Türkiye'de Kentsel Bir Atıksu Arıtma Tesisinde SARS-CoV-2 ve Gastrointestinal Patojenlerin Araştırılması

Yıl 2021, , 500 - 508, 31.12.2021

Murat Topal , Zülal Aşcı Toraman , Emine Işıl Arslan Topal , Ceren Sel , Erdal Öbek

https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.956919

Cited By: 2

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Elazığ'da (Türkiye) bir kentsel atıksu arıtma tesisinde (AAT) SARS-CoV-2 ve gastrointestinal patojenler araştırılmıştır. Gastrointestinal patojen analizleri AAT giriş ve çıkış sularında, SARS-CoV-2 analizleri ise arıtma tesisinin farklı ünitelerinde yapılmıştır. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre AAT’nin girişinde gastrointestinal patojenler (bakteriyel, viral, EPA ve dışkı parazitleri) tespit edilmiştir. AAT'nin atıksularında enterohemorragik / verotoksin üreten Esherichia coli, gastroenterite neden olan tüm viral ajanlar (sapovirüsler (Sapo) hariç), insan parekovirüs (HPeV) ve EPA'dan adenovirüsler ve dışkı parazitlerinden Giardia lamblia tespit edilmiştir. AAT çıkışında gastroenterite neden olan bakteriyel ajanlar, viral ajanlar, EPA ve dışkı parazitleri incelendiğinde 7'de sadece 1, 6'da 4, 3'te 2 ve 3'te 1 ajan pozitif (+) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Atık su arıtma tesisinin her bir ünitesinden alınan numunelerde SARS-CoV-2 tespit edilememiştir. Sonuç olarak, araştırma bulgularına göre, atık su arıtma tesisi atık sularında patojenlerle karşılaşıldığından, çevre ve insan sağlığını korumak için arıtma tesislerinde dezenfeksiyon sistemine sahip olmak ve patojenleri ve SARS-CoV-2'yi sürekli izlemek gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gastrointestinal, patojen, SARS-CoV-2, arıtma, virüsler, atıksu

Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 and gastrointestinal pathogens in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Turkey

Öz

In this study, SARS-CoV-2 and gastrointestinal pathogens in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP) in Elazığ (Turkey) were investigated. The gastrointestinal pathogen analyzes were performed in influent and effluent of MWWTP, and SARS-CoV-2 analyzes were performed in different treatment units. According to obtained analysis results, gastrointestinal pathogens (bacterial, viral, EPA, and stool parasites) were detected in influent of the MWWTP. Enterohemorragic/verotoxin-producing Ecsherichia coli, all viral agents causing gastroenteritis (except sapoviruses (Sapo)), human parechovirus (HPeV) and adenoviruses from EPA, and Giardia lamblia from stool parasites were detected in effluents of the MWWTP. When bacterial agents causing gastroenteritis, viral agents, EPA, and stool parasites were investigated in the effluent of MWWTP, only 1 agent out of 7, 4 agents out of 6, 2 agents out of 3, and 1 agent out of 3 was detected as positive (+), respectively. SARS-CoV-2 could not be detected in the samples taken from each unit of the wastewater treatment plant. As a result, according to research findings, since pathogens are encountered in wastewater treatment plant effluents, it is necessary to have a disinfection system in the treatment plants and to monitor pathogens and SARS-CoV-2 continuously in order to protect environmental and human health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gastrointestinal, pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, treatment, viruses, wastewater

