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Design and Economic Evaluation of a Prototype Biogas Plant Fed by Restaurant Food Waste

Year 2015, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 1122 - 1131, 01.12.2015

Sergio Juárez-hernández Alejandra Castro-gonzález

Abstract

Food waste and other biodegradable matter in the municipal solid waste stream are a source of environmental and public health concern in cities of developing countries. Anaerobic digestion applied to urban solid organic waste treatment is an option to address those issues and to produce biogas, a renewable energy source. This paper presents the design and economic evaluation of a prototype biogas plant fed by food waste from a restaurant in Mexico City. On average, the restaurant produces 40.5 kg/day of food waste with 23.0% total solids (TS) and 94.2% total volatile solids (TVS). With this amount of food waste, around 69.2 L/day of feeding substrate with 12.7% TVS are produced. Considering an operating temperature of 20°C, total anaerobic digester volume required was calculated at 6.0 m3. Plant design comprises a continuous stirred tank reactor (1 m3) coupled with a conventional digester (5 m3). Organic loading rate and hydraulic retention time were 1.9 kg-TVS/(m3∙day) and 86 days, respectively. The plant is expected to produce 6.1 m3/day of biogas for use as a cooking fuel at the same restaurant, leading to LP gas savings of 692 kg/year. Plant investment cost was estimated at MXN 129,000 (~9,550 USD). Economic evaluation showed that the biogas plant profitability is highly dependent on LP gas price and its annual growth rate. The prototype biogas plant described here is a step forward in the conception of a biogas facility suitable for cities in developing countries to collaborate in solving their environmental, public health, and energy concerns.

Keywords

biogas plant; restaurant food waste; developing countries; urban areas; profitability indicators

