Effects of Salicylic Acid on Fatty Acid Gene Expression in Carthamus tinctorious L. cv. Dinçer under Pendimethalin Stress

Abstract

Pendimethalin is a member of the dinitroaniline class herbicide. It used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds. Salicylic acid acts as an endogenous signal molecule in charge of inducing environmental stress tolerance in plants. Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase is a key enzyme for α-linolenic acid biosynthesis. Here, we searched to understand the beneficial impacts of salicylic acid on fatty acid desaturase gene (FAD3 and FAD7) expression during pendimethalin stress in safflower (Carthamus tinctorious cv. “Dinçer). In this study, 0.004 and 0.01 M pendimethalin was applied to safflower plants grown under controlled climatic conditions in 36 pots. 0.05 mM salicylic acid was applied to the samples where pendimethalin was applied. After application, gene expression analyze were performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The floor change between the test and control groups was calculated with the formula 2 ^ (delta delta CT). The change between gene expression levels was evaluated by t test (p <0.05). FAD3 and FAD7 expression levels decreased at low pendimethalin concentration. A down-regulation in FAD3 expression was observed in high pendimethalin stress, while an up-regulation in FAD7 expression was detected. Salicylic acid had a ameliorative effect on the negative effect of pendimethalin stress on FAD3 and FAD7 gene expression.

Keywords

• Carthamus tinctorious,
• omega-3 fatty acid,
• pendimethalin,
• salicylic acid

Abstract

Pendimethalin dinitroanilin sınıfı bir herbisittir. Pendimethalin genellikle tek yıllık otsu bitkiler ve birçok geniş yapraklı ot ile mücadelede kullanılır. Salisilik asit bitkilerde çevresel stres toleransını indüklemekten sorumlu endojen bir sinyal molekülü olarak rol oynamaktadır. Omega-3 yağ asidi desatüraz, α-linolenik asit biyosentezi için anahtar bir enzimdir. Bu çalışmada salisilik asidin aspirde (Carthamus tinctorius L. cv. Dinçer) pendimethalin stresi altında yağ asidi desatüraz genlerinin ifade düzeyi üzerindeki etkileri araştırıldı. Çalışmada 36 saksıda kontrollü iklim koşullarında yetiştirilen aspir bitkilerine 0.004 ve 0.01 M pendimethalin uygulanmıştır. Pendimethalin uygulanan bitkilere sonrasında 0.05 mM salisilik asit uygulanmıştır. Uygulama sonrasında RNA izolasyonu, cDNA sentezi ve kantitatif polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu yapılmıştır. Test ve kontrol grupları arasındaki kat değişimi 2 ^ (delta delta CT) formülü ile hesaplanmıştır. Gen ifade düzeyleri arasındaki değişim t testi ile değerlendirildi (p <0.05). FAD3 ve FAD7 ekspresyon seviyeleri düşük pendimethalin konsantrasyonunda azalmıştır. Yüksek pendimethalin stresinde FAD3 ekspresyonunda aşağı regülasyon gözlenirken, FAD7 ekspresyonunda yukarı regülasyon tespit edilmiştir. Salisilik asidin pendimetalin stresinin FAD3 ve FAD7 gen ifadesi üzerindeki olumsuz etkisini iyileştirici bir etki gösterdiği gözlemlenmiştir.

