Offshore wind farms energy injection in the electrical grid - Lithium battery to mitigate power fluctuations

Abstract

The wind farm energy injection in the electrical grid generates the economic and technical challenges which must to be solved for successful large scale wind energy integration in electrical grids. Due to wind speed variations, the wind farm output power presents the fluctuating components which are not compatible to the electrical grid requirements. Today, this problem is a major challenge with the wind farm projects increasing in the world. Large power variations cause the deviations of rms voltage and the frequency compared to nominal values in point of the coupling. These deviations cause generally the protective equipment activation which causes a disconnection of wind farms from the grid. To avoid these problems, the electrical grid managers use the grid code requirements to regulate the wind energy injection process in the grid. Using energy storage devices such as a lithium battery or ultracapacitors to compensate the power fluctuations from wind farm is an interesting solution.  This paper deals this issue to improve the injected energy in electrical grid by the wind farm using lithium battery. Proposed approach allows compensating the wind energy fluctuations, so that the energy destined to electrical grid becomes compatible to electrical grid code requirements. Studied system configuration includes a wind farm with rated power of 300MW, a lithium battery module with a maximum power of 30MW and electrical grid. Lithium battery is connected to grid through an inverter and the power fluctuations from wind farm are assigned to battery. To show the performances of the control strategy, some simulation results are presented and analyzed using Matlab/SimPowerSystem software. 

Keywords

• Offshore wind farm, power fluctuation, power smoothing control, energy storage unit.

References

1. T.R. Ayodele, A.A. Jimoh, J.L Munda, J.T Agee,'' Challenges of Grid Integration of Wind Power on Power System Grid Integrity: A Review'', International journal of renewable energy research (IJRER), Vol.2, No.4, 2012
2. Sourkounis and P. Tourou, ''Grid Code Requirements for Wind Power Integration in Europe'', Conference Papers in Energy, Vol. 2013, pp. 19–27, 2013
3. Gestionnaire du Réseau Transport d’électricité, '' RTE met en service un nouveau dispositif de prévision de l’énergie éolienne et photovoltaïque: Le réseau électrique, vecteur du développement des énergies renouvelables '', Press pack. Novembre 2009.
4. Thomas ACKERMANN,'' Wind Power in Power Systems '', Royal Institute of technology, Wiley, 2005. Adrien COURBOIS,'' Étude expérimentale du comportement dynamique d’une éolienne offshore flottante soumise à l’action conjuguée de la houle et du vent '', PhD dissertation, École Centrale de Nantes, Avril 2013.
5. Ministry of Ecology, ''Sustainable Development and Energy Wind power and photovoltaics: energy issues, industrial and societal (in French)'', Technical Report, September 2012.
6. M. Tsili and S. Papathanassiou,'' A review of grid code technical requirements for wind farms'', IET Renewable Power Generation, Vol. 3, No.3, pp. 308–332. September 2009.
7. A. H. Kassem, El-Saadany E.F, El-Tamaly H.H. and Wahab M.A.A. ,''Ramp rate control and voltage regulation for grid directly connected wind turbines'', Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the st Century, 2008 IEEE, July 20-24, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 2008.
8. I. Pineda, S. Azau, J. Moccia and J. Wilkes,'' Wind in power 2013: European statistics'', European Wind

