Performance Evaluation of a Horizontal Air Staged Inclined Biomass-to-Heat Energy Converter for Drying Paper Egg Trays

Kok Hing Chong; Puong Ling Law; Rigit Andrew Ragai Henry; Baini Rubiyah; Faridah Saleh Shanti

Performance Evaluation of a Horizontal Air Staged Inclined Biomass-to-Heat Energy Converter for Drying Paper Egg Trays

Year 2014, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 159 - 167, 01.03.2014

Kok Hing Chong Puong Ling Law Rigit Andrew Ragai Henry Baini Rubiyah Faridah Saleh Shanti

Abstract

This study presents the performance evaluation of a horizontal air staged inclined biomass-to-heat energy (B2H) converter used for drying purposes in the production of paper egg-trays. The thermal properties and moisture content of the selected biomass such as oil palm kernel shell and wood chips were assessed. The influence of air mixture ratio (AMR) on temperature profile, flue gases composition and combustion efficiency of the selected biomass were determined with a Testo 350XL flue gas analyser. It was observed that an increase in AMR led to an increase in the average temperature of the pyrolytic chamber but decreased the average temperature of the exhaust, with insignificant change in the surrounding temperature. CO, H2, NOx and SO2 concentrations were inversely proportional to an increase in AMR and an increase in oxygen content in the B2H converter exhaust. Combustion efficiency of the B2H converter was inversely proportional to an increase in AMR. Combustion efficiency of 67.00 0.34 % was achieved with Experiment vii. CO and NOx emissions at the B2H exhaust (Experiment-vii) met the EPA regulations, that is, 193.35 9.17 ppmv and 9.20 0.87 ppmv, respectively. SO2 emission at the B2H exhaust, however, was lower than the NIOSH regulations, that is, 4.57 1.08 ppmv. Thus the B2H converter demonstrated that CO, NOx and SO2 emissions can be significantly reduced with oil palm kernel shell and wood chips.

Keywords

Biomass; Gas emission; Combustion; Performance evaluation.

References

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Year 2014, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 159 - 167, 01.03.2014

Kok Hing Chong Puong Ling Law Rigit Andrew Ragai Henry Baini Rubiyah Faridah Saleh Shanti