References

  • W. Charles, L. Walker, and R. Cord-Ruwisch, “Effect of pre-aeration and inoculum on the start-up of batch thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal solid wastes,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 100, no. 8, pp. 2329– 2335, 2009.
  • INEGI, Environmental statistics-Production of municipal solid waste 2000-2009, National Institute of Statistics and Geography, Aguascalientes, Mexico, 2010 [in spanish].
  • FAO, Global food losses and food waste - Extent, causes and prevention, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2011.
  • M. Griffin, J. Sobal, and T. A. Lyson, “An analysis of a community food waste stream,” Agric. Hum. Values, vol. 26, no. 1–2, pp. 67–81, 2009.
  • R. Zhang, H. M. El-Mashad, K. Hartman, F. Wang, G. Liu, C. Choate, and P. Gamble, “Characterization of food waste as feedstock for anaerobic digestion,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 929–935, 2007.
  • J. Mata-Alvarez, S. Macé, and P. Llabrés, “Anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes. An overview of research achievements and perspectives,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 3–16, 2000.
  • D. Elango, M. Pulikesi, P. Baskaralingam, V. Ramamurthi, and S. Sivanesan, “Production of biogas from municipal solid waste with domestic sewage,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 301–304, 2007.
  • A. Khalid, M. Arshad, M. Anjum, T. Mahmood, and L. Dawson, “The anaerobic digestion of solid organic waste,” Waste Manag., vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1737–1744, 2011.
  • B. Paik, H. Shin, S. Han, Y. Song, C. Lee, and J. Bae, “Enhanced acid fermentation of food waste in the leaching bed,” in Proc. II International Symposium on Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Wastes, Barcelona, pp. 15– 18, 1999.
  • I. Angelidaki, X. Chen, J. Cui, P. Kaparaju, and L. Ellegaard, “Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of source- sorted organic fraction of household municipal solid waste: start-up procedure for continuously stirred tank reactor,” Water Resour., vol. 40, no. 14, pp. 2621–2628, 2006.
  • M. Ike, D. Inoue, T. Miyano, T. Liu, K. Sei, S. Soda, and S. Kadoshin, “Microbial population dynamics during startup of a full scale anaerobic digester treating industrial food waste in Kyoto eco-energy project,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, no. 11, pp. 3952–3957, 2010.
  • N. Curry and P. Pillay, “Biogas prediction and design of a food waste to energy system for the urban environment,” Renew. Energy, vol. 41, no. May 2012, pp. 200–209, 2012.
  • M. Nazir, “Biogas plants construction technology for rural areas,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 283– 289, 1991.
  • K. Singh and S. Sooch, “Comparative study of economics of different models of family size biogas plants for State of Punjab, India,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1329–1341, 2004.
  • C. Müller, Anaerobic digestion of biodegradable solid waste in low- and middle-income countries, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec), Dübendorf, Switzerland, 2007.
  • T. Bond and M. R. Templeton, “History and future of domestic biogas plants in the developing world,” Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 347–354, 2011.
  • Y. Vögeli and C. Zurbrügg, Biogas in cities - a new trend?, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec), Dübendorf, Switzerland, 2008.
  • Mexican Norm NMX-AA-052-1985. Environmental protection - Soil contamination - Municipal solid residues - Preparation of samples in laboratory for their analysis, Dirección General de Normas. Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial, 1985.
  • Mexican Norm NMX-AA-025-1984. Environmental protection - Soil contamination - Solid residues - pH determination - Potentiometric method, Dirección General de Normas. Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial, 1984.
  • Mexican Norm NMX-AA-019-1985. Environmental protection - Soil pollution - Municipal solid residues - ‘In situ’ volumetric weight, Dirección General de Normas. Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial, 1985.
  • APHA, Standard methods for water and wastewater examination, 19th ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association, 1995.
  • C. Chernicharo, Anaerobic reactors. London, UK: IWA Publishing, 2007.
  • L. Safley and P. Westerman, “Psychrophilic anaerobic digestion of animal manure: Proposed design methodology,” Biol. Wastes, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 133–148, 1990.
  • F. Cecchi, P. Traverso, J. Mata-Alvarez, J. Clancy, and C. Zaror, “State of the art of R&D in the anaerobic digestion process of municipal solid waste in Europe,” Biomass, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 257–284, 1988.
  • J. L. Walsh, C. C. Ross, M. S. Smith, S. R. Harper, and A. A. Wilkins, Biogas utilization handbook. Georgia, USA: Georgia Tech Research Institute, 1988.
  • K. Arnold and M. Stewart, Surface production operations -Design of gas-handling systems and facilities, vol.2. 2nd ed. USA: Elsevier Science, 1999.
  • D. Deublein and A. Steinhauser, Biogas from wastes and biological resources. An introduction. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2008.
  • K. C. Khandelwal and S. S. Mahdi, Biogas technology: A practical handbook, Vol. 1. New Delhi-Mexico: Tata- McGraw Hill, 1986.
  • J. Perret, Implementation and end-uses of biogas, Shell Recherche prepared for Agence Francaise pour la Maitrise de l’Energie (AFME) under contract no. AFME 81.21.076.1437, Grand Couroune, France, 1982.
  • ESCAP, Updated guidebook on biogas development, 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: UN Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 1984.
  • M. Gómez, D. Villén, and F. Sebastián, “Anaerobic digestion plants in developing countries,” in Energy from biomass, Zaragoza, Spain: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2010, pp. 357–391 [in spanish].
  • P. McCarty, “Anaerobic waste treatment fundamentals. Part one: chemistry and microbiology,” Public Work., vol. 95, no. 9, pp. 107–112, 1964.
  • CFE, Industry - know your tariff - H-M tariff (2002- 2012), Comisión Federal de Electricidad, México, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://app.cfe.gob.mx/Aplicaciones/ CCFE/Tarifas/Tarifas/tarifas_industria.asp. 08-Jan-2014] [in spanish]. [Accessed:
  • J. García-Heras, “Reactor sizing, process kinetics and modeling of anaerobic digestion of complex wastes,” in Biomethanization of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, Cornwall, UK: IWA Publishing, 2002, pp. 21–62.
  • F. Cecchi, P. Pavan, and J. Mata-Alvarez, “Kinetic study of the thermophilic anaerobic digestion of the fresh and precomposted, mechanically selected, organic fraction of municipal solid waste,” J. Environ. Sci. Heal., vol. A32, no. 1, pp. 195–213, 1997.
  • D. Bolzonella, F. Fatone, P. Pavan, and F. Cecchi, “Anaerobic fermentation of organic municipal solid wastes for the production of soluble organic compounds,” Ind. Eng. Chemitry Res., vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 3412–3418, 2005.
  • Y. Vögeli and C. Zurbrügg, “Decentralised anaerobic digestion of kitchen and market waste in developing countries-‘state of the art’ in south India,” in Proc. Venice 2008, Second International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, pp. 1–9, 2008.
  • A. Karagiannidis, G. Perkoulidis, and A. Malamakis, “Development of a methodology for the evaluation of different municipal solid waste anaerobic digestion technologies,” in Proc. Venice 2006 Biomass and Waste to Energy Symp., Venice, pp. 1-7, 2006.
  • J. Rapport, R. Zhang, B. Jenkins, and R. Williams, Current anaerobic digestion technologies used for treatment of municipal organic solid waste, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, UC Davis prepared for California Integrated Waste Management Board, CA, USA, 2008.
  • SENER, LP gas prices, 2014, Secretaría de Energía, Mexico [Online]. Available: http://www.energia.gob.mx/ res/91/Precios.xls. [Accessed: 16-Mar-2014] [in spanish].
  • P. Vandevivere, L. De-Baere, and W. Verstraete, “Types of anaerobic digesters for solid wastes,” in Biomethanization of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, Cornwall, UK: IWA Publishing, 2002, pp. 111–140.
  • J. Mata-Alvarez, F. Cecchi, P. Llabrés, and P. Pavan, “Anaerobic digestion of the Barcelona central food market organic wastes. Plant design and feasibility study,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 33–42, 1992.
  • R. B. Williams, UC Davis Technology Assessment for Advance Biomass Power Generation, California Energy Commission PIER Program, CA, USA, 2005.