9. Energy Association (EWEA), technical report, February M. Swierczynski, R. Teodorescu, C. N. Rasmussen, P. Rodriguez and H. Vikelgaard, "Overview of the energy storage enhancement'', Proc. IEEE ISIE, pp.3749 -3756, 2010. wind power integration
10. S.G Jamdade, P.G Jamdade,'' Analysis of Wind Speed Data for Four Locations in Ireland based on Weibull Distribution’s Linear Regression Model'', International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, IJRER, Vol.2, No.3, 2012.
11. X. Han, J. Guo, P. Wang, and Y. Jia, " Adequacy study of wind farms considering reliability and wake effect of WTGs", Power and Energy Society General Meeting, IEEE, July 24-29, San Diego, USA, 2011.
12. Jinkyoo Park, Kincho H. Law, " Cooperative wind turbine control for maximizing wind farm power using sequential convex programming", Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 101, No. 1, pp.295–316, September 2015.
13. H. K. Vladislav Akhmatov, "An aggregate model of a grid-connected, large-scale, offshore wind farm for power stability investigations - importance of windmill mechanical system", International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 24, No.9, pp. 709-717, Cosmin E. Bănceanu, Iulian V, " Coordinated control of wind turbines", Master thesis, Department of Energy Technology University, Denmark, June 2011. , Aalborg
14. Wei Li, G. Joos and C. Abbey, " Wind power impact on system frequency deviation and an ESS based power filtering algorithm solution", IEEE Power Systems Conference and Exposition, PSCE '06, 2006 IEEE PES, , October 29 -November 1, Atlanta GA, USA, 2006.
15. Nikos Ath. Kallioras, Nikos D. Lagaros, Matthew G. Karlaftis, Paraskevi Pachy, " Optimum layout design of onshore wind farms considering stochastic loading", Advances in Engineering Software, Vol. 88, pp. 8–20, 2015.
16. E. Spahić and G. Balzer, "The Impact of the Wind Farm Size on the Power Output Fluctuation", European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC), Athens, Greece, February M. Jannati, S.H.Hosseinian, B.Vahidi, Guo-JieLi, " A survey on energy storage resources configurations in order to propose an optimum configuration for smoothing fluctuations of future large wind power plants", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 29, pp. 158–172, 2014.
17. P. Kundur, " Power System Stability and Control ", McGraw Hill Inc., 1994.
18. IEEE Working Group Report, "Hydraulic Turbine and Turbine Control Models for System Dynamic Studies ", Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 167 – 179, February 1992.
19. IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies, IEEE Std. 5-1992.
20. T. Christen and Martin. Carlen, ''Theory of ragone plots. Journal on Power Sources'', Vol. 91, No. 2, pp. 216, December 2000.
21. M. A. Tankari, M.B. Camara, B. Dakyo, C. Nichita, ''Ultracapacitors and Batteries Integration for Power Fluctuations mitigation in Wind-PV-Diesel Hybrid System'', International journal of renewable energy research (IJRER), Vol.1, No.2, pp.86-95, 2011.
22. Arnaud Badel,'' Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage using High Temperature Superconductor for Pulse Power Supply ", PhD dissertation, Université de Grenoble, France, September 2010. Sites constructeurs: www.saftbatteries.com, www.beaconpower.com
23. Gauthier DELILLE, '' Contribution du Stockage à la Gestion Avancée des Systèmes Électriques, Approches Organisationnelles et Technico-économiques dans les Réseaux de Distribution '', PhD dissertation, Ecole centrale de Lille, France, Novembre 2010.
24. D. Ikni, M.S. Camara, M.B. Camara, B. Dakyo and H. Gualous,'' Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Large Offshore Wind Farm Connected to Grid - Comparative Configurations'', International journal of renewable energy research (IJRER), Vol.4, No.2, 2014. AC
25. J. Jang, J. Yoho, " Equivalent Circuit Evaluation Method of Lithium Polymer Battery Using Bode Plot and Numerical Analysis ", IEEE Trans Energy Conversion, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 290-298, March 2011.
26. O.O MENG, I.H ALTAS, '' Fuzzy logic control for a wind/battery renewable energy production system '', Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer , Vol.20, No.2, 2012. Mohamed Mansour, M.
27. Mmimouni,'' Study and Control of a Variable-Speed Wind-Energy System Connected to the Grid'', International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, IJRER, Vol.1, No.2, pp.96-104, 2011. M.F.
28. B. Sedaghat, A. Jalilvand, R. Noroozian, ''Design of a multilevel control strategy for integration of stand-alone wind/diesel system '', Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 35, pp.123–137, 2012. Appendix
29. Main parameters for diesel power plant (more detail in [32]) Value Name PSM-Nom 970 MVA Nominal Power Cos(φ) 988 Power Factor Vdisel-output kV Nominal Voltage (ΔPG1)max % of (PSM-Nom XCos(φ)) (Primary control) Load parameters Value Name Load MW Nominal Power VLoad-output kV Nominal Voltage Cos(φ) Power Factor