Is the Tocharian Mule an “Iranian Horse” or a “Turkic Donkey”? Further examples for Proto-Turkic */t₂/ [ts]

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 126 - 154, 31.12.2022

Orçun Ünal

https://doi.org/10.46614/ijous.1206344

Abstract

Tocharian B etswe ‘mule’ is a newly attested word. It has been identified as a loan from Iranian *atswa (< Proto-Indo-European *h₁ék̂wos ‘horse’). The present study proposes a Turkic etymology for the Tocharian word in question. It has been suggested that the Proto- Turkic form *ät₂gä [ɛtsʰˈɣɛ] ‘donkey’, the origin of the Common Turkic äšgäk and Khalaj äšgä, is the source of the Tocharian B etswe. Tocharian /w/ is a substitution of the Proto-Turkic phoneme */g/. An etymology has also been proposed for Proto-Turkic *ät₂gä. According to this, the form *ät₂gä originally denotes ‘eared (animal)’ and derives from the root *ät₂i ‘ear’, which is also the root of the verb *ät₂id- ‘to hear’ (> Common Turkic äšid-, Chuvash ilt-). The Proto-Turkic root *ät₂i ‘ear’ is related to the Akkadian ḫasīsu(m) /hatsītsu(m)/ ‘ear; wisdom’ and further Akkadian loanwords in Turkic are discussed.

Keywords

Proto-Turkic, Tocharian, Iranian, Akkadian, loanword, äšgäk, etswe

Toharca Katır bir “İran Atı” mı yoksa bir “Türk Eşeği” mi? Proto-Türkçe */t₂/ [ts] için İlave Örnekler

Abstract

Toharca B etswe ‘katır’ yeni tanıklanmış bir kelimedir. Bu kelime, İranca *atswa’dan (< Proto-Hint-Avrupa *h₁ék̂ wos ‘at’) bir alıntı olarak teşhis edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, söz konusu Toharca kelime için Türkçe bir etimoloji önermektedir. Genel Türkçe äšgäk ve Halaçça äšgä sözcüklerinin kökeni olan Proto-Türkçe *ät₂gä [ɛtsʰˈɣɛ] ‘eşek’ biçiminin Toharca B etswe’nin kaynağı olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Toharca /w/, Proto-Türkçe */g/ sesbiriminin bir ikamesidir. Proto-Türkçe *ät₂gä için de bir etimoloji önerilmiştir. Buna göre, *ät₂gä biçimi aslen ‘kulaklı (hayvan)’ anlamına geliyor olup *ät₂i ‘kulak’ kökünden türemiştir ve bu kök *ät₂id- ‘duymak’ (> Genel Türkçe äšid-, Çuvaşça ilt-) fiilinin de köküdür. Proto-Türkçe *ät₂i ‘kulak’ kökü ise Akadca ḫasīsu(m) /hatsītsu(m)/ ‘kulak; bilgelik’ ile ilişkilendirilmiş ve Türkçedeki diğer Akadca alıntılar tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Proto-Türkçe, Toharca, İranca, Akadca, alıntı, äšgäk, etswe

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