Keywords

• Carthamus tinctorious,
• omega-3 yağ asidi,
• pendimethalin, salisilik asit

References

1. Agostinetto, D., Perboni, L.T., Langaro, A.C., Gomes, J., Fraga, D.S., Franco, J.J., 2016. Changes in photosynthesis and oxidative stress in wheat plants submitted to herbicides application. Planta Daninha, 34:1–9.
2. Agostinetto, D., Perboni, L.T., Langaro, A.C., Gomes, J., Fraga, D.S., Franco, J.J., 2016. Changes in photosynthesis and oxidative stress in wheat plants submitted to herbicides application. Planta Daninha, 34:1–9.
3. Andersen, E.J., Ali, S., Byamukama, E., Yen, Y., Nepal, M.P., 2018. Disease resistance mechanisms in plants. Genes (Basel). 9:1-30.
4. Andersen, E.J., Ali, S., Byamukama, E., Yen, Y., Nepal, M.P., 2018. Disease resistance mechanisms in plants. Genes (Basel). 9:1-30.
5. Dajue,L., Mündel, H., 1996. Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. pp 83. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
6. Dajue,L., Mündel, H., 1996. Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. pp 83. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
7. Elyasi, R., Majdi, M., Bahramnejad, B., Mirzaghaderi, G., 2016. Spatial modulation and abiotic elicitors responses of the biosynthesis related genes of mono/triterpenes in black cumin (Nigella sativa). Industrial Crops and Products, 79:240–247.
8. Elyasi, R., Majdi, M., Bahramnejad, B., Mirzaghaderi, G., 2016. Spatial modulation and abiotic elicitors responses of the biosynthesis related genes of mono/triterpenes in black cumin (Nigella sativa). Industrial Crops and Products, 79:240–247.

