Petrographic and Geochemical Characteristics of the Palandöken Volcanic Rocks in the Erzurum Region, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey

Abstract

Palandöken volcanics are part of the Eastern Anatolia Volcanic Province system which is formed as a result of
the convergence-collision of the African, Arabian and Eurasian plates. These volcanics consist of lava flows and
intercalated pyroclastics forming a thick stack. These lavas are ranging from low silica basalts to high silica dacites
according to their silica content in compositions, in accordance with their geochemical and petrographical data.
These lavas with SiO2 content varying between 47.44-67.88% and Mg # between 11.33-53.04%, have calcalkaline
- tholeiitic and sodic series characteristics. In general, they show significant negative Nb, Ta anomaly with
enrichment in Large-Ion lithophile Elements (LILE) and Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) compared to High-
Field Strength Elements (HFSE). On the other hand, there are also samples that have been consumed by LILEs, and
do not give Nb and Ta anomalies, but give very distinct Sr and Ti anomalies. It is seen that, these different examples
are the most evolved lavas in terms of elemental behavior and distribution because of the most affected by magmatic
differentiation. Petrological datas indicate that the Palandöken volcanic rocks, in which continental assimilation
effect is observed, have a metasomatized continental lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle associated with
subduction, containing garnet and spinel with partial melting at different rates, fractionation and magma mixture.

Keywords

• Post-collision volcanism,
• geochemistry,
• magma mixture,
• Palandöken volcanics,
• petrogenesis

Erzurum Bölgesinde Palandöken Volkanik Kayaçlarının Petrografik ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri, Doğu Anadolu, Türkiye

Abstract

Palandöken volkanitleri, Afrika, Arabistan ve Avrasya levhalarının yakınsama-çarpışması sonucunda oluşan Doğu Anadolu Volkanik Provens sisteminin bir parçasıdır. Bu volkanitler, lav akıntıları ve bunlarla arakatmanlı olarak bulunan ve kalın bir istif oluşturan piroklastiklerden oluşmuştur. Jeokimyasal veriler, petrogafik verilerle uyumlu olarak, lavların silika içeriklerine göre düşük silikalı bazaltlardan yüksek silikalı dasitlere kadar değişen bileşimlerde olduğunu gösterir. Kalkalkalen-toleyitik ve sodik-potasik seri özellikli bu lavların SiO2 içeriği %47.44-67.88, Mg# ise %11.33-53.04 arasında değişmektedir. Bu volkanik kayaçlar genel olarak yüksek alan elementlere (HFSE) kıyasla büyük iyon yarıçaplı elementler (LILE) ve hafif nadir toprak elementlerce (LREE) zenginleşme ile belirgin negatif Nb, Ta anomalisi göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte LILE’lerce tüketilmiş ve Nb ile Ta anomalisi vermeyen buna karşın çok belirgin Sr ve Ti anomalisi veren örnekler de bulunmaktadır. Bu örneklerin element davranış ve dağılımı bakımından daha farklı evrimleşmiş olduğu, dolayısıyla magmatik farklılaşmadan da değişik oranlarda etkilenmiş olduğu görülür. Petrolojik veriler, kıtasal asimilasyon etkisinin görüldüğü Palandöken volkanik kayaçlarının, granat ve spinel içeren ve yitim ile ilişkili metasomatize olmuş kıtasal litosferik ve astenosferik mantonun, farklı oranlarda fraksiyonlaşması ve magma karışımına sahip olduğunu işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

• Post-collision volcanism
• geochemistry
• magma mixture
• Palandöken volcanics
• petrogenesis