Kaynakça

• Acter, T., Uddin, N., Das, J., Akhter, A., Choudhury, T.R., Kim, S., 2020, Evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: A global health emergency, Science of The Total Environment, 730, 138996.
• Ahmad, A., Siddique, J. A., Laskar, M. A., Kumar, R., Mohd-Setapar, S. H., Khatoon, A., Shiekh, R. A., 2015. New generation Amberlite XAD resin for the removal of metal ions: a review. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 31:104-123.
• Arora, S., Kazmi, A.A., 2015, The effect of seasonal temperature on pathogen removal efficacy of vermifilter for wastewater treatment, Water Research, 74, 88-99
• Arslan Topal, E.I., 2018, Seasonal Monitoring of Cu and Zn in the Sewage Sludge of Malatya Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant, Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 4(1): 51-60.
• Ashbolt, N.J., 2004, Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions, Toxicology, 198(1-3), 229-238.
• Baldursson, S., Karanis, P., 2011, Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004–2010, Water Res., 45, 6603-6614.
• Ballow, M., Haga, C.L., 2021, Why do some people develop serious COVID-19 disease after infection, while others only exhibit mild symptoms? The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, in press.
• Barrett, M. Fitzhenry, K. O'Flaherty, V. Dore, W. Keaveney, S. Cormican, M. Rowan, N. Clifford, E., 2016, Detection, fate and inactivation of pathogenic norovirus employing settlement and UV treatment in wastewater treatment facilities, Science of The Total Environment, 568, 1026-1036
• Cao, Y., Francis, R., 2021, On forecasting the community-level COVID-19 cases from the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, Science of The Total Environment, 786, 147451.
• Cervantes-Avilés, P., Moreno-Andrade, I., Carrillo-Reyes, J., 2021, Approaches applied to detect SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and perspectives post-COVID-19, Journal of Water Process Engineering, 40, 101947.
• Dias, E., Ebdon, J., Taylor, H., 2018, The application of bacteriophages as novel indicators of viral pathogens in wastewater treatment systems, Water Research, 129, 172-179 Fletcher, S.M., Stark, D., Harkness, J., Ellis, J., 2012, Enteric protozoa in the developed world: a public health perspective, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 25, 420-449.
• Fuhrimann, S., Winkler, M.S., Stalder, M., Niwagaba, C.B., Nauta, M., 2016, Disease burden due to gastrointestinal pathogens in a wastewater system in Kampala, Uganda, Microbial Risk Analysis, 4, 16-28.
• Hart, O.E., Halden, R.U., 2020, Computational analysis of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 surveillance by wastewater-based epidemiology locally and globally: Feasibility, economy, opportunities and challenges, Science of The Total Environment, 730, 138875.
• Hokajärvi, A.-M., Rytkönen, A., Tiwari, A., Kauppinen, A., Oikarinen, S., Lehto, K.-M., Kankaanpää, A., Gunnar, T., Al-Hello, H., Blomqvist, S., Miettinen, I.T., Savolainen-Kopra, C., Pitkänen, T., The detection and stability of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA biomarkers in wastewater influent in Helsinki, Finland, Science of the Total Environment, in press.
• Hunter, P.R., Nichols, G., 2002, Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 15, 145-154
• Hynds, P.D., Gill, L.W., Misstear, B.D., 2014, A quantitative risk assessment of verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) in private groundwater sources in the Republic of Ireland, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 20, 1446-1468
• Ito, T., Kitajima, M., Kato, T., Ishii, S., Segawa, T., Okabe, S., Sano, D., 2017, Target virus log10 reduction values determined for two reclaimed wastewater irrigation scenarios in Japan based on tolerable annual disease burden, Water Research, 125, 438-448.
• Jesse D. Contreras, Rafael Meza, Christina Siebe, Sandra Rodríguez-Dozal, Joseph N.S. Eisenberg, 2017, Health risks from exposure to untreated wastewater used for irrigation in the Mezquital Valley, Mexico: A 25-year update, Water Research, 123, 834-850
• Kaakoush, N.O., Castaño-Rodríguez, N., Mitchell, H.M., Man, S.M., 2015, Global epidemiology of Campylobacter infection, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 28, 687-720
• Karanis, P., Kourenti, C., Smith, H., 2007, Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt, J. Water Health, 5, 1-38.
• Kariuki, S., Gordon, M.A., Feasey, N., Parry, C.M., 2015, Antimicrobial resistance and management of invasive Salmonella disease, Vaccine, 33 (Suppl 3)), C21-C29
• Katukiza, A.Y., Ronteltap, M., van der Steen, P., Foppen, J.W.A., Lens, P.N.L., 2013, Quantification of microbial risks to human health caused by waterborne viruses and bacteria in an urban slum, J. Appl. Microbiol., 116, 447-463
• Kumar, P., Bansal, V., Kim, K.-H., Kwon, E.E., 2018, Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as futuristic options for wastewater treatment, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 62, 130-145.
