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GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 24 - 36, 07.12.2022

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to explore the differences between men and women’s speech. It particularly examines gender differences in phonology, morphology, syntax, use of taboos and conversation. The author reviewed the literature on gender differences in language and summarized several research papers in different countries. The review shows that women and men are different in the way they use language. Numerous factors including social organization and culture can account for gender differences in language. The researcher suggests more research on gender differences in language considering speech communities in underdeveloped countries like Afghanistan.

References

  • Agha, A. (2006). Language and social relations (Vol. 24). Cambridge University Press.
  • Al-Shamali, F., 1997. Facets of euphemism in Jordan Valley dialect. Unpublished M.A. Thesis. Yarmouk University.
  • Alkohlani, F. A. (2016). The problematic issue of grammatical gender in Arabic as a foreign language. Journal of Language and Cultural Education, 4(1), 17-28.
  • Bosak, J., Eagly, A., Diekman, A., & Sczesny, S. (2018). Women and men of the past, present, and future: Evidence of dynamic gender stereotypes in Ghana. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(1), 115-129.
  • Clark, R. A. (1998). A comparison of topics and objectives in a cross section of young men's and women's everyday conversations. In Sex differences and similarities in communication (pp. 303-320). Psychology Press.
  • Coates, J. (2015). Women, men and language: A sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language. Routledge.
  • Colbeck, K. L., & Bowers, J. S. (2012). Blinded by taboo words in L1 but not L2. Emotion, 12(2), 217.
  • Dumanig, F. (2004). Phonological differences of (f) and (v) among young Filipino male and female students. INTI Journal, 1(4), 318-319.
  • Fider, N. A., & Komarova, N. L. (2019). Differences in color categorization manifested by males and females: a quantitative World Color Survey study. Palgrave Communications, 5(1), 1-10.
  • Fodor, E. (2006). A different type of gender gap: how women and men experience poverty. East European Politics and Societies, 20(1), 14-39.
  • Gati, P. (2015). The use of swears words by women: a study of single sex and mix sex conversations. Halmstad University
  • Heller, M. (2011). Paths to post-nationalism: A critical ethnography of language and identity. Oxford University Press.
  • Holmes, J. (2013). Women, men and politeness. Routledge.
  • Janfaza, E., Assemi, A., & Dehghan, S. S. (2012). Language, translation, and culture. In International conference on language, medias and culture (Vol. 33, pp. 83-87).
  • Jay, T., Caldwell-Harris, C., & King, K. (2008). Recalling taboo and nontaboo words. The American journal of psychology, 121(1), 83-103.
  • Jespersen, Otto. (1922). Language: Its nature, development and origin. London: George Allen sand Unwin Ltd.
  • Jiang, H. (2011). Gender difference in English intonation. In Proceedings of ICPhS (pp. 974-977).
  • Kacewicz, E., Pennebaker, J. W., Davis, M., Jeon, M., & Graesser, A. C. (2014). Pronoun use reflects standings in social hierarchies. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(2), 125-143. Kaplan, A. (2016). Women talk more than men. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kheiry, M., Niazi, S., & Sarshar, M. (2020). An Exploration on the Gendered Arabic Language and its Representations in Quran. Researches of Quran and Hadith Sciences, 17(4), 73-108 . Kramsch, C. (2014). Language and culture. AILA review, 27(1), 30-55.
  • Kuhl, P. K. (2004). Early language acquisition: cracking the speech code. Nature reviews neuroscience, 5(11), 831-843.
  • Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and women’s place. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.
  • Lakoff, R. (2003). Language, gender, and politics: Putting “women” and “power” in the same sentence. The handbook of language and gender, 161, 78.
  • Lakoff, R. T., & Bucholtz, M. (2004). Language and woman's place: Text and commentaries. Revised and expanded edition.
  • Lan, T., & Jingxia, L. (2019). On the gender discrimination in english. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 10(3), 155-159 . Lomotey Legon, G. A. (2015). On sexism in language and language change: The case of peninsular Spanish. Linguistik Online, 70(1), 167-183.
  • Mace, J. (2015). Persian grammar: For reference and revision. Routledge.
  • McConnell-Ginet, S. (1978). Intonation in a man's world. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 3(3), 541-559.
  • Milroy, J., & Milroy, L. (2012). Authority in language: Investigating standard English. Routledge.
  • Moore, H. T. (1922). Further data concerning sex differences. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, 17(2), 210.
  • Mostovaia, A. (2009). Color words in literary Russian: Connotations and gender differences in use. De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Mulac, A. (1989). Men's and women's talk in same-gender and mixed-gender dyads: Power or polemic?'. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 8(3-4), 249-270.
  • Noori, A. Q., & Orfan, S. N. (2021). The challenges of undergraduate married female students in higher education: A case study of Takhar University. Journal of World Englishes and Educational Practices, 3(6), 09-18.
  • Nordenstam, K. (1992). Male and female conversational style. International journal of the sociology of language, 94(1), 75-98.
  • Oláh, L. S., Kotowska, I. E., & Richter, R. (2018). The new roles of men and women and implications for families and societies. In A demographic perspective on gender, family and health in Europe (pp. 41-64). Springer, Cham.
  • Olimat, S. N. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: euphemism and dysphemism in Jordanian Arabic. GEMA Online J Lang Stud, 20(3), 268-90.
  • Orfan, S. N. (2021). High school English textbooks promote gender inequality in Afghanistan. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 1-16.
  • Orfan, S. N., & Rahimi, A. Q. (2022). Siyasarha: Addressing women by their given name in public in Afghanistan. Academia Letters, 2.
  • Orfan, S. N., Ibrahimi, F., & Noori, A. Q. (2022). Sexual harassment of higher education female students in Afghanistan: A case study. Issues in Educational Research, 32(2), 659-680.
  • Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (2014). Taboo. Cambridge University Press.
  • Salami, L. O. (2004). Men Want Intelligence, Women Want Love: Sex Differential Use of English Adjectives Among Nigerian University Undergraduate Students. Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), 49-56.
  • Simpson, Adrian P. (2009). Phonetic differences between male and female speech. Language and Linguistics Compass 3:621–640.
  • Simpson, J., & Tarrant, A. W. (1991). Sex-and age-related differences in colour vocabulary. Language and speech, 34(1), 57-62.
  • Spears, R. A. (1992). Forbidden American English: A series compilation of taboo American English.
  • Tannen, D. (1999). Women And Men In Conversation Deborah Tannen. The workings of language: From prescriptions to perspectives, 211.
  • Teh, K. S. M., Embi, M. A., Yusoff, N. M. R. N., & Mahamod, Z. (2009). A closer look at gender and Arabic language learning strategies use. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9(3), 399-407.
  • Tench, P. (2015). The intonation systems of English. Bloomsbury Publishing.11
  • Thomas, L., & Wareing, S. (2004). Language, society and power: An introduction. Routledge.
  • Ueno, J. (2004). Gender differences in Japanese conversation. Intercultural Communication Studies, 13, 85-100.
  • Xia, Xiufang. (2013). Gender differences in using language. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(8), 1485-1489.
  • Zhou, N. (2010). Taboo language on the Internet: An analysis of gender differences in using taboo language. Unpublished Thesis, Kristianstad University.
Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 24 - 36, 07.12.2022

