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Assesment of Carbon Credits for Power Generation Systems at GSM Base Station Site

Year 2013, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 763 - 768, 01.12.2013

Vincent Anayochukwu Ani Emmanuel Onyeka Ani

Abstract

Electricity production is often a source of CO2 emissions, for instance when fossil fuel is combusted in power plants. Therefore the root cause of pollution coming from telecommunication industry is the source of energy (diesel genset) the network operators used in running their Base station sites. Energy consumption of using diesel to power base station by telecom networks is a contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper presents the comparative carbon credits of hybrid (PV/wind/hydro/Diesel) power systems for base station site. The assessment is based on theoretical model of the power stations using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software. The proposed Hybrid (Solar, Wind & Hydro) + DG system was simulated using the model which results in eight different topologies: Hybrid (Solar, Wind & Hydro) + DG, Hybrid (Solar & Hydro) + DG, Hybrid (Wind & Hydro) + DG, Hydro only + DG, Hybrid (Solar & Wind) + DG, Solar only + DG, Wind only + DG, DG. From the simulation results, it is shown that the designed Hybrid PV/wind/hydro/Diesel system has the highest carbon credits of $14509.16 relative to the case of a diesel-only system of zero. Details of the comparisons are presented.

Keywords

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Carbon Credits Global warming Climate Change Nigeria.

References

  • International Telecommunication Union GSR (2010) Climate Change, ICTs and Regulation GSR10 Discussion Paper
  • GSMAssociation (2010) Using Mobile to Extend the Grid Green power for mobile Community Power. www.gsmworld.com/greenpower
  • GSMAssociation (2009) Green Power for Mobile: Top Ten www.gsmworld.com/greenpower GSMA Development Fund.
  • Ani, Vincent Anayochukwu and Emetu, Alice Nnene (2013), Measuring the Environmental Impact of Power Generation at GSM Base Station Site. Electronic Journal of Energy and Environment (EJEE) DOI: 10.7770/ejee- V1N1-art522.
  • Ani Vincent Anayochukwu (2013) Environmental Impact Assessment of Power Generation Systems at GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communication) Base Station Site Electronic Journal of Energy and Environment (EJEE) DOI: 10.7770/ejee-V1N2-art606.
  • NASA, 2013 http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/
  • OSHA, (2009), Safety and health topic: Diesel emission, Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/dieselexhaust/; [accessed 29.04.2012]. Labor, US. See also, 2009
  • DOSH, (2004), Guidelines on occupational safety and health. Malaysia: Department of Occupational, Safety and Health (DOSH)
  • Chen Wenying, Teng Fei, XU Ruina, Xiang Xing, Zeng Rongshu, Domptail Kim, Allier Delphine, and Le Nindre Yves-Michel, (2008) CCS scenarios optimisation by spatial multi-criteria analysis: application to multiple source-sink matching in the Bohai Basin (North China) Energy Procedia 00 (2008) 000-000.
  • Kamel, S. & Dahl, C. (2005). The Economics of Hybrid Power Systems for Sustainable Desert Agriculture in Egypt, Energy, 30, 1271‐1281.
  • Khan, M.J., & Iqbal, M.T. (2005). Pre‐Feasibility Study of Stand‐Alone Hybrid Energy Systems for Applications in Newfoundland, Renewable Energy, 30, 835‐854.
  • Lambert, T., Gilman, P., & Lilienthal, P. (2006), Micropower System Modeling with HOMER. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
  • Wies RW, Johnson RA, Agrawal AN, Chubb TJ. (2005), Simulink model for economic analysis and environmental impacts of a PV with Diesel-Battery system for remote villages. IEEE Trans Power Systems; 20(2):692-700.
  • HOMER (The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables). Available from: <http://www.nrel/gov/HOMER>. 12/01/2013] [Assessed on
  • Lambert, T. (2009), HOMER: The Hybrid Optimization Model http://www.nrel.gov/international/tools/HOMER/homer.h tml Electrical Renewables. [16] Ani Vincent Anayochukwu, Optimization at Telecommunication Base Station Site. Ph.D thesis from Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria Nsukka. (2013) Energy
  • Ani Vincent Anayochukwu, Emetu Alice Nnene and Ani Environmental Impact of Power Generation in Banking Industry. Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits (JoEECC). (2013), Assessment of
  • Willson John (2009), Energy & Emissions at Cellular Base Stations. WireIE Holdings International Inc, Canada.