• Liu, L., Johnson, H.L., Cousens, S., Perin, J., Scott, S., Lawn, J.E., Rudan, I., Campbell, H., Cibulskis, R., Li, M., Mathers, C., Black, R.E., 2012, Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000, Lancet, 379, 2151-2161.
• Mandal, P., Gupta, A.K., Dubey, B.K., 2021, A review on presence, survival, disinfection/removal methods of coronavirus in wastewater and progress of wastewater-based epidemiology, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(5), 104317.
• Marín, I., Goñi, P., Lasheras, A.M., Ormad, M.P., 2015, Efficiency of a Spanish wastewater treatment plant for removal potentially pathogens: Characterization of bacteria and protozoa along water and sludge treatment lines, Ecological Engineering, 74, 28-32
• Okeke, I.N., 2009, Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in sub-Saharan Africa: status, uncertainties and necessities, J. Infect. Dev. Countries, 3, 817-842
• Olesen, S.W., Imakaev, M., Duvalle, C., 2021, Making waves: Defining the lead time of wastewater-based epidemiology for COVID-19, Water Research, 202, 117433.
• Orive, G., Lertxundi, U., Barcelo, D., 2020, Early SARS-CoV-2 outbreak detection by sewage-based epidemiology, Science of The Total Environment, 732, 139298.
• Pulicharla, R., Kaur, G., Brar, S.K., 2021, A year into the COVID-19 pandemic: Rethinking of wastewater monitoring as a preemptive approach, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(5), 106063.
• Prüss-Űstün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F., Bartramm, J., 2008, Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
• Raza, A., 2013, Amoebiasis as a major risk to human health: a review, Int. J. Mol. Med. Sci., 3, 13-24.
• Sigei, C., Odaga, J., Mvundura, M., Madrid, Y., Clark, A.D., 2015, Cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in Kenya and Uganda, Vaccine, 33 (Suppl 1)), A109-18
• Sima, L.C., Schaeffer, J., Le Saux, J.C., Parnaudeau, S., Elimelech, M., Le Guyader, F.S., 2011, Calicivirus removal in a membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment plant, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 77 (15), 5170-5177
• Stanley, S.L., 2003, Amoebiasis, Lancet, 361 (2003), pp. 1025-1034, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12830-9 (London, England)
• Teunis, F.M., Moe, C.L., Liu, P., Miller, S.E., Lindesmith, L., Baric, R.S., Le Pendu, J., Calderon, R.L., 2008, Norwalk virus: how infectious is it?, J. Med. Virol., 80, 1468-1476
• Topal, M., Arslan Topal, E.I., 2011. Evaluation of the Elazığ municipal wastewater treatment plant with some parameters in 2010-2011 Winter season Cumhur. Sci. J., 32: 1-12.
• Topal, M., Uslu, G., Öbek, E., Arslan Topal, E.I., 2014. Evaluation of Elazığ municipal wastewater treatment plant with physicochemical parameters, Eurasia 2014 Waste Management Symposium, p.1169–1176, İstanbul, Turkey.
• Topal, M., Uslu, G., Öbek, E., Arslan Topal, E.I., 2016. Investigation of relationships between removals of tetracycline and degradation products and physicochemical parameters in municipal wastewater treatment plant, Journal of Environmental Management, 173:1-9.
• Topal, M., Arslan Topal, E.I., 2017. Determination of Concentrations of Lead and Nickel in Keban Dam Lake (Elazığ) within Water Framework Directive, Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 3(1): 41-53.
• URL, 1. https://www.bioeksen.com.tr/sars-cov2-double-gene-rtqpcr-kit
• Verlicchi, P., Zambello, E., 2015, Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in untreated and treated sewage sludge: Occurrence and environmental risk in the case of application on soil — A critical review, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 538, 750-767
• Vespa, E., Pugliese, N., Colapietro, F., Aghemo, A., 2021, STAY (GI) HEALTHY: COVID-19 and Gastrointestinal manifestations., Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, in press.
• WHO, 2004, Waterborne Zoonoses World Health Organization Titles with IWA Publishing Guidelines, W.Q., Bartram, J., n.d., Public Health.
• WHO, 2009, Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium in Drinking Water, World Health Organization, Geneva (2009)
• WHO, 2020. Status of environmental surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 virus. Scientific brief, 5 August 2020. World Health Organisation. WHO/2019-nCoV/Sci_Brief/EnvironmentalSampling/2020.1. Journal Pre-proofJournal Pre-proof
• Xiao, S., Hu, S., Zhang, Y., Zhao, X., Pan, W., 2018, Influence of sewage treatment plant effluent discharge into multipurpose river on its water quality: A quantitative health risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, Environmental Pollution, 233, 797-805
• Xu, G., Han, Y., Li, L., Liu, J., 2018, Characterization and source analysis of indoor/outdoor culturable airborne bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 74, 71-78.