Year 2015, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 1122 - 1131, 01.12.2015

Sergio Juárez-hernández Alejandra Castro-gonzález

Abstract

References

  • W. Charles, L. Walker, and R. Cord-Ruwisch, “Effect of pre-aeration and inoculum on the start-up of batch thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal solid wastes,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 100, no. 8, pp. 2329– 2335, 2009.
  • INEGI, Environmental statistics-Production of municipal solid waste 2000-2009, National Institute of Statistics and Geography, Aguascalientes, Mexico, 2010 [in spanish].
  • FAO, Global food losses and food waste - Extent, causes and prevention, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2011.
  • M. Griffin, J. Sobal, and T. A. Lyson, “An analysis of a community food waste stream,” Agric. Hum. Values, vol. 26, no. 1–2, pp. 67–81, 2009.
  • R. Zhang, H. M. El-Mashad, K. Hartman, F. Wang, G. Liu, C. Choate, and P. Gamble, “Characterization of food waste as feedstock for anaerobic digestion,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 929–935, 2007.
  • J. Mata-Alvarez, S. Macé, and P. Llabrés, “Anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes. An overview of research achievements and perspectives,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 3–16, 2000.
  • D. Elango, M. Pulikesi, P. Baskaralingam, V. Ramamurthi, and S. Sivanesan, “Production of biogas from municipal solid waste with domestic sewage,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 301–304, 2007.
  • A. Khalid, M. Arshad, M. Anjum, T. Mahmood, and L. Dawson, “The anaerobic digestion of solid organic waste,” Waste Manag., vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1737–1744, 2011.
  • B. Paik, H. Shin, S. Han, Y. Song, C. Lee, and J. Bae, “Enhanced acid fermentation of food waste in the leaching bed,” in Proc. II International Symposium on Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Wastes, Barcelona, pp. 15– 18, 1999.
  • I. Angelidaki, X. Chen, J. Cui, P. Kaparaju, and L. Ellegaard, “Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of source- sorted organic fraction of household municipal solid waste: start-up procedure for continuously stirred tank reactor,” Water Resour., vol. 40, no. 14, pp. 2621–2628, 2006.
  • M. Ike, D. Inoue, T. Miyano, T. Liu, K. Sei, S. Soda, and S. Kadoshin, “Microbial population dynamics during startup of a full scale anaerobic digester treating industrial food waste in Kyoto eco-energy project,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, no. 11, pp. 3952–3957, 2010.
  • N. Curry and P. Pillay, “Biogas prediction and design of a food waste to energy system for the urban environment,” Renew. Energy, vol. 41, no. May 2012, pp. 200–209, 2012.
  • M. Nazir, “Biogas plants construction technology for rural areas,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 283– 289, 1991.
  • K. Singh and S. Sooch, “Comparative study of economics of different models of family size biogas plants for State of Punjab, India,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1329–1341, 2004.
  • C. Müller, Anaerobic digestion of biodegradable solid waste in low- and middle-income countries, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec), Dübendorf, Switzerland, 2007.
  • T. Bond and M. R. Templeton, “History and future of domestic biogas plants in the developing world,” Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 347–354, 2011.
  • Y. Vögeli and C. Zurbrügg, Biogas in cities - a new trend?, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec), Dübendorf, Switzerland, 2008.
  • Mexican Norm NMX-AA-052-1985. Environmental protection - Soil contamination - Municipal solid residues - Preparation of samples in laboratory for their analysis, Dirección General de Normas. Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial, 1985.
  • Mexican Norm NMX-AA-025-1984. Environmental protection - Soil contamination - Solid residues - pH determination - Potentiometric method, Dirección General de Normas. Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial, 1984.
  • Mexican Norm NMX-AA-019-1985. Environmental protection - Soil pollution - Municipal solid residues - ‘In situ’ volumetric weight, Dirección General de Normas. Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial, 1985.
  • APHA, Standard methods for water and wastewater examination, 19th ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association, 1995.