Abstract

References

  • Agha, A. (2006). Language and social relations (Vol. 24). Cambridge University Press.
  • Al-Shamali, F., 1997. Facets of euphemism in Jordan Valley dialect. Unpublished M.A. Thesis. Yarmouk University.
  • Alkohlani, F. A. (2016). The problematic issue of grammatical gender in Arabic as a foreign language. Journal of Language and Cultural Education, 4(1), 17-28.
  • Bosak, J., Eagly, A., Diekman, A., & Sczesny, S. (2018). Women and men of the past, present, and future: Evidence of dynamic gender stereotypes in Ghana. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(1), 115-129.
  • Clark, R. A. (1998). A comparison of topics and objectives in a cross section of young men's and women's everyday conversations. In Sex differences and similarities in communication (pp. 303-320). Psychology Press.
  • Coates, J. (2015). Women, men and language: A sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language. Routledge.
  • Colbeck, K. L., & Bowers, J. S. (2012). Blinded by taboo words in L1 but not L2. Emotion, 12(2), 217.
  • Dumanig, F. (2004). Phonological differences of (f) and (v) among young Filipino male and female students. INTI Journal, 1(4), 318-319.
  • Fider, N. A., & Komarova, N. L. (2019). Differences in color categorization manifested by males and females: a quantitative World Color Survey study. Palgrave Communications, 5(1), 1-10.
  • Fodor, E. (2006). A different type of gender gap: how women and men experience poverty. East European Politics and Societies, 20(1), 14-39.
  • Gati, P. (2015). The use of swears words by women: a study of single sex and mix sex conversations. Halmstad University
  • Heller, M. (2011). Paths to post-nationalism: A critical ethnography of language and identity. Oxford University Press.
  • Holmes, J. (2013). Women, men and politeness. Routledge.
  • Janfaza, E., Assemi, A., & Dehghan, S. S. (2012). Language, translation, and culture. In International conference on language, medias and culture (Vol. 33, pp. 83-87).
  • Jay, T., Caldwell-Harris, C., & King, K. (2008). Recalling taboo and nontaboo words. The American journal of psychology, 121(1), 83-103.
  • Jespersen, Otto. (1922). Language: Its nature, development and origin. London: George Allen sand Unwin Ltd.
  • Jiang, H. (2011). Gender difference in English intonation. In Proceedings of ICPhS (pp. 974-977).
  • Kacewicz, E., Pennebaker, J. W., Davis, M., Jeon, M., & Graesser, A. C. (2014). Pronoun use reflects standings in social hierarchies. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(2), 125-143. Kaplan, A. (2016). Women talk more than men. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kheiry, M., Niazi, S., & Sarshar, M. (2020). An Exploration on the Gendered Arabic Language and its Representations in Quran. Researches of Quran and Hadith Sciences, 17(4), 73-108 . Kramsch, C. (2014). Language and culture. AILA review, 27(1), 30-55.
  • Kuhl, P. K. (2004). Early language acquisition: cracking the speech code. Nature reviews neuroscience, 5(11), 831-843.
  • Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and women’s place. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.
  • Lakoff, R. (2003). Language, gender, and politics: Putting “women” and “power” in the same sentence. The handbook of language and gender, 161, 78.
  • Lakoff, R. T., & Bucholtz, M. (2004). Language and woman's place: Text and commentaries. Revised and expanded edition.
  • Lan, T., & Jingxia, L. (2019). On the gender discrimination in english. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 10(3), 155-159 . Lomotey Legon, G. A. (2015). On sexism in language and language change: The case of peninsular Spanish. Linguistik Online, 70(1), 167-183.
  • Mace, J. (2015). Persian grammar: For reference and revision. Routledge.
  • McConnell-Ginet, S. (1978). Intonation in a man's world. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 3(3), 541-559.
  • Milroy, J., & Milroy, L. (2012). Authority in language: Investigating standard English. Routledge.
  • Moore, H. T. (1922). Further data concerning sex differences. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, 17(2), 210.
  • Mostovaia, A. (2009). Color words in literary Russian: Connotations and gender differences in use. De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Mulac, A. (1989). Men's and women's talk in same-gender and mixed-gender dyads: Power or polemic?'. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 8(3-4), 249-270.