Year 2013, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 763 - 768, 01.12.2013

Vincent Anayochukwu Ani Emmanuel Onyeka Ani

Abstract

References

  • International Telecommunication Union GSR (2010) Climate Change, ICTs and Regulation GSR10 Discussion Paper
  • GSMAssociation (2010) Using Mobile to Extend the Grid Green power for mobile Community Power. www.gsmworld.com/greenpower
  • GSMAssociation (2009) Green Power for Mobile: Top Ten www.gsmworld.com/greenpower GSMA Development Fund.
  • Ani, Vincent Anayochukwu and Emetu, Alice Nnene (2013), Measuring the Environmental Impact of Power Generation at GSM Base Station Site. Electronic Journal of Energy and Environment (EJEE) DOI: 10.7770/ejee- V1N1-art522.
  • Ani Vincent Anayochukwu (2013) Environmental Impact Assessment of Power Generation Systems at GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communication) Base Station Site Electronic Journal of Energy and Environment (EJEE) DOI: 10.7770/ejee-V1N2-art606.
  • NASA, 2013 http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/
  • OSHA, (2009), Safety and health topic: Diesel emission, Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/dieselexhaust/; [accessed 29.04.2012]. Labor, US. See also, 2009
  • DOSH, (2004), Guidelines on occupational safety and health. Malaysia: Department of Occupational, Safety and Health (DOSH)
  • Chen Wenying, Teng Fei, XU Ruina, Xiang Xing, Zeng Rongshu, Domptail Kim, Allier Delphine, and Le Nindre Yves-Michel, (2008) CCS scenarios optimisation by spatial multi-criteria analysis: application to multiple source-sink matching in the Bohai Basin (North China) Energy Procedia 00 (2008) 000-000.
  • Kamel, S. & Dahl, C. (2005). The Economics of Hybrid Power Systems for Sustainable Desert Agriculture in Egypt, Energy, 30, 1271‐1281.
  • Khan, M.J., & Iqbal, M.T. (2005). Pre‐Feasibility Study of Stand‐Alone Hybrid Energy Systems for Applications in Newfoundland, Renewable Energy, 30, 835‐854.
  • Lambert, T., Gilman, P., & Lilienthal, P. (2006), Micropower System Modeling with HOMER. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
  • Wies RW, Johnson RA, Agrawal AN, Chubb TJ. (2005), Simulink model for economic analysis and environmental impacts of a PV with Diesel-Battery system for remote villages. IEEE Trans Power Systems; 20(2):692-700.
  • HOMER (The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables). Available from: <http://www.nrel/gov/HOMER>. 12/01/2013] [Assessed on
  • Lambert, T. (2009), HOMER: The Hybrid Optimization Model http://www.nrel.gov/international/tools/HOMER/homer.h tml Electrical Renewables. [16] Ani Vincent Anayochukwu, Optimization at Telecommunication Base Station Site. Ph.D thesis from Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria Nsukka. (2013) Energy
  • Ani Vincent Anayochukwu, Emetu Alice Nnene and Ani Environmental Impact of Power Generation in Banking Industry. Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits (JoEECC). (2013), Assessment of
  • Willson John (2009), Energy & Emissions at Cellular Base Stations. WireIE Holdings International Inc, Canada.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Vincent Anayochukwu Ani This is me

Emmanuel Onyeka Ani This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 3 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Ani, V. A., & Ani, E. O. (2013). Assesment of Carbon Credits for Power Generation Systems at GSM Base Station Site. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, 3(4), 763-768.
AMA Ani VA, Ani EO. Assesment of Carbon Credits for Power Generation Systems at GSM Base Station Site. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. December 2013;3(4):763-768.
Chicago Ani, Vincent Anayochukwu, and Emmanuel Onyeka Ani. “Assesment of Carbon Credits for Power Generation Systems at GSM Base Station Site”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 3, no. 4 (December 2013): 763-68.
EndNote Ani VA, Ani EO (December 1, 2013) Assesment of Carbon Credits for Power Generation Systems at GSM Base Station Site. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 3 4 763–768.
IEEE V. A. Ani and E. O. Ani, “Assesment of Carbon Credits for Power Generation Systems at GSM Base Station Site”, International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 763–768, 2013.
ISNAD Ani, Vincent Anayochukwu - Ani, Emmanuel Onyeka. “Assesment of Carbon Credits for Power Generation Systems at GSM Base Station Site”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 3/4 (December 2013), 763-768.
JAMA Ani VA, Ani EO. Assesment of Carbon Credits for Power Generation Systems at GSM Base Station Site. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2013;3:763–768.
MLA Ani, Vincent Anayochukwu and Emmanuel Onyeka Ani. “Assesment of Carbon Credits for Power Generation Systems at GSM Base Station Site”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 3, no. 4, 2013, pp. 763-8.
Vancouver Ani VA, Ani EO. Assesment of Carbon Credits for Power Generation Systems at GSM Base Station Site. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2013;3(4):763-8.