References

1. Adıyaman, Ö., Chorowicz, J., Arnaud, O.N., Gündoğdu, M.N., Gourgaud, A., 2001. Late Cenozoic tectonics and volcanism along the North Anatolian Fault: new structural and geochemical data. Tectonophysics, 338:135–165.
2. Agostini, S., Doglioni, C., Innocenti, F., Manetti, P., Tonarini, S., 2010. On the geodynamics of the Aegean rift. Tectonophysics, 488:7-21.
3. Aktaş, G., Robertson, A.H.F., 1990. Tectonic evolution of the Tethys suture zone in SE Turkey: evidence from the petrology and geochemistry of Late Cretaceous and Middle Eocene extrusives. In: Malpas, J. ve ark. (Eds) Ophiolites, Oceanic Crustal Analogues. Proceedings of Symposium, Troodos 1987 Geological Survey Department, Cyprus, 311– 328.
4. Aktağ, A., Öztüfekçi Önal, A., Sayit, K., 2019. Geochemistry of the post-collisional Miocene mafic Tunceli Volcanics, Eastern Turkey: Implications for the nature of the mantle source and melting systematics. Geochemistry, 79:113-129.
5. Aydar, E., Gourgaud, A., 1998. The geology of Mount Hasan stratovolcano, central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85:129–152.
6. Bevins, R.E., Kokelaar, B.P., Dunkley, P.N., 1984. Petrology and geochemistry for lower to middle Ordovician igneous rocks in Wales: A volcanic arc to marginal basin transition. The Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 95:337 – 347.
7. Blundy, J.D., Robinson, J.A.C., Wood, B.J., 1998. Heavy REE are compatible in clinopyroxene on the spinel lherzolite solidus. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 160:493– 504.
8. Buket, E., Temel, A., 1998. Major-element, trace-element, and Sr-Nd isotopic geochemistry and genesis of Varto (Muş) volcanic rocks, Eastern Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85:405–422.