Abstract

References

M. A. A. Mohammed, A. Salmiaton, W. a. K. G. Wan Azlina, M. S. Mohammad Amran, A. Fakhru’l-Razi, and Y. H. Taufiq-Yap, “Hydrogen rich gas from oil palm biomass as a potential source of renewable energy in Malaysia,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1258–1270, Feb. 2011.
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Mtcc, “Review Of Malaysian Criteria And Indicators For Forest Management Certification (Forest Plantations) Mtcc,” http://www.mtcc.com.my/activities/review-of-malaysian- criteria-and-indicators-for-forest-management- certification-forest-plantations. Available: M. P. Aznar, M. A. Caballero, J. A. Sancho, and E. Francés, “Plastic waste elimination by co-gasification with coal and biomass in fluidized bed with air in pilot plant,” Fuel Process. Technol., vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 409– , May 2006.
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J. F. Pérez, A. Melgar, and P. N. Benjumea, “Effect operating of and gasification/combustion process of waste biomass in design fixed bed downdraft reactors: An experimental study,” Fuel, vol. 96, pp. 487–496, Jun. 2012. on the S. Li, T. Xu, S. Hui, and X. Wei, “NOx emission and thermal efficiency of a 300MWe utility boiler retrofitted by air staging,” Appl. Energy, vol. 86, no. 9, pp. 1797–1803, Sep. 2009.
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M. Sami, K. Annamalai, and M. Wooldridge, “Co- firing of coal and biomass fuel blends,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 171–214, Jan. 2001.
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S. Munir, W. Nimmo, and B. M. Gibbs, “The effect of air staged, co-combustion of pulverised coal and biomass blends on NOx emissions and combustion efficiency,” Fuel, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 126–135, Jan. 2011.
A. Surjosatyo And F. N. Ani, “Effect Of Air Staging On Palm Shell Combustion In,” J. Teknol., Vol. 29, Pp. –41, 1998.
Y. . Yang, V. . Sharifi, and J. Swithenbank, “Effect of air flow rate and fuel moisture on the burning behaviours of biomass and simulated municipal solid wastes in packed beds,” Fuel, vol. 83, no. 11–12, pp. –1562, Aug. 2004.
S. Y. Luo, B. Xiao, Z. Q. Hu, S. M. Liu, and Y. W. Guan, “Experimental study on oxygen-enriched combustion of biomass micro fuel,” Energy, vol. 34, no. , pp. 1880–1884, Nov. 2009.
W. Nimmo, S. S. Daood, and B. M. Gibbs, “The effect of O2 enrichment on NOx formation in biomass co-fired pulverised coal combustion,” Fuel, vol. 89, no. , pp. 2945–2952, Oct. 2010.
E. F. Kristensen and J. K. Kristensen, “Development and test of small-scale batch-fired straw boilers in Denmark,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. –569, Jun. 2004.
K. Sarasuk and B. Sajjakulnukit, “Design of a Lab- Scale Two-Stage Rice Husk Gasifier,” Energy Procedia, vol. 9, pp. 178–185, Jan. 2011.
D. Vamvuka, N. El Chatib, and S. Sfakiotakis, “Measurements of Ignition Point and Combustion Characteristics of Biomass Fuels and their Blends with Lignite,” in Proceedings of the European Combustion Meeting 2011, 2011, pp. 1–6.
S. C. Bhattacharya, D. O. Albina, and A. M. Khaing, “Effects of selected parameters on performance and emission of biomass fired cookstoves,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 23, pp. 387–395, 2002.
D. A. Tillman, “Biomass cofiring : the technology , the experience , the combustion consequences,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 19, pp. 365–384, 2000.
J. Sandberg, C. Karlsson, and R. B. Fdhila, “A 7year long measurement period investigating the correlation of corrosion, deposit and fuel in a biomass fired circulated fluidized bed boiler,” Appl. Energy, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. –110, Jan. 2011.
J. Sandberg, “Measurements, theories and simulations of particle deposits on super-heater tubes in a CFB biomass boiler,” Int. J. Green Energy, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 43–61, 2006.
BritishStandardInstitute, “BS EN 14774-2:2009:
Solid biofuels – Determination of moisture content – oven dry method. Part 2: Total moisture – simplified method.” British standard Institute, London, British, BritishStandardInstitute, “BS EN 14181:2004:
Stationary source emissions – Quality assurance of automated measuring systems.” British Standard Institute, London, 2004.
S. V. Loo and J. Koopejan, The handbook of biomass combustion and co-firing, 2nd ed. London: Earthscan, 2008, p. 4.
J. P. F. Simão, A. P. V. Egas, M. G. Carvalho, C. M. S. G. Baptista, and J. A. a. M. Castro, “Heterogeneous studies in pulping of wood: Modelling mass transfer of alkali,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 139, no. 3, pp. 615–621, Jun. A. P. Schniewind, Concise encyclopedia of wood & wood-based materials (Advances in materials sciences and engineering). New York: Pergamon, 1989.
J. A. Pazó, E. Granada, Á. Saavedra, P. Eguía, and J. Collazo, “Uncertainty determination methodology, sampling maps generation and trend studies with biomass thermogravimetric analysis,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 11, no. , 2010.
EU, “Decision support system for the application of renewable energy from biogas and biomass combustion under particular consideration of framework conditions in Vietnam and Thailand,” Germany, 2005.
S. Zafar, “Palm kernel shells as biomass resource,” http://www.bioenergyconsult.com/tag/palm-oil-biomass/. Available: I. M. Dagwa, P. F. Builders, And J. Achebo, “Characterization Of Palm Kernel Shell Powder For Use In Polymer Matrix Composites.,” Int. J. Mech. Mechatronics Eng., Vol. 12, No. 04, Pp. 88–93, 2012.
M. Helin, “Moisture in wood fuels and drying of wood chips.” North Karelia Polyteching, 2005.
T. B. Reed and A. Das, Handbook of biomass downdraft gasifier engine systems: Solar energy research institute. US Department of Energy, 1988.
T. Yamazaki, H. Kozu, S. Yamagata, N. Murao, S. Ohta, S. Shiya, and T. Ohba, “Effect of Superficial Velocity on Tar from Downdraft Gasification of Biomass,” Energy & Fuels, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1186– , Mar. 2005.
J. Brammer and A. Bridgwater, “Drying technologies for an integrated gasification bio-energy plant,” Renew. Sustain. energy Rev., vol. 3, 1999.
F. V Tinaut, A. Melgar, J. F. Pérez, and A. Horrillo, “Effect of biomass particle size and air superficial velocity on the gasification process in a downdraft fixed bed gasifier. An experimental and modelling study,” Fuel Process. Technol., vol. 89, no. 11, pp. 1076–1089, Nov.
M. Varol and A. T. Atimtay, “Combustion of olive cake and coal in a bubbling fluidized bed with secondary air injection,” Fuel, vol. 86, no. 10–11, pp. 1430–1438, Jul. 2007.
L. Fagernäs, J. Brammer, C. Wilén, M. Lauer, and F. Verhoeff, “Drying of biomass for second generation synfuel production,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 34, no. , pp. 1267–1277, Sep. 2010.
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%20Furnaces%20and%20Refractories.pdf. M. S. A. Ishak and M. N. . Jaafar, “Noxious Emission Reduction From Liquid Fuel,” J. Mek., no. 24, pp. 40–46, 2007.
TESTO, The New testo 350 flue gas analysis system. T. G. Soares Neto, J. A. Carvalho Jr., E. V Cortez, R. G. Azevedo, R. A. Oliveira, W. R. R. Fidalgo, and J. C. Santos, “Laboratory evaluation of Amazon forest biomass burning emissions,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 45, no. 39, pp. 7455–7461, Dec. 2011.
M. a. Habib, M. Elshafei, and M. Dajani, “Influence of combustion parameters on NOx production in an industrial boiler,” Comput. Fluids, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 12– , Jan. 2008.
L. Baxter, B. Jenkins, and F. Winter, “Baseline NOx emissions during combustion of wood-derived pyrolysis oils,” 1994.
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Details

