onosma species (Boraginaceae). Acta Botanica Croatica, 68 (1), 117–126.
Ahvazi, M., Charkhchiyan, K. S. F., Mojab, F., Mozaffarian, V., & Zakeri, H. (2012). Introduction of medicinal plant species with the most traditional usage in Alamut region. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11, 185–194.
Ahn, M. Y., & Lee, S. (1986). A palynotaxonomical study of the Korean Boraginaceae. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy, 16 (3), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.1986.16.3.199
Al-Snafi, A. E. (2017). Pharmacological and therapeutic importance of Echium italicum: A review. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4 (2), 235–240. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.376632
Avertisian, E. M. (1956). Morphologie des microspores de Boraginaceae. Trudy Botanicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk Armyanskoy SSR, 10, 7–66.
Bigazzi, M., & Selvi, F. (1998). Pollen morphology in the Boraginaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 213, 121–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988912
Chevallier, A. (1996). The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. London: Dorling Kindersley.
Çakılcıoğlu, U., Türkoğlu, İ., & Kürşat, M. (2007). Harput (Elazığ) ve çevresinin etnobotanik özellikleri. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Araştırmaları, 5, 22–28.

Çakılcıoğlu, U., & Türkoğlu, İ. (2010). An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Sivrice (Elazığ–Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 132, 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.017
Clarke, G. C. S. (1977). The northwest European pollen flora, 10 (Boraginaceae). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 24, 59–101.
Davis, P. H. (Ed.). (1978). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Vol. 6). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
De Candolle, A. P. (1845). Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (Vol. 9). Paris.
Diez, M. J. (1984). Contribution al atlas polínico de Andalucía occidental I: Boraginaceae. Lagascalia, 13, 147–171.
Diez, M. J. (1994). A general survey of pollen types in Anchusa L. (Boraginaceae) in relation to taxonomy. Acta Botanica Gallica, 141 (2), 233–242.
Diez, M. J., & Valdés, B. (1991). Pollen morphology of the tribes Eritrichieae and Cynoglosseae (Boraginaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula and its taxonomic significance. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 107, 49–66.
Erdtman, G. (1952). Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy: Angiosperms. Waltham, MA: Chronica Botanica.
Erdtman, G., Berglund, B., & Praglowski, J. (1961). An introduction to a Scandinavian pollen flora. Grana Palynologica, 2, 3–92.
Faegri, K., & Iversen, J. (1989). Textbook of Pollen Analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Gibbs, P. E. (1972). Flora Europaea (Vol. 3). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Glirke, M. (1897). Boraginaceae. In: A. Engler & K. Prantl (Eds.), Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Vol. IV), Leipzig, pp. 71–131.
Grieve, M. (1982). A Modern Herbal (Vols. 1–2). New York: Dover Publications.
Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., & Babaç, M. T. (Eds.). (2014). Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). İstanbul: Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını.
Heywood, V. H. (1978). Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hilger, H. H., & Böhle, U. R. (2000). Pontechium: A new genus distinct from Echium and Lobostemon (Boraginaceae). Taxon, 49 (4), 737–746. https://doi.org/10.2307/1223974
Johnston, I. M. (1924). Studies in the Boraginaceae. III. The Old World genera of the Boraginoideae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 73, 42–78.
Johnston, I. M. (1954). Studies in the Boraginaceae, XXVII. Some general observations concerning the Lithospermeae. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 35, 158–166.
Kapp, R. O. (1969). Pollen and Spores. Dubuque, IA: W. M. C. Brown Company Publishers.
Khatamsaz, M. (2001). Pollen morphology of Iranian Boraginaceae family and its taxonomic significance. Iranian Journal of Botany, 9 (1), 27–40.
Mehrabani, D., Ghassemi, F., Azarpira, N., et al. (2005). The healing effect of Echium amoenum on experimental burn wounds in rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4 (14), 53–59.
Moore, P. D., Webb, J. A., & Collinson, M. E. (1991). Pollen Analysis (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Popova, T. N., & Zemskova, E. A. (1995). Palynomorphological study of some species of Boraginaceae. Botanicheskii Zhurnal, 80 (10), 1–13.
Punt, W., Hoen, P. P., Blackmore, S., Nilsson, S., & Le Thomas, A. (2007). Glossary of pollen and spore terminology. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 143 (1–2), 1–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.06.008
Reille, M. (1992). Pollen et Spores d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. Marseille: Laboratoire de Botanique Historique et Palynologie.
Reille, M. (1995). Pollen et Spores d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord (Supplément 1). Marseille: Laboratoire de Botanique Historique et Palynologie.
Retief, E., & Van Wyk, A. E. (1997). Palynology of southern African Boraginaceae: The genera Lobostemon, Echiostachys and Echium. Grana, 36 (5), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/00173139709362616
Riedl, H. (1967). Boraginaceae. In: K. H. Rechinger (Ed.), Flora Iranica (No. 48), Graz.
Sahay, S. K. (1977). Palynotaxonomy of Boraginaceae and some other families of Tubiflorae. Biological Memoirs, 4, 117–250.
Sahay, S. K. (1979). Palynotaxonomy of Boraginaceae and some other families of Tubiflorae. Biological Memoirs, 4, 117–250.
Tabata, M., Sezik, E., Honda, G., Yeşilada, E., Goto, K., & Ikeshiro, Y. (1994). Traditional medicine in Turkey III: Folk medicine in East Anatolia; Van and Bitlis provinces. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 32, 3–12.
Uçar Turker, A., Birinci Yıldırım, A., & Taş, İ. (2018). In vitro adventitious plant regeneration of Echium orientale L., an endemic plant: The evaluation of biological activities and phenolic content. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 55, 264–272.
Wodehouse, R. P. (1935). Pollen Grains: Their Structure, Identification and Significance in Science and Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Zağyapan, T. (2015). Türkiye’de yayılan Echium orientale L., Echium vulgare L., Echium angustifolium Miller ve Echium parviflorum Moench (Boraginaceae) türlerinin polen morfolojileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi, Türkiye.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Botany (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Melek Gencal
0009-0007-5779-1420
Türkiye

