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Reference Energy System Analysis of a Main Battle Tank

Year 2025, Issue: Special Issue, 47 - 53, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.61150/ijonfest.2025030305

Abstract

Energy plays an indispensable and vital role in daily life today. This role has compelled countries to share global energy resources and lead to wars throughout human history. Especially after the Industrial Revolution the intensive use of fossil fuels has led to an increase in greenhouse gases and caused climate change. Massive carbon emissions have necessitated a comprehensive effort to reduce carbon emissions. As in many other fields, numerous initiatives have been undertaken in the military field to address this issue. United Nations, NATO and European Defence Agency are undertaking various efforts to implement measures aimed at reducing carbon emissions while preserving the operational capabilities of militaries. Using energy modeling tools for energy planning is one of these efforts. In military field, main battle tanks are among the most carbon intensive military vehicles due to their high fuel consumption. In this study, an energy network for a Leopard 2 main battle tank was created and components were specified within a flowchart based on the concept of a reference energy system. On this basis, it will be possible to define and analyze the subunits of the established reference energy system using real data in the LEAP energy decision support tool. Furthermore, it is aimed to provide ideas for innovations that can reduce carbon emissions while preserving the operational effectiveness of main battle tanks.

References

  • [1] KKTT 17-2350-10-10 Leopard 2A4 Tankının Kullanılması ve Mürettebat Bakımı – (Birinci Cilt) - (UNCLASSIFIED)
  • [2] KKYY 17-13-2 Tank Topçuluğu (Leopard2A4 Tankı) - (UNCLASSIFIED)
  • [3] KNDS Leopard 2A8 [Online] Available at: https://www.knds.de/fileadmin/user_upload/broschueren_2024/KNDS_B_Ansicht_LEOPARD2A8_EN.pdf
  • [4] Oil Change International (2008) A Climate of War: Behind the Numbers. Advance Edition report, [Online] Available at: https://oilchange.org/publications/a-climate-of-war/
  • [5] Schwartz, M. et al. (2012) Department of Defense Energy Initiatives: Background and Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service, [Online] Available at: http://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42558.pdf
  • [6] The World Climate and Security Report 2024: Military Innovation and the Climate Challenge.” Product of the Expert Group of the International Military Council on Climate and Security. Authors: John Conger, Emil Havstrup, Laura Jasper, Lennaert Jonkers, Irina Patrahau, Sami Ramdani, Louise van Schaik, and Julia Tasse. Edited by Francesco Femia and Erin Sikorksy. July 10, 2024.
  • [7] NATO Energy Security Center of Excellence, Energy Highlights, [Online] Available at: https://www.enseccoe.org/publications/energy-efficiency-and-renewable-energy-solutions-in-nato-and-pfp-countries-military-operations/
  • [8] [Online] Available at: https://defence-blog.com/u-s-army-develops-stealthy-hydrogen-fuel-cell-tanks/
  • [9] Tamara Lorincz, Demilitarization for Deep Decarbonization: Reducing Militarism and Military Expenditures to Invest in the UN Green Climate Fund and to Create Low-Carbon Economies and Resilient Communities. [10] [Online] Available at: https://fuelcellsworks.com/news/u-s-army-develops-stealthy-hydrogen-fuel-cell-powered-tanks.
  • [11] C O Ilie et al 2022 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1220 012017.
  • [12] Ilijevski, Ž. (2006). “A Hybrid-Electric Drive Concept for High Speed Tracked Vehicles.”
  • [13] F. A. Farret, F. Gonzatti, J. O. da Silva Viana Leite and M. Almeida Gama, "Design aspects of the electric propulsion of Brazilian Army Leopard vehicles with fuel cells" 2022 14th Seminar on Power Electronics and Control (SEPOC), Santa Maria, Brazil, 2022, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/SEPOC54972.2022.9976443.
  • [14] Sulukan E., Özkan D., Sarı A., «Reference Energy System Analysis of a Generic Ship., Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, Vol 6, no. 5, pp. 371-376, 2019.
  • [15] Sulukan, E. (2010). “Establishing Energy Efficient Utilization and Cost-effective Energy Technologies Selection Strategies for Turkey using MARKAL Family of Models” (PhD Thesis) Marmara University, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences. İstanbul.
  • [16] Sulukan E., Sağlam M., and Uyar T. S., “A Native Energy Decision Model for Turkey,” Towards 100% Renewable Energy Techniques, Costs and Regional Studies, T. S. Uyar Ed., Springer, Switzerland, pp. 167-177, 2017.