9. Canıtez, N., Toksöz, M.N., 1980, Crustal structure beneath Turkey. Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 61:17.
10. Class, C., Miller, D.M., Goldstein, S.L., Langmuir, C.H., 2000. Distinguishing melt and fluid subduction components in Umnak volcanics: Aleutian arc. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 1:1–34.
11. DePaolo, D.J., 1981. Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wall-rock assimilation and fractional crystallization. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 53:189–202.
12. Dewey, J.F., Hempton, M.R.S., Kidd, W.S.F., Saroğlu, F., Şengör, A.M.C., 1986. Shortening of continental lithosphere: the neotectonics of Eastern Anatolia, a young collision zone. In: Coward, M.P., Ries, A.C. (Eds.), Collision Zone Tectonics. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 19:3–36.
13. Di Giuseppe, P., Agostini, S., Lustrino, M., Karaoğlu, Ö., Savaşçın, M.Y., Manetti, P., Ersoy, Y., 2018, Transition from compression to strike-slip tectonics revealed by Miocene-Pleistocene volcanism west the Karlıova Triple Junction (East Anatolia). Journal of Petrology, 58(10):2055-2087.
14. Elburg, M.A., Bergen, M.V., Hoogewerff, J., Foden, J., Vroon, P., Zulkarnain, I., Nasution, A., 2002. Geochemical trends across an arc-continent collision zone: magma sources and slab-wedge transfer processes below the Pantar Strait volcanoes, Indonesia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66:2771–2789.
15. Elliott, T., Planck, T., Zindler, A., White, W., Bourdon, B., 1997. Element transport from slab to volcanic front at the Mariana arc. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102:14991–15019.
16. Ercan, T., Fujitanı, T., Matsuda, J., Notsu, K., Tokel, S., Ui, T., 1990. Doğu ve güneydoğu Anadolu Neojen-Kuvaterner volkanitlerine ilişkin yeni jeokimyasal radyometrik ve izotopik verilerin yorumu. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 110:143– 164.
17. Gedik, A., 1985. Tekman (Erzurum) havzasının jeolojisi ve petrol olanakları, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 103/104:1-24.
18. Green, T. H., Blundy, J. D., Adam, J., Yaxley, J.M., 2000. SIMS determination of trace element partition coefficients between garnet, clinopyroxene and hydrous basaltic liquids at 2–75 GPa and 1080- 1200C. Lithos, 53:165–187.
19. Güleç, N., 1991. Crust-mantle interaction in western Turkey: implications from Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of Tertiary and Quaternary volcanics. Geological Magazine, 128:417–435.
20. Hawkesworth, C.J., Turner, S.P., McDermott, F., Peate, D.W., Van Calsteren, P., 1997. U-Th isotopes in arc magmas: Implications for element transfer from the subducted crust. Science, 276:551– 555.
21. Hofmann, A.W., Jochum, K.P., Seufert, M., White, W.M., 1986. Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts: new constraints on mantle evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 79:33–45.
22. Innocenti, F., Mazzuoli, R., Pasquare, G., Radicati Di Brozolo, F., Villari, L., 1976. Evolution of the volcanism in the area of interaction between the arabian, anatolian and iranian plates (lake Van, Eastern Turkey). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1:103-112.
23. Innocenti, F., Mazzuoli, R., Pasquar, G., Radicati Di Brozolo, F., Villari, L., 1982. Tertiary and Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 6(2):42-60 (2020) Araştırma makalesi/Research article DOI: 10.29132/ijpas.814660 58
24. Quaternary volcanism of the Erzurum-Kars area (Eastern Turkey): Geochronological data and geodynamic evolution. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 13:223- 240.
25. Irvine, T.N., Baragar, W.R.A., 1971. - A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 8:523– 548.
26. Jahn, B.M., Zhang, Z.Q., 1984. Archean granulite gneisses from eastern Hebei Province, China: rare earth geochemistry and tectonic implications, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 85:224- 243.
27. Karaoğlu, Ö., Özdemir, Y., Tolluoğlu, A.Ü., Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Köse, O., Froger, J.F., 2005, Stratigraphy of the volcanic products around Nemrut Caldera: implications for reconstruction of the caldera formation. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 14:123-143.
28. Karslı, O., Chen, B., Uysal, I., Aydın, F., Wijbrans, J.R., Kandemir, R., 2008. Elemental and SrNd-Pb isotopic geochemistry of the most recent Quaternary volcanism in the Erzincan Basin, eastern Turkey: framework for the evalution of basalt-lower crustinteraction. Lithos, 106:55–70.
29. Kaygusuz, A., 2009. K/Ar ages and geochemistry of the collision related volcanic rocks in the Ilıca (Erzurum) area, eastern Turkey. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogy, 186:21–36.
30. Kaygusuz, A., Aslan, Z., Aydınçakır, E., Yücel, C., Gücer, M.A., Şen, C., 2018. Geochemical and SrNd-Pb isotope characteristics of the Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks from the Kandilli (Erzurum) area, Eastern Anatolia (Turkey): Implications for magma evolution in extension-related origin. Lithos, 296-299:332-351.