  • Noori, A. Q., & Orfan, S. N. (2021). The challenges of undergraduate married female students in higher education: A case study of Takhar University. Journal of World Englishes and Educational Practices, 3(6), 09-18.
  • Nordenstam, K. (1992). Male and female conversational style. International journal of the sociology of language, 94(1), 75-98.
  • Oláh, L. S., Kotowska, I. E., & Richter, R. (2018). The new roles of men and women and implications for families and societies. In A demographic perspective on gender, family and health in Europe (pp. 41-64). Springer, Cham.
  • Olimat, S. N. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: euphemism and dysphemism in Jordanian Arabic. GEMA Online J Lang Stud, 20(3), 268-90.
  • Orfan, S. N. (2021). High school English textbooks promote gender inequality in Afghanistan. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 1-16.
  • Orfan, S. N., & Rahimi, A. Q. (2022). Siyasarha: Addressing women by their given name in public in Afghanistan. Academia Letters, 2.
  • Orfan, S. N., Ibrahimi, F., & Noori, A. Q. (2022). Sexual harassment of higher education female students in Afghanistan: A case study. Issues in Educational Research, 32(2), 659-680.
  • Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (2014). Taboo. Cambridge University Press.
  • Salami, L. O. (2004). Men Want Intelligence, Women Want Love: Sex Differential Use of English Adjectives Among Nigerian University Undergraduate Students. Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), 49-56.
  • Simpson, Adrian P. (2009). Phonetic differences between male and female speech. Language and Linguistics Compass 3:621–640.
  • Simpson, J., & Tarrant, A. W. (1991). Sex-and age-related differences in colour vocabulary. Language and speech, 34(1), 57-62.
  • Spears, R. A. (1992). Forbidden American English: A series compilation of taboo American English.
  • Tannen, D. (1999). Women And Men In Conversation Deborah Tannen. The workings of language: From prescriptions to perspectives, 211.
  • Teh, K. S. M., Embi, M. A., Yusoff, N. M. R. N., & Mahamod, Z. (2009). A closer look at gender and Arabic language learning strategies use. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9(3), 399-407.
  • Tench, P. (2015). The intonation systems of English. Bloomsbury Publishing.11
  • Thomas, L., & Wareing, S. (2004). Language, society and power: An introduction. Routledge.
  • Ueno, J. (2004). Gender differences in Japanese conversation. Intercultural Communication Studies, 13, 85-100.
  • Xia, Xiufang. (2013). Gender differences in using language. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(8), 1485-1489.
  • Zhou, N. (2010). Taboo language on the Internet: An analysis of gender differences in using taboo language. Unpublished Thesis, Kristianstad University.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sayeed Naqibullah Orfan

Publication Date December 7, 2022
Submission Date March 3, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Orfan, S. N. (2022). GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE. International Journal of Quality in Education, 7(1), 24-36.
AMA Orfan SN. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE. IJQE. December 2022;7(1):24-36.
Chicago Orfan, Sayeed Naqibullah. “GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE”. International Journal of Quality in Education 7, no. 1 (December 2022): 24-36.
EndNote Orfan SN (December 1, 2022) GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE. International Journal of Quality in Education 7 1 24–36.
IEEE S. N. Orfan, “GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE”, IJQE, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 24–36, 2022.
ISNAD Orfan, Sayeed Naqibullah. “GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE”. International Journal of Quality in Education 7/1 (December 2022), 24-36.
JAMA Orfan SN. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE. IJQE. 2022;7:24–36.
MLA Orfan, Sayeed Naqibullah. “GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE”. International Journal of Quality in Education, vol. 7, no. 1, 2022, pp. 24-36.
Vancouver Orfan SN. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE. IJQE. 2022;7(1):24-36.