  • C. Chernicharo, Anaerobic reactors. London, UK: IWA Publishing, 2007.
  • L. Safley and P. Westerman, “Psychrophilic anaerobic digestion of animal manure: Proposed design methodology,” Biol. Wastes, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 133–148, 1990.
  • F. Cecchi, P. Traverso, J. Mata-Alvarez, J. Clancy, and C. Zaror, “State of the art of R&D in the anaerobic digestion process of municipal solid waste in Europe,” Biomass, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 257–284, 1988.
  • J. L. Walsh, C. C. Ross, M. S. Smith, S. R. Harper, and A. A. Wilkins, Biogas utilization handbook. Georgia, USA: Georgia Tech Research Institute, 1988.
  • K. Arnold and M. Stewart, Surface production operations -Design of gas-handling systems and facilities, vol.2. 2nd ed. USA: Elsevier Science, 1999.
  • D. Deublein and A. Steinhauser, Biogas from wastes and biological resources. An introduction. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2008.
  • K. C. Khandelwal and S. S. Mahdi, Biogas technology: A practical handbook, Vol. 1. New Delhi-Mexico: Tata- McGraw Hill, 1986.
  • J. Perret, Implementation and end-uses of biogas, Shell Recherche prepared for Agence Francaise pour la Maitrise de l’Energie (AFME) under contract no. AFME 81.21.076.1437, Grand Couroune, France, 1982.
  • ESCAP, Updated guidebook on biogas development, 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: UN Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 1984.
  • M. Gómez, D. Villén, and F. Sebastián, “Anaerobic digestion plants in developing countries,” in Energy from biomass, Zaragoza, Spain: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2010, pp. 357–391 [in spanish].
  • P. McCarty, “Anaerobic waste treatment fundamentals. Part one: chemistry and microbiology,” Public Work., vol. 95, no. 9, pp. 107–112, 1964.
  • CFE, Industry - know your tariff - H-M tariff (2002- 2012), Comisión Federal de Electricidad, México, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://app.cfe.gob.mx/Aplicaciones/ CCFE/Tarifas/Tarifas/tarifas_industria.asp. 08-Jan-2014] [in spanish]. [Accessed:
  • J. García-Heras, “Reactor sizing, process kinetics and modeling of anaerobic digestion of complex wastes,” in Biomethanization of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, Cornwall, UK: IWA Publishing, 2002, pp. 21–62.
  • F. Cecchi, P. Pavan, and J. Mata-Alvarez, “Kinetic study of the thermophilic anaerobic digestion of the fresh and precomposted, mechanically selected, organic fraction of municipal solid waste,” J. Environ. Sci. Heal., vol. A32, no. 1, pp. 195–213, 1997.
  • D. Bolzonella, F. Fatone, P. Pavan, and F. Cecchi, “Anaerobic fermentation of organic municipal solid wastes for the production of soluble organic compounds,” Ind. Eng. Chemitry Res., vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 3412–3418, 2005.
  • Y. Vögeli and C. Zurbrügg, “Decentralised anaerobic digestion of kitchen and market waste in developing countries-‘state of the art’ in south India,” in Proc. Venice 2008, Second International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, pp. 1–9, 2008.
  • A. Karagiannidis, G. Perkoulidis, and A. Malamakis, “Development of a methodology for the evaluation of different municipal solid waste anaerobic digestion technologies,” in Proc. Venice 2006 Biomass and Waste to Energy Symp., Venice, pp. 1-7, 2006.
  • J. Rapport, R. Zhang, B. Jenkins, and R. Williams, Current anaerobic digestion technologies used for treatment of municipal organic solid waste, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, UC Davis prepared for California Integrated Waste Management Board, CA, USA, 2008.
  • SENER, LP gas prices, 2014, Secretaría de Energía, Mexico [Online]. Available: http://www.energia.gob.mx/ res/91/Precios.xls. [Accessed: 16-Mar-2014] [in spanish].
  • P. Vandevivere, L. De-Baere, and W. Verstraete, “Types of anaerobic digesters for solid wastes,” in Biomethanization of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, Cornwall, UK: IWA Publishing, 2002, pp. 111–140.
  • J. Mata-Alvarez, F. Cecchi, P. Llabrés, and P. Pavan, “Anaerobic digestion of the Barcelona central food market organic wastes. Plant design and feasibility study,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 33–42, 1992.
  • R. B. Williams, UC Davis Technology Assessment for Advance Biomass Power Generation, California Energy Commission PIER Program, CA, USA, 2005.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sergio Juárez-hernández This is me

