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Kamusal Teşviklerin Teknolojik İnovasyon ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Üretimi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi: AB Ülkelerinden Kanıtlar

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 385 - 404, 28.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.1661979

Abstract

Rekabet gücünü arttırmak için teknolojik inovasyon politikaları, enerji bağımlılığının azaltılması ve daha temiz enerji kaynaklarının yaygınlaştırılması amacıyla da enerji politikalarının önemli hale geldiği günümüzde bu iki alan için ortak bir teşvik sistemi oluşturmak politika yapıcılar için caziptir. Bu çalışmada, Avrupa Birliği (AB) ülkelerinde teknolojik inovasyon ile yenilenebilir enerji üretimi arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu süreçte kamu politikalarından teşviklerin etkili olup olmadığını ortaya koymak amaçlanmaktadır. Teknolojik inovasyon, ülkelerin sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine ulaşmalarında kritik bir rol oynamakta olup, yenilenebilir enerji yatırımları ile desteklenmektedir. Çalışmada, AB ülkeleri incelendiğinden Avrupa İnovasyon Endeksi verileri kullanılarak teşvik politikalarının etkisini analiz etmek amacıyla panel veri modeli uygulanmıştır. Veri seti olarak 27 AB ülkesi için 2016-2021 yıllık verileri kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca teşvik politikaları için kukla değişken oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, yenilenebilir enerjiye yapılan yatırımların ve kamu destekli teşvik politikalarının inovasyonu pozitif yönde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda, AB ülkelerinde yenilenebilir enerji ve inovasyon politikalarının daha etkin bir şekilde koordine edilmesi önerilmektedir. Ayrıca, politika yapıcılar için yenilenebilir enerji alanında daha uzun vadeli ve sürdürülebilir çözümler geliştirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