Primary Language	English
Journal Section	Articles
Authors	Kok Hing Chong This is me Puong Ling Law This is me Rigit Andrew Ragai Henry This is me Baini Rubiyah This is me Faridah Saleh Shanti This is me
Publication Date	March 1, 2014
Published in Issue	Year 2014 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA	Chong, K. H., Law, P. L., Henry, R. A. R., Rubiyah, B., et al. (2014). Performance Evaluation of a Horizontal Air Staged Inclined Biomass-to-Heat Energy Converter for Drying Paper Egg Trays. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, 4(1), 159-167.
AMA	Chong KH, Law PL, Henry RAR, Rubiyah B, Shanti FS. Performance Evaluation of a Horizontal Air Staged Inclined Biomass-to-Heat Energy Converter for Drying Paper Egg Trays. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. March 2014;4(1):159-167.
Chicago	Chong, Kok Hing, Puong Ling Law, Rigit Andrew Ragai Henry, Baini Rubiyah, and Faridah Saleh Shanti. “Performance Evaluation of a Horizontal Air Staged Inclined Biomass-to-Heat Energy Converter for Drying Paper Egg Trays”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 4, no. 1 (March 2014): 159-67.
EndNote	Chong KH, Law PL, Henry RAR, Rubiyah B, Shanti FS (March 1, 2014) Performance Evaluation of a Horizontal Air Staged Inclined Biomass-to-Heat Energy Converter for Drying Paper Egg Trays. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 4 1 159–167.
IEEE	K. H. Chong, P. L. Law, R. A. R. Henry, B. Rubiyah, and F. S. Shanti, “Performance Evaluation of a Horizontal Air Staged Inclined Biomass-to-Heat Energy Converter for Drying Paper Egg Trays”, International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 159–167, 2014.
ISNAD	Chong, Kok Hing et al. “Performance Evaluation of a Horizontal Air Staged Inclined Biomass-to-Heat Energy Converter for Drying Paper Egg Trays”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 4/1 (March 2014), 159-167.
JAMA	Chong KH, Law PL, Henry RAR, Rubiyah B, Shanti FS. Performance Evaluation of a Horizontal Air Staged Inclined Biomass-to-Heat Energy Converter for Drying Paper Egg Trays. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2014;4:159–167.
MLA	Chong, Kok Hing et al. “Performance Evaluation of a Horizontal Air Staged Inclined Biomass-to-Heat Energy Converter for Drying Paper Egg Trays”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 4, no. 1, 2014, pp. 159-67.
Vancouver	Chong KH, Law PL, Henry RAR, Rubiyah B, Shanti FS. Performance Evaluation of a Horizontal Air Staged Inclined Biomass-to-Heat Energy Converter for Drying Paper Egg Trays. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2014;4(1):159-67.

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