Alejandra Castro-gonzález This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 5 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Juárez-hernández, S., & Castro-gonzález, A. (2015). Design and Economic Evaluation of a Prototype Biogas Plant Fed by Restaurant Food Waste. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, 5(4), 1122-1131.
AMA Juárez-hernández S, Castro-gonzález A. Design and Economic Evaluation of a Prototype Biogas Plant Fed by Restaurant Food Waste. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. December 2015;5(4):1122-1131.
Chicago Juárez-hernández, Sergio, and Alejandra Castro-gonzález. “Design and Economic Evaluation of a Prototype Biogas Plant Fed by Restaurant Food Waste”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 5, no. 4 (December 2015): 1122-31.
EndNote Juárez-hernández S, Castro-gonzález A (December 1, 2015) Design and Economic Evaluation of a Prototype Biogas Plant Fed by Restaurant Food Waste. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 5 4 1122–1131.
IEEE S. Juárez-hernández and A. Castro-gonzález, “Design and Economic Evaluation of a Prototype Biogas Plant Fed by Restaurant Food Waste”, International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1122–1131, 2015.
ISNAD Juárez-hernández, Sergio - Castro-gonzález, Alejandra. “Design and Economic Evaluation of a Prototype Biogas Plant Fed by Restaurant Food Waste”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 5/4 (December 2015), 1122-1131.
JAMA Juárez-hernández S, Castro-gonzález A. Design and Economic Evaluation of a Prototype Biogas Plant Fed by Restaurant Food Waste. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2015;5:1122–1131.
MLA Juárez-hernández, Sergio and Alejandra Castro-gonzález. “Design and Economic Evaluation of a Prototype Biogas Plant Fed by Restaurant Food Waste”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 5, no. 4, 2015, pp. 1122-31.
Vancouver Juárez-hernández S, Castro-gonzález A. Design and Economic Evaluation of a Prototype Biogas Plant Fed by Restaurant Food Waste. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2015;5(4):1122-31.