Synthesis and Evaluation of Catalytic Activity of Calcined Sodium Silicate for Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel

Year 2015, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 517 - 523, 01.06.2015

Michael Olawale Daramola Diakanua Nkazi Khalipha Mtshali

Abstract

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) using heterogeneous sodium silicate catalyst is presented in this article. The conversion of WCO to biodiesel exploited the potential of the catalyst to convert high free fatty acid (FFA) content feedstock to biodiesel directly, thereby by-passing the esterification state whereby FFA content of the feedstock is reduced prior to transesterification reaction. In the study, effect of reaction temperature and reaction time on the activity of the catalyst during transesterification of WCO to biodiesel was investigated. The transesterification reaction was conducted in a batch reactor with 2.51 g of the catalysts and at WCO to methanol ratio of 1:6. In addition, the reaction temperature was varied between 25oC to 63oC, and the reaction time was varied from 0 to 180 minutes at a 30 minute step increase.  The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield increased with reaction time and reaction temperature and the highest FAME yield of   ̴30% was obtained at 63oC after 180 minutes. However, further studies are required for in-depth understanding of the activity and kinetics of the catalyst for biodiesel production from WCO.

Keywords

Waste cooking oil; Biodiesel; Heterogeneous catalysis; Transesterification

References

• J.N. Chheda,G.W. Hube, J.A. Dumesic, “Liquid-Phase Catalytic Processing of Biomass-Derived Oxygenated Hydrocarbons to Fuels and Chemicals”, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., Vol. 46, Issue 38, pp. 7164–7183, 2007.
• D. Klemm, B. Heublein,H.-P Fink, A. Bohn, “Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material”, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., Vol. 44, Issue 2, pp. 3358–3393, 2005.
• A. Fukuoka, P.L. Dhepe, “Sustainable green catalysis by supported metal nanoparticles”, Chem. Rec., Vol. 9, Issue 4, pp. 224–235, 2009.
• T. Krawczyk, “Biodiesel”, INFORM Vol. 7 , Issue 8,
• R. vonWadel, Technical Handbook for Marine Biodiesel in Recreational Boats, Prepared for National Renewable Energy Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Subcontract No. ACG -7-16688-01 under Prime Contract No. DEA–C368–3CH10093, pp. 32, 1999.
• E.F. Aransiola, E. Betiku, S.K. Layokun, B.O. Solomon, “Production of biodiesel by transesterification of refined soybean oil”, Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. Vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 391-399, 2010.
• S. Amin, “Review on biofuel oil and gas production processes from microalgae”, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 50 no. 7, pp. 1834–1840, 2009.
• A. Demirbas,“Production of biodiesel from algae oils. Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects”, Energy Sources, Vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 163–168, 2009.
• A. Demirbas, “Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic transesterifications and other methods: a survey”, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 44, no. 13, pp. 2093–2109, 2003. supercritical alcohol
• E.F. Aransiola, E. Betiku, D. Ikhuomoregbe,T.V. Ojumu, “Production of biodiesel from crude neem oil feedstock and its emission from internal combustion engines”, Afr. J. Biotechnol., Vol. 11, no. 22, pp. 6178- 6186, 2012.
• D. Kusdiana, S. Saka, “Effects of water on biodiesel fuel production by supercritical methanol treatment”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 91, no 3, pp. 289-295, 2004.
• N. Dizge, C. Aydiner, D.Y. Imer, M. Bayramoglu, A. Tanriseven, B. Keskinler, “Biodiesel production from sunflower, soybean, and waste cooking oils by transesterification using lipase immobilized onto a novel microporous polymer”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 100, no. 6, pp. 1983–1991, 2009.