9. Fu, Z.Q., Dong, X., 2013. Systemic acquired resistance: turning local ınfection into global defense. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 64:839–863.
10. Fu, Z.Q., Dong, X., 2013. Systemic acquired resistance: turning local ınfection into global defense. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 64:839–863.
11. Guan, L.L., Wu, W., Hu, B., Li, D., Chen, J.W., Hou, K., Wang, L., 2014. Devolopmental and growth temperature regulation of omega-3 fatty acid desaturase genes in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Genetics and Molecular Research, 13:6623–6637.
12. Guan, L.L., Wu, W., Hu, B., Li, D., Chen, J.W., Hou, K., Wang, L., 2014. Devolopmental and growth temperature regulation of omega-3 fatty acid desaturase genes in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Genetics and Molecular Research, 13:6623–6637.
13. Heppard, E.P., Kinney, A.J., Stecca, K.L., Miao, G.H., 1996. Developmental and growth temperature regulation of two different microsomal ω-6 desaturase genes in soybeans. Plant Physiology, 110:311–319.
14. Heppard, E.P., Kinney, A.J., Stecca, K.L., Miao, G.H., 1996. Developmental and growth temperature regulation of two different microsomal ω-6 desaturase genes in soybeans. Plant Physiology, 110:311–319.
15. Hoagland, D.R., Arnon, D.I., 1938. The water-culture method for growing plants without soil: University of California. California Agricultural Experiment Station, 347:32.
16. Hoagland, D.R., Arnon, D.I., 1938. The water-culture method for growing plants without soil: University of California. California Agricultural Experiment Station, 347:32.
17. Hou, L., Lee, W., Rusiecki, J., Hoppin, J., Blair, A., Bonner, M., Lubin, J., Samanic, C., Sandler, D., Dosemeci, M., Alavanja, M., 2004. Pendimethalin exposure and cancer risk among pesticide applicators: a report from the U.S.-based agricultural health study. Annals of Epidemiology, 14:608.
18. Hou, L., Lee, W., Rusiecki, J., Hoppin, J., Blair, A., Bonner, M., Lubin, J., Samanic, C., Sandler, D., Dosemeci, M., Alavanja, M., 2004. Pendimethalin exposure and cancer risk among pesticide applicators: a report from the U.S.-based agricultural health study. Annals of Epidemiology, 14:608.
19. Jitao, Z., Abrams, G.D., Barton, D.L., Taylor, D.C., Pomeroy, M.K., Abrams, S.K., 1995. Induction of lipid and oleosin biosynthesis by (+)-abscisic acid and its metabolites in microspore-derived embryos of Brassica napus L. cv Reston. Biological responses in the presence of 8’-hydroxyabascisic acid. Plant Physiology, 108:563–571.
20. Jitao, Z., Abrams, G.D., Barton, D.L., Taylor, D.C., Pomeroy, M.K., Abrams, S.K., 1995. Induction of lipid and oleosin biosynthesis by (+)-abscisic acid and its metabolites in microspore-derived embryos of Brassica napus L. cv Reston. Biological responses in the presence of 8’-hydroxyabascisic acid. Plant Physiology, 108:563–571.
21. Kachroo, P., Venugopal, S.C., Navarre, D.A., Lapchyk, L., Kachroo, A., 2005. Role of salicylic acid and fatty acid desaturation pathways in ssi2-mediated signaling. Plant Physiology, 139:1717–1735.
22. Kachroo, P., Venugopal, S.C., Navarre, D.A., Lapchyk, L., Kachroo, A., 2005. Role of salicylic acid and fatty acid desaturation pathways in ssi2-mediated signaling. Plant Physiology, 139:1717–1735.
23. Kaur, G., 2019. Herbicides and its role in induction of oxidative stress- a review. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 4:995–1004.
24. Kaur, G., 2019. Herbicides and its role in induction of oxidative stress- a review. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 4:995–1004.
25. Kim, H.U., Lee, K.R., Shim, D., Lee, J.H., Chen, G.Q., Hwang, S., 2016. Transcriptome analysis and identification of genes associated with ω-3 fatty acid biosynthesis in Perilla frutescens L. var. Frutescens. BMC Genomics, 17:1–19.
26. Kim, H.U., Lee, K.R., Shim, D., Lee, J.H., Chen, G.Q., Hwang, S., 2016. Transcriptome analysis and identification of genes associated with ω-3 fatty acid biosynthesis in Perilla frutescens L. var. Frutescens. BMC Genomics, 17:1–19.
27. Livak, K.J., Schmittgen, T.D., 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCT method. Methods, 25:402–408.
28. Livak, K.J., Schmittgen, T.D., 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCT method. Methods, 25:402–408.
29. Los, D.A., Murata, N., 1998. Structure and expression of fatty acid desaturases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, 1394:3–15.
30. Los, D.A., Murata, N., 1998. Structure and expression of fatty acid desaturases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, 1394:3–15.
31. Majidi, M.M., Tavakoli, V., Mirlohi, A., Sabzalian, M.R., 2011. Wild safflower species (Carthamus oxyacanthus Bieb.): A possible source of drought tolerance for arid environments. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5:1055–1063.
32. Majidi, M.M., Tavakoli, V., Mirlohi, A., Sabzalian, M.R., 2011. Wild safflower species (Carthamus oxyacanthus Bieb.): A possible source of drought tolerance for arid environments. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5:1055–1063.
33. Martz, F., Kiviniemi, S., Palva, T.E., Sutinen, M.L., 2006. Contribution of omega-3 fatty acid desaturase and 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII) genes in the modulation of glycerolipid fatty acid composition during cold acclimation in birch leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57:897–909.