Bir Ana Muharebe Tankının Referans Enerji Sistemi Analizi

Year 2025, Issue: Special Issue, 47 - 53, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.61150/ijonfest.2025030305

Abstract

Enerji, günümüzde günlük yaşamda vazgeçilmez ve hayati bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu rol, insanlık tarihi boyunca ülkeleri küresel enerji kaynaklarını paylaşmaya zorlamış ve savaşlara yol açmıştır. Özellikle Sanayi Devrimi'nden sonra fosil yakıtların yoğun kullanımı sera gazlarının artmasına ve iklim değişikliğine yol açmıştır. Büyük karbon emisyonları, karbon emisyonlarının azaltılmasına yönelik kapsamlı bir çabayı gerekli kılmıştır. Diğer birçok alanda olduğu gibi, askeri alanda da bu konuyu ele almak üzere çok sayıda girişimde bulunulmuştur. Birleşmiş Milletler, NATO ve Avrupa Savunma Ajansı, orduların operasyonel kabiliyetlerini korurken karbon emisyonlarını azaltmayı amaçlayan tedbirleri uygulamak için çeşitli çalışmalar yürütmektedir. Enerji planlaması için enerji modelleme araçlarının kullanılması bu çabalardan biridir. Askeri alanda, ana muharebe tankları yüksek yakıt tüketimleri nedeniyle karbon emisyonu en yoğun askeri araçlar arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Leopard 2 ana muharebe tankı için bir enerji ağı oluşturulmuş ve bileşenler referans enerji sistemi kavramına dayalı bir akış şeması içinde belirlenmiştir. Bu temelde, LEAP enerji karar destek aracında gerçek veriler kullanılarak oluşturulan referans enerji sisteminin alt birimlerinin tanımlanması ve analiz edilmesi mümkün olacaktır. Ayrıca, ana muharebe tanklarının operasyonel etkinliğini korurken karbon emisyonlarını azaltabilecek yenilikler için fikir sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır.

References

  • [1] KKTT 17-2350-10-10 Leopard 2A4 Tankının Kullanılması ve Mürettebat Bakımı – (Birinci Cilt) - (UNCLASSIFIED)
  • [2] KKYY 17-13-2 Tank Topçuluğu (Leopard2A4 Tankı) - (UNCLASSIFIED)
  • [3] KNDS Leopard 2A8 [Online] Available at: https://www.knds.de/fileadmin/user_upload/broschueren_2024/KNDS_B_Ansicht_LEOPARD2A8_EN.pdf
  • [4] Oil Change International (2008) A Climate of War: Behind the Numbers. Advance Edition report, [Online] Available at: https://oilchange.org/publications/a-climate-of-war/
  • [5] Schwartz, M. et al. (2012) Department of Defense Energy Initiatives: Background and Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service, [Online] Available at: http://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42558.pdf
  • [6] The World Climate and Security Report 2024: Military Innovation and the Climate Challenge.” Product of the Expert Group of the International Military Council on Climate and Security. Authors: John Conger, Emil Havstrup, Laura Jasper, Lennaert Jonkers, Irina Patrahau, Sami Ramdani, Louise van Schaik, and Julia Tasse. Edited by Francesco Femia and Erin Sikorksy. July 10, 2024.
  • [7] NATO Energy Security Center of Excellence, Energy Highlights, [Online] Available at: https://www.enseccoe.org/publications/energy-efficiency-and-renewable-energy-solutions-in-nato-and-pfp-countries-military-operations/
  • [8] [Online] Available at: https://defence-blog.com/u-s-army-develops-stealthy-hydrogen-fuel-cell-tanks/
  • [9] Tamara Lorincz, Demilitarization for Deep Decarbonization: Reducing Militarism and Military Expenditures to Invest in the UN Green Climate Fund and to Create Low-Carbon Economies and Resilient Communities. [10] [Online] Available at: https://fuelcellsworks.com/news/u-s-army-develops-stealthy-hydrogen-fuel-cell-powered-tanks.
  • [11] C O Ilie et al 2022 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1220 012017.
  • [12] Ilijevski, Ž. (2006). “A Hybrid-Electric Drive Concept for High Speed Tracked Vehicles.”
  • [13] F. A. Farret, F. Gonzatti, J. O. da Silva Viana Leite and M. Almeida Gama, "Design aspects of the electric propulsion of Brazilian Army Leopard vehicles with fuel cells" 2022 14th Seminar on Power Electronics and Control (SEPOC), Santa Maria, Brazil, 2022, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/SEPOC54972.2022.9976443.
  • [14] Sulukan E., Özkan D., Sarı A., «Reference Energy System Analysis of a Generic Ship., Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, Vol 6, no. 5, pp. 371-376, 2019.
  • [15] Sulukan, E. (2010). “Establishing Energy Efficient Utilization and Cost-effective Energy Technologies Selection Strategies for Turkey using MARKAL Family of Models” (PhD Thesis) Marmara University, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences. İstanbul.
  • [16] Sulukan E., Sağlam M., and Uyar T. S., “A Native Energy Decision Model for Turkey,” Towards 100% Renewable Energy Techniques, Costs and Regional Studies, T. S. Uyar Ed., Springer, Switzerland, pp. 167-177, 2017.
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Mechanical Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Uğur Leblebici

Egemen Sulukan 0000-0003-1138-2465

Bulent Ekici 0000-0001-8967-0649

Submission Date February 5, 2025
Acceptance Date July 7, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: Special Issue

Cite

IEEE U. Leblebici, E. Sulukan, and B. Ekici, “Reference Energy System Analysis of a Main Battle Tank”, IJONFEST, no. Special Issue, pp. 47–53, December2025, doi: 10.61150/ijonfest.2025030305.