References

  • Acar, T., Topdağ, D., (2022). “OECD Ülkelerinde Sefalet Endeksi ve Ekonomik Kalkınma Ekseninde Sağlık Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Toplamsal Olmayan Sabit Etkili Panel Kantil Regresyon Yaklaşımı”. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi. 82, 267-286. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.946640.
  • Aguirre, M., ve Ibikunle, G., (2014). “Determinants of Renewable Energy Growth: A Global Sample Analysis”. Energy Policy. 69, 374-384.
  • Akçiğit, U., Tok, E.Ö., (2020). “Türkiye Bilim Raporu”, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, Ankara: TÜBA Raporları No: 49.
  • Bakhsh, S., Alam, M.S., Zhang, W., (2024). “Green Finance And Sustainable Development Goals: Is There A Role For Geopolitical Uncertainty?”. Economic Change and Restructuring. 57(137), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-024-09719-5.
  • Behera, P., Behera, B., Sethi, N., (2024). “Assessing The Impact Of Fiscal Decentralization, Green Finance And Green Technology Innovation On Renewable Energy Use In European Union Countries: What is The Moderating Role of Political Risk?”. Renewable Energy, 229(120715), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120715.
  • Bernanke, B.S., (2011). “Promoting Research and Development The Goverment's Role”. Issues in Science and Technology. 27(4). 37-41.
  • Capgemini, (2008). “Mastering The Dynamics Of Innovation Contemporary Strategy In A Changing World”. Capgemini Consulting. 1-15. https://www.capgemini.com/.
  • Chaminade C, Lundvall B. (2019). “Science, technology, and innovation policy: Old patterns and newchallenges”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management. Oxford, UK: OxfordUniversity Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.179.
  • EC-European Commission, (2022). “The EU's Plan For A Green Transition”, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fit-for-55/.
  • Emodi, N.V., Shagdarsuren, G., Tiky, A.Y., (2015). "Influencing Factors Promoting Technological Innovation in Renewable Energy". International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 5(3), 889-900.
  • Furman, J.L., Porter, M.E., Stern, S., (2002). “The Determinants Of National Innovative Capacity”. Research Policy. 31(6). 899-933.
  • Geng, J., Ji, Q., (2016). “Technological Innovation and Renewable Energy Development: Evidence Based On Patent Counts”. Int. J. Global Environmental Issues. 15(3). 217-234.
  • Guo, D., Guo, Y., Jiang, K., (2016). “Government-Subsidized R&D And Firm Innovation: Evidence From China”. Research Policy. 45. 1129-1144.
  • Ateş, M.H., Çakan, C.D., Kurtoğlu, S., (2025). “Finansal Gelişmenin, Yeşil Teknolojik İnovasyonların Ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Kullanımının Karbon Emisyonlarının Azaltılmasındaki Rolü”, Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25, Özel Sayı, 149-176. https://doi.org/10.26468/trakyasobed.1514948.
  • Hayford, I.S., OfoRİ, E.K., Gyamfi, B.A., Gyimah, J., (2023). “Clean cooking technologies, information, and communication technology and the environment”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ESPR). 30. 105646–105664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29577-4.
  • Herranz, A.A., Lorente, D.B., Shahbaz, M., Cantos, J.M., (2017). "Energy Innovation and Renewable Energy Consumption in the Correction of Air Pollution Levels", Energy Policy. 105. 386-397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.009.
  • Irandoust, M., (2016). “The Renewable Energy-Growth Nexus With Carbon Emissions and Technological Innovation: Evidence From the Nordic Nountries”. Ecological Indicators. 69. 118–125.
  • Jhonstone, N., Hascic, I., Popp, D., (2010). "Renewable Energy Policies and Technological Innovation: Evidence Based on Patent Counts", Environ Resource Econ. 45. 133–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-009-9309-1.
  • Khan, A., Khan, T., Ahmad, M., (2025). "The Role of Technological Innovation in Sustainable Growth: Exploring the Economic Impact of Green Innovation and Renewable Energy". Environmental Challenges, 18(101109). 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101109.
  • Khan, K., Su, C.W., (2023). "Does Technology Innovation Complement the Renewable Energy Transition?". Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ESPR) 30. 30144–30154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24336-3.
  • Lee, C.C., He, Z.W., Xiao, F., (2022). "How Does Information and Communication Technology Affect Renewable Energy Technology Innovation? International Evidence". Renewable Energy. 200, 546-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.10.015.
  • Li, H., (2025). "The Effect of Digital Technology Innovation on Low Carbon Investment in Renewable Energy Enterprises". Renewable Energy. 239(121991). 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.121991.
  • Lin, B., Zhang, A., (2024). "Digital Finance, Regional Innovation Environment and Renewable Energy Technology Innovation: Threshold Effects". Renewable Energy. 223(120036). 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120036.
  • Loiter, J.M., Bohm, V.N., (1999). "Technology Policy and Renewable Energy: Public Roles in tje Development of New Energy Technologies". Energy Policy. 27. 85-97.
  • Mazzucato, M., (2016). “From Market Fixing to Market-Creating: A New Framework for Innovation Policy”. Industry and Innovation. 23(2). 140-156.
  • Pitelis, A., Vasilakos, N., Chalvatzis, K., (2020). "Fostering Innovation in Renewable Energy Technologies: Choice of Policy İntruments and Effectiveness". Renewable Energy. 151. 1163-1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.11.100.
  • Sadorsky, P., (2009). “Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions And Oil Prices In The G7 Countries”. Energy Economics. 31. 456-462.
  • Sanchez, S.M.F., Segovia, M.A.F., Lopez, L.C.R., (2020). “Impact of Public Policies on the Technological Innovation in the Renewable Energy Sector”. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 10 (2). 139-159.
  • Stevens, K.A., Tang, T., Hittinger, E., (2023). "Innovation in Complementary Energy Technologies from Renewable Energy Policies". Renewable Energy. 209. 431-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.03.115.
  • Suwa, A., Jupesta, J., (2012). "Policy Innovation for Technology Diffusion: A Case-Study of Japanese Renewable Energy Public Support Programs". Sustain Sci. 7. 185-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-012-0175-3.
  • Süt, E., Çetin, A.K., (2018). "İnovasyon Göstergesi Olarak İnovasyon Endeksleri". Uluslararası Turizm, İşletme, Ekonomi Dergisi (IJTEBS). 2(2). 299-309.
  • Tatoğlu, F.Y., (2020). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Toparlak, E., ve Susam, N., (2023). "Yenilenebilir Enerji Üzerine Uygulanan Kamu Politikalarının Teknolojik İnovasyon Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme". Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 16(1) 180–192. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1123186.
  • Xinyu, W., Haoran, L., Khan, K., (2024). "Innovation in Technology: A Game Changer for Renewable Energy in the European Union?". Natural Resources Forum, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12450.