34. Martz, F., Kiviniemi, S., Palva, T.E., Sutinen, M.L., 2006. Contribution of omega-3 fatty acid desaturase and 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII) genes in the modulation of glycerolipid fatty acid composition during cold acclimation in birch leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57:897–909.
35. Maruri-López, I., Aviles-Baltazar, N.Y., Buchala, A., Serrano, M., 2019. Intra and extracellular journey of the phytohormone salicylic acid. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10:423.
36. Maruri-López, I., Aviles-Baltazar, N.Y., Buchala, A., Serrano, M., 2019. Intra and extracellular journey of the phytohormone salicylic acid. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10:423.
37. Mirzajani, Z., Hadavi, E., Kashi, A., 2015. Changes in the essential oil content and selected traits of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as induced by foliar sprays of citric acid and salicylic acid. Industrial Crops and Products, 76:269–274.
38. Mirzajani, Z., Hadavi, E., Kashi, A., 2015. Changes in the essential oil content and selected traits of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as induced by foliar sprays of citric acid and salicylic acid. Industrial Crops and Products, 76:269–274.
39. Osman, K.A., Salama, A.K., Salama, M.S., Albakary, A.S., 2016. Oxidative stress and pharmacokinetics of pendimethalin in female rats. Journal of Clinical Toxicology, 6:1-6.
40. Osman, K.A., Salama, A.K., Salama, M.S., Albakary, A.S., 2016. Oxidative stress and pharmacokinetics of pendimethalin in female rats. Journal of Clinical Toxicology, 6:1-6.
41. Pahlavani, M.H., Mirlohi, A.F., Saeidi, G., 2004. Inheritance of flower color and spininess in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Heredity, 95:265–267.
42. Pahlavani, M.H., Mirlohi, A.F., Saeidi, G., 2004. Inheritance of flower color and spininess in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Heredity, 95:265–267.
43. Peng, Z., Ruan, J., Tian, H., Shan, L., Meng, J., Guo, F., Zhang, Z., Ding, H., Wan, s., Li, X., 2020. The family of peanut fatty acid desaturase genes and a functional analysis of four ω-3 AhFAD3 members. Plant Molecular Biology Report, 38:209–221.
44. Peng, Z., Ruan, J., Tian, H., Shan, L., Meng, J., Guo, F., Zhang, Z., Ding, H., Wan, s., Li, X., 2020. The family of peanut fatty acid desaturase genes and a functional analysis of four ω-3 AhFAD3 members. Plant Molecular Biology Report, 38:209–221.
45. Rodrigues, K.C.S., Fett-Neto, A.G., 2009. Oleoresin yield of Pinus elliottii in a subtropical climate: Seasonal variation and effect of auxin and salicylic acid-based stimulant paste. Industrial Crops and Products, 30:316–320.
46. Rodrigues, K.C.S., Fett-Neto, A.G., 2009. Oleoresin yield of Pinus elliottii in a subtropical climate: Seasonal variation and effect of auxin and salicylic acid-based stimulant paste. Industrial Crops and Products, 30:316–320.
47. Sen Wang, H., Yu, C., Tang, X.F., Zhu, Z.J., Ma, N.N., Meng, Q.W., 2014. A tomato endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-type omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (LeFAD3) functions in early seedling tolerance to salinity stress. Plant Cell Reports, 33:131–142.
48. Sen Wang, H., Yu, C., Tang, X.F., Zhu, Z.J., Ma, N.N., Meng, Q.W., 2014. A tomato endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-type omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (LeFAD3) functions in early seedling tolerance to salinity stress. Plant Cell Reports, 33:131–142.
49. Tomlin, C.D.S., 2001. The e-pesticide manual (version 2.1.). British Crop Protection Council, England.
50. Weber, H., 2002. Fatty acid-derived signals in plants. Trends Plant Science, 7:217–224.
51. Weber, H., 2002. Fatty acid-derived signals in plants. Trends Plant Science, 7:217–224.
52. Xue, Y., Chen, B., Win, A.N., Fu, C., Lian, J., Liu, X., Wang, R., Zhang, X., Chai, R., 2018. Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase gene family from two ω-3 sources, Salvia hispanica and Perilla frutescens: Cloning, characterization and expression. PLoS One, 13:1-25.
53. Xue, Y., Chen, B., Win, A.N., Fu, C., Lian, J., Liu, X., Wang, R., Zhang, X., Chai, R., 2018. Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase gene family from two ω-3 sources, Salvia hispanica and Perilla frutescens: Cloning, characterization and expression. PLoS One, 13:1-25.
54. Yang, M., Xu, Y., 2007. Oleate accumulation, ınduced by silencing of microsomal omega-6 desaturase, declines with leaf expansion in transgenic tobacco. Journal of Plant Physiology, 164:23-30.
55. Yang, M., Xu, Y., 2007. Oleate accumulation, ınduced by silencing of microsomal omega-6 desaturase, declines with leaf expansion in transgenic tobacco. Journal of Plant Physiology, 164:23-30.
56. Zikankuba, V.L., Mwanyika, G., Ntwenya, J.E., James, A., 2019. Pesticide regulations and their malpractice implications on food and environment safety. Cogent Food and Agricultura, 5:1-15.
57. Zikankuba, V.L., Mwanyika, G., Ntwenya, J.E., James, A., 2019. Pesticide regulations and their malpractice implications on food and environment safety. Cogent Food and Agricultura, 5:1-15.