• V. Sivozhelezova,D. Bruzzeseb, L. Pastorinoa, E. Pechkova, C. Nicolini, “Increase of catalytic activity of lipase immobilization of lipase”, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, Vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 72-76, 2009.
• E.F.Aransiola,M.O. Daramola,T.V. Ojumu, M.O. Aremu, S.K. Layokun, B.O. Solomon, “Nigerian Jatropha curcas oil seeds: prospects for biodiesel production in Nigeria”, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 317-325, 2012.
• E.F. Aransiola, M.O. Daramola, T.V. Ojumu, S.K. Layokun, B.O. Solomon, “Homogeneously catalysed transesterification of Nigerian Jatropha curcas oil into biodiesel: A kinetic study”, Modern Research in Catalysis, Vol. 2, pp. 83-89, 2013.
• O.J. Alamu, M.A. Waheed, S.O. Jekayinfa,“ Effect of ethanol–palm kernel oil ratio on alkali-catalyzed biodiesel yield”, Fuel, Vol. 87, pp. 1529–1533, 2008.
• M. Canakci, J. vanGerpen, “Biodiesel production via acid catalysis”, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 42, pp. 1203–1210, 1999.
• B. Freedman, E.H. Pryde, T.L. Mounts, “Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils”, Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, Vol. 61, pp. 1638–1643, 1984.
• S.L. Dmytryshyn, A.K. Dalai, S.T. Chaudhari, “Synthesis and characterization of vegetable oil derived esters: evaluation for their diesel additive properties”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 92, Issue 1, pp. 55–64, 2004.
• M.A. Dubé, A.Y. Tremblay, J. Liu, “Biodiesel production using a membrane reactor”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 98, Issue 3, pp. 639–647, 2007.
• G. Vicente, M. Martínez, J. Aracil, “Optimisation of integrated biodiesel production. Part I. A study of the biodiesel purity and yield”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 98, Issue 9, pp. 1724–1733, 2007.
• F. Guo, Z.G. Peng, J.Y. Dai, Z.L. Xiu, “Calcined sodium silicate as solid base catalyst for biodiesel production”, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 91, pp. 322–328, 2010.
• F. Guo, W. Ning-Ning, F. Zhen, Z.L. Xiu, ”Transesterification mechanism of soybean oil to biodiesel catalyzed by calcined sodium silicate”, Fuel, Vol. 93, pp. 468–472, 2012. [24] A.
• Talebian-Kiakalaieh,N.A.S.Amin, A. Zarei,H.
• Jaliliannosrati, “Biodiesel Production from High Free
• Fatty Acid Waste Cooking Oil by Solid Acid Catalyst”,
• th International Conference on Process Systems
• Engineering, pp. 572-576, 2013.
• Z. Chang, H. Fenghong, Z. Ming, G. Pingmei, H. Qingde, L. Wenlin, “Solid base catalysts for production of fatty acid methyl esters”, Renewable energy, Vol. 53, pp. 377-383, 2013.
• M. Li, Y. Zheng, Y. Chen, X. Zhu, “ Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst from pyrolyzed rice husk”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 154, pp. 345-348, 2014.
• K.A. Shah, J.K. Parikh, K.C. Maheria, “Optimization studies and chemical kinetics of silica sulfuric acid- catalysed biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil”, Bioenergy Resources, Vol. 7, pp. 206-216, 2014.
• www.make-biodiesel.org/biodiesel-chemistry/acid- number-to-ffa-conversion. Accessed 25 September 2014.
• S. Awad, M. Paraschiv, V. Edwin Geo, M. Tazerout, “ Effect of free fatty acid and short chain alcohols on conversion of waste cooking oil to Biodiesel”, International Journal of Green Energy, Vol. 11, no. 5,
• S. O’Donnell, I. Demshemino, M. Yahaya, I. Nwandike, L. Okoro, “ A Review on the Spectroscopic Analysis of Biodiesel”, European International Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 137-146, 2013.
• M. Tariq, S. Ali, N. Khalid, “Activity of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts , Spectroscopic and Chromotographic Characterization of Biodiesel: A Review”, Vol. 16, no. 8,pp. 6303-6316, 2012.