Assessing the Impact of Public Incentives on Technological Innovation and Renewable Energy Production: Evidence from EU Countries

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 385 - 404, 28.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.1661979

Abstract

Technological innovation policies play a key role in enhancing competitiveness, while energy policies are essential for reducing energy dependence and promoting cleaner energy sources. Given these priorities, creating a unified incentive system for both areas is an attractive approach for policy makers. This study aims to identify the relationship between technological innovation and renewable energy production in European Union (EU) countries, and whether public policy incentives are effective in this process. Technological innovation plays a crucial role in achieving countries' sustainable development goals and is supported by investments in renewable energy. As the study examines EU countries, a panel data model was used to analyse the impact of incentive policies using data from the European Innovation Index. The dataset consists of annual data from 2016-2021 for 27 EU countries. In addition, a dummy variable for incentive policies was created. The results show that investments in renewable energy and publicly supported incentive policies have a positive impact on innovation. In this context, it is recommended to better coordinate renewable energy and innovation policies in EU countries. Furthermore, policy makers are encouraged to develop more long-term and sustainable strategies in the renewable energy sector.

References

  • Acar, T., Topdağ, D., (2022). “OECD Ülkelerinde Sefalet Endeksi ve Ekonomik Kalkınma Ekseninde Sağlık Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Toplamsal Olmayan Sabit Etkili Panel Kantil Regresyon Yaklaşımı”. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi. 82, 267-286. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.946640.
  • Aguirre, M., ve Ibikunle, G., (2014). “Determinants of Renewable Energy Growth: A Global Sample Analysis”. Energy Policy. 69, 374-384.
  • Akçiğit, U., Tok, E.Ö., (2020). “Türkiye Bilim Raporu”, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, Ankara: TÜBA Raporları No: 49.
  • Bakhsh, S., Alam, M.S., Zhang, W., (2024). “Green Finance And Sustainable Development Goals: Is There A Role For Geopolitical Uncertainty?”. Economic Change and Restructuring. 57(137), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-024-09719-5.
  • Behera, P., Behera, B., Sethi, N., (2024). “Assessing The Impact Of Fiscal Decentralization, Green Finance And Green Technology Innovation On Renewable Energy Use In European Union Countries: What is The Moderating Role of Political Risk?”. Renewable Energy, 229(120715), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120715.
  • Bernanke, B.S., (2011). “Promoting Research and Development The Goverment's Role”. Issues in Science and Technology. 27(4). 37-41.
  • Capgemini, (2008). “Mastering The Dynamics Of Innovation Contemporary Strategy In A Changing World”. Capgemini Consulting. 1-15. https://www.capgemini.com/.
  • Chaminade C, Lundvall B. (2019). “Science, technology, and innovation policy: Old patterns and newchallenges”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management. Oxford, UK: OxfordUniversity Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.179.
  • EC-European Commission, (2022). “The EU's Plan For A Green Transition”, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fit-for-55/.
  • Emodi, N.V., Shagdarsuren, G., Tiky, A.Y., (2015). "Influencing Factors Promoting Technological Innovation in Renewable Energy". International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 5(3), 889-900.
  • Furman, J.L., Porter, M.E., Stern, S., (2002). “The Determinants Of National Innovative Capacity”. Research Policy. 31(6). 899-933.
  • Geng, J., Ji, Q., (2016). “Technological Innovation and Renewable Energy Development: Evidence Based On Patent Counts”. Int. J. Global Environmental Issues. 15(3). 217-234.
  • Guo, D., Guo, Y., Jiang, K., (2016). “Government-Subsidized R&D And Firm Innovation: Evidence From China”. Research Policy. 45. 1129-1144.
  • Ateş, M.H., Çakan, C.D., Kurtoğlu, S., (2025). “Finansal Gelişmenin, Yeşil Teknolojik İnovasyonların Ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Kullanımının Karbon Emisyonlarının Azaltılmasındaki Rolü”, Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25, Özel Sayı, 149-176. https://doi.org/10.26468/trakyasobed.1514948.
  • Hayford, I.S., OfoRİ, E.K., Gyamfi, B.A., Gyimah, J., (2023). “Clean cooking technologies, information, and communication technology and the environment”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ESPR). 30. 105646–105664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29577-4.