31. Keskin, M., 1994. Genesis of Collision-Related Volcanism on the Erzurum-Kars Plateau, NE Turkey. Doctoral thesis, University of Durham, UK, 300 pp. Keskin, M., 2003. Magma generation by slab steepening and breakoff beneath a subductioneaccretion complex: an alternative model for collision-related volcanism in eastern Anatolia. Turk. Geophy. Geophysical Research Letters, 30:8046-8050.
32. Keskin, M., 2005. Domal uplift and volcanism in a collision zone without a mantle plume: Evidence from Eastern Anatolia. http://www.mantleplumes. org/Anatolia.html.
33. Keskin, M., 2007. Eastern Anatolia: A hotspot in a collision zone without a mantle plume. In: Foulger, G.R., Jurdy, D.M. (Eds.), Plates, Plumes, and Planetary Processes. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 430:693–722.
34. Keskin, M., Pearce, J.A., Mitchell, J.G., 1998. Volcanostratigraphy and geochemistry of collision-related volcanism on the Erzurum–Kars Plateau, northeastern Turkey. Journal of Volcanology Geothermal Research, 85:355–404.
35. Keskin, M., Pearce, J.A., Kempton, P.D., Greenwood, P., 2006. Magma-crust interactions and magma plumbing in a postcollisional setting: geochemical evidence from the Erzurum-Kars volcanic plateau, eastern Turkey. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 409:475–505.
36. Kocaarslan, A., Ersoy, E.Y., 2018. Petrologic evolution of Miocene-Pliocene mafic volcanism in the Kangal and Gürün basins (Sivas-Malatya), central east Anatolia: Evidence for Miocene anorogenic magmas contaminated by continental crust. Lithos, 301- 311:392-408.
37. Koçyiğit, A., Yılmaz, A., Adamia, S., Kuloshvili, S., 2001. Neotectonics of East Anatolian plateau (Turkey) and lesser caucasus: implication for transition from thrusting to strike-slip faulting. Geodinamica Acta, 14:177–195.
38. Koshnaw, R.I., Horton, B.K., Stockli, D.F., Barber, D.E., Tamar-Agha, M.Y., Kendall, J.J., 2017. Neogene shortening and exhumation of the Zagros fold-thrust belt and foreland basin in the Kurdistan region of northern Iraq. Tectonophysics, 694:332– 355.
39. Kürüm, S., Baykara, T., 2020. Geochemistry of PostCollisional Yolçatı (Bingöl) Volcanic Rocks in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. African Earth Sciences, 161:103653.
40. Lambert, R.S J., Holland, J.G., Owen, P.F., 1974. Chemical petrology of a suite of calcalkaline lavas from Mt. Ararat, Turkey. The Journal of Geology, 82:419 - 438.
41. Lebedev, V.A., Chugaev, A.V., Ünal, E., Sharkov, E.V., Keskin, M., 2016. Late Pleistocene Tendürek volcano (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). II. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the rocks. Petrology, 24/3:234– 270.
42. Le Maitre, R.W., Bateman, P., Dudek, A., Keller, J., Le Bas, M.J., ve ark., 1989. A classification of igneous rocks and glossary of terms. Balckwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 193 pp.
43. Lin, Y.-C., Chung, S.-L., Bingöl, A.F., Yang, L., Okrostsvaridze, A., Pang, K.-N., Lee, H.-Y., Lin, T.-H., 2020. Diachronous initiation of postcollisional magmatism in the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone. Lithos, 356-357:105394.
44. McDonough, W. F., Sun, S.S., Ringwood, A.E., Jagoutz, E., Hofmann, A.W., 1992. K, Rb and Cs in the earth and moon and the evolution of the earth’s mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56:1001–1012.
45. McQuarrie, N., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., 013. Retrodeforming the Arabia–Eurasia collision zone: Age of collision versus magnitude of continental subduction. Geology, 41:315–318.
46. Middlemost, E.A.K., 1975. The basalt clan. Earth-Science Reviews, 11:337–364.
47. Miyashiro, A., 1974. Volcanic rock series in island arcs and active continental margins. American Journal of Science, 274:321-355.
48. MTA., 2002. 1/500.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası, Erzurum, Sivas Paftaları, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Ankara.
49. Neill, I., Meliksetian, Kh., Allen, M.B., Navarsardyan, G., Karapetyan, S., 2013. Pliocene–quaternary volcanic rocks of NW Armenia: Magmatism and lithospheric dynamics within an active orogenic plateau. Lithos, 180–181:200–215.
50. Nielsen, R.L., Crum, J., Bourgeois, R. ve ark., 1994. Local diversity of MORB parent magmas: Evidence from melt inclusions in high-an feldspar from the Gorda Ridge. Mineral Magazine, 58A:651–652.
51. Notsu K., Fujitani T., Ui T., Matsuda, J., Ercan, T., 1995. Geochemical features of collision-related volcanic rocks in central and eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 64:171- 92.
52. Oyan, V., 2018. Ar-Ar dating and petrogenesis of the Early Miocene Taşkapı-Mecitli (Erciş Van) granitoid, Eastern Anatolia collisional zone, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 158:210–226.
53. Oyan, V., Keskin, M., Lebedev, V.A., Chugaev, A.V., Sharkov, E.V., 2016. Magmatic evolution of the early Pliocene Etrüsk stratovolcano, eastern Anatolian collision zone, Turkey. Lithos, 256– 257:88–108.