Gülden Doğan
0000-0002-7668-3368
Türkiye

Yaşar Kıran
0000-0002-3225-2080
Türkiye

Azize Demirpolat ^*
0000-0001-7192-185X
Türkiye

Publication Date

December 30, 2025

Submission Date

December 23, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 29, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 9 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1847907

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA39YG85KP

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Gencal, M., Doğan, G., Kıran, Y., & Demirpolat, A. (2025). Palynological Investigation of Echium italicum, E. plantagineum and E. glomeratum Species Distributed in Türkiye. International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences, 9(2), 162-169. https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1847907

AMA

1.Gencal M, Doğan G, Kıran Y, Demirpolat A. Palynological Investigation of Echium italicum, E. plantagineum and E. glomeratum Species Distributed in Türkiye. Int J Nature Life Sci. 2025;9(2):162-169. doi:10.47947/ijnls.1847907

Chicago

Gencal, Melek, Gülden Doğan, Yaşar Kıran, and Azize Demirpolat. 2025. “Palynological Investigation of Echium Italicum, E. Plantagineum and E. Glomeratum Species Distributed in Türkiye”. International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences 9 (2): 162-69. https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1847907.

EndNote

Gencal M, Doğan G, Kıran Y, Demirpolat A (December 1, 2025) Palynological Investigation of Echium italicum, E. plantagineum and E. glomeratum Species Distributed in Türkiye. International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences 9 2 162–169.

IEEE

[1]M. Gencal, G. Doğan, Y. Kıran, and A. Demirpolat, “Palynological Investigation of Echium italicum, E. plantagineum and E. glomeratum Species Distributed in Türkiye”, Int J Nature Life Sci, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 162–169, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.47947/ijnls.1847907.

ISNAD

Gencal, Melek - Doğan, Gülden - Kıran, Yaşar - Demirpolat, Azize. “Palynological Investigation of Echium Italicum, E. Plantagineum and E. Glomeratum Species Distributed in Türkiye”. International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences 9/2 (December 1, 2025): 162-169. https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1847907.

JAMA

1.Gencal M, Doğan G, Kıran Y, Demirpolat A. Palynological Investigation of Echium italicum, E. plantagineum and E. glomeratum Species Distributed in Türkiye. Int J Nature Life Sci. 2025;9:162–169.

MLA

Gencal, Melek, et al. “Palynological Investigation of Echium Italicum, E. Plantagineum and E. Glomeratum Species Distributed in Türkiye”. International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences, vol. 9, no. 2, Dec. 2025, pp. 162-9, doi:10.47947/ijnls.1847907.

Vancouver

1.Melek Gencal, Gülden Doğan, Yaşar Kıran, Azize Demirpolat. Palynological Investigation of Echium italicum, E. plantagineum and E. glomeratum Species Distributed in Türkiye. Int J Nature Life Sci. 2025 Dec. 1;9(2):162-9. doi:10.47947/ijnls.1847907