  • Herranz, A.A., Lorente, D.B., Shahbaz, M., Cantos, J.M., (2017). "Energy Innovation and Renewable Energy Consumption in the Correction of Air Pollution Levels", Energy Policy. 105. 386-397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.009.
  • Irandoust, M., (2016). “The Renewable Energy-Growth Nexus With Carbon Emissions and Technological Innovation: Evidence From the Nordic Nountries”. Ecological Indicators. 69. 118–125.
  • Jhonstone, N., Hascic, I., Popp, D., (2010). "Renewable Energy Policies and Technological Innovation: Evidence Based on Patent Counts", Environ Resource Econ. 45. 133–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-009-9309-1.
  • Khan, A., Khan, T., Ahmad, M., (2025). "The Role of Technological Innovation in Sustainable Growth: Exploring the Economic Impact of Green Innovation and Renewable Energy". Environmental Challenges, 18(101109). 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101109.
  • Khan, K., Su, C.W., (2023). "Does Technology Innovation Complement the Renewable Energy Transition?". Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ESPR) 30. 30144–30154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24336-3.
  • Lee, C.C., He, Z.W., Xiao, F., (2022). "How Does Information and Communication Technology Affect Renewable Energy Technology Innovation? International Evidence". Renewable Energy. 200, 546-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.10.015.
  • Li, H., (2025). "The Effect of Digital Technology Innovation on Low Carbon Investment in Renewable Energy Enterprises". Renewable Energy. 239(121991). 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.121991.
  • Lin, B., Zhang, A., (2024). "Digital Finance, Regional Innovation Environment and Renewable Energy Technology Innovation: Threshold Effects". Renewable Energy. 223(120036). 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120036.
  • Loiter, J.M., Bohm, V.N., (1999). "Technology Policy and Renewable Energy: Public Roles in tje Development of New Energy Technologies". Energy Policy. 27. 85-97.
  • Mazzucato, M., (2016). “From Market Fixing to Market-Creating: A New Framework for Innovation Policy”. Industry and Innovation. 23(2). 140-156.
  • Pitelis, A., Vasilakos, N., Chalvatzis, K., (2020). "Fostering Innovation in Renewable Energy Technologies: Choice of Policy İntruments and Effectiveness". Renewable Energy. 151. 1163-1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.11.100.
  • Sadorsky, P., (2009). “Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions And Oil Prices In The G7 Countries”. Energy Economics. 31. 456-462.
  • Sanchez, S.M.F., Segovia, M.A.F., Lopez, L.C.R., (2020). “Impact of Public Policies on the Technological Innovation in the Renewable Energy Sector”. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 10 (2). 139-159.
  • Stevens, K.A., Tang, T., Hittinger, E., (2023). "Innovation in Complementary Energy Technologies from Renewable Energy Policies". Renewable Energy. 209. 431-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.03.115.
  • Suwa, A., Jupesta, J., (2012). "Policy Innovation for Technology Diffusion: A Case-Study of Japanese Renewable Energy Public Support Programs". Sustain Sci. 7. 185-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-012-0175-3.
  • Süt, E., Çetin, A.K., (2018). "İnovasyon Göstergesi Olarak İnovasyon Endeksleri". Uluslararası Turizm, İşletme, Ekonomi Dergisi (IJTEBS). 2(2). 299-309.
  • Tatoğlu, F.Y., (2020). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Toparlak, E., ve Susam, N., (2023). "Yenilenebilir Enerji Üzerine Uygulanan Kamu Politikalarının Teknolojik İnovasyon Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme". Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 16(1) 180–192. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1123186.
  • Xinyu, W., Haoran, L., Khan, K., (2024). "Innovation in Technology: A Game Changer for Renewable Energy in the European Union?". Natural Resources Forum, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12450.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Policy of Treasury, Public Economy
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ekrem Toparlak 0000-0002-2136-2962

Submission Date March 20, 2025
Acceptance Date August 17, 2025
Publication Date December 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Toparlak, E. (2025). Kamusal Teşviklerin Teknolojik İnovasyon ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Üretimi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi: AB Ülkelerinden Kanıtlar. International Journal of Public Finance, 10(2), 385-404. https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.1661979

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