54. Oyan, V., Keskin, M., Lebedev, V.A., Chugaev, A.V., Sharkov, E.V., Ünal, E., 2017. Petrology and Geochemistry of the Quaternary Mafic Volcanism to the NE of Lake Van, Eastern Anatolian Collision Zone, Turkey. Journal of Petrology, 58:1701–1728.
55. Özdemir, Y., Güleç, N., 2014. Geological and geochemical evolution of the Quaternary Süphan stratovolcano, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey: evidence for the lithosphereasthenosphere interaction in postcollisional volcanism. Journal of Petrology, 55:37– 62.
56. Özdemir, Y., Karaoğlu, Ö., Tolluoğlu, A.Ü., Güleç, N., 2006. Volcanostratigraphy and petrogenesis of the Nemrut stratovolcano (East Anatolian high plateau): the most recent post-collisional volcanism in Turkey. Chemical Geology, 226:189–211.
57. Pearce, J.A., 1982. Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. In: Thorpe, R.S. (Ed.), Andesites: Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks. John Wiley, London, 525–548.
58. Pearce, J.A., 1983. Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins. In: Hawkesworth, C.J., Norry, M.J. (Eds.), Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths. Shiva, United Kingdom, 230–249.
59. Pearce, J.A., 2008. Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos, 100:14–48.
60. Pearce, J.A., Norry, M.J., 1979. Petrogenetic implications of Ti, Zr, Y, and Nb variations in volcanic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 69:33–47.
61. Pearce, J.A., Peate, D.W., 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc lavas. Annual Rev. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 23:251–285. Pearce, J.A., Bender, J.F., De Long, S.E., Kidd, W.S.F., ve ark., 1990. Genesis of collision volcanism in eastern Anatolia Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 44:189-220.
62. Pearce, J. A., Stern, R. J., Bloomer, H. S., Fryer, P., 2005. Geochemical mapping of the Mariana arc– basin system: Implications for the nature and distribution of subduction components. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6:1–27.
63. Perugini, D., Poli, G., 2004. Analysis and numerical simulation of chaotic advection and chemical diffusion during magma mixing: Petrological implications. Lithos, 78(1-2):43–66.
64. Rabayrol, F., Hart, C.J.R., Thorkelson, D.J., 2019. Temporal, spatial and geochemical evolution of late Cenozoic post-subduction magmatism in central and eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos, 336-337:67-96.
65. Rapp, R.P., Watson, E.B., 1995. Dehydration melting of metabasalt at 8–32 kbar: implications for continental growth and crust-mantle recycling. Journal of Petrology, 36:891–931.
66. Shaw, J.E., Baker, J.A., Menzies, M.A., Thirlwall, M.F., Ibrahim, K.M., 2003. Petrogenesis of the largest intraplate volcanic field on the Arabian plate (Jordan): a mixing lithosphere- asthenosphere source activated by lithospheric extension. Journal of Petrology, 44:1657–1679.
67. Sun, S., McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society London Special Publications, 42:313–345.
68. Şaroğlu, F., Güner, Y., 1981. Doğu Anadolu'nun jeomorfolojik gelişimine etki eden öğeler: Jeomorfoloji, tektonik, volkanizma ilişkileri. Türkiye Jeooji Kurumu Bülteni, 24:39–50.
69. Şaroğlu, F., Yılmaz, Y., 1986. Doǧu Anadolu'da neotektonik dönemdeki jeolojik evrim ve havza modelleri. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 107:73- 94.
70. Şen, P.A., Temel, A., Gourga, A., 2004. Petrogenetic modelling of Quaternary postcollisional volcanism: a case study of central and eastern Anatolia. Geological Magazine, 141:81–98.
71. Şengör, A.M.C., 1980. Türkiye’nin neotektoniğinin esasları. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu, Konferans Serisi, 2, Ankara, 40s.
72. Şengör, A.M.C., Kidd, W.S.F., 1979. Post-collisional tectonics of the Turkish–Iranian plateau and a comparison with Tibet. Tectonophyssics, 55:361– 376.
73. Şengör, A.M.C., Yılmaz, Y., 1981. Tethyan Evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75:181-241.
74. Şengör, A., Özeren, S., Genç, T., Zor, E., 2003. East Anatolian high plateau as a mantle supported, northsouth shortened domal structure. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24):8045.
75. Taylor, S.R., Mclennan, S.M., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell Publication, Oxford.
76. Thompson, R.N., Dicken, A.P., Gibson, I.L., Morrison, M.A., 1982. Elemental fingerprints of isotopic contamination of Hebridean Palaeocene mantlederived magmas by Archean sial. Contrib Mineral Petrology, 79:159-168.
77. Weaver, B. L., Tarney, J., 1984. Empirical approach to estimating the composition of the continental crust. Nature, 310:575–577.
78. Wılson, M., 1989. Igneous Petrogenesis. A Global Tectonic Approach. Unwin Hyman Ltd., London.
79. Wolf, M.B., Wyllie, P.J., 1994. Dehydration-melting of amphibolite at 10 kbar: The effects of temperature and time. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 115:369–383.
80. Yılmaz, Y., Şaroğlu, F., Güner, Y., 1987. Initiation of the neomagmatism in east Anatolia. Tectonophysics, 134:177-199.
81. Yılmaz, Y., Güner, Y., Şaroğlu, F., 1998. Geology of the Quaternary volcanic centers of the East Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85:173-210.