Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE SCIENCES LESSON IN TÜRKIYE

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 67 - 80, 01.10.2025

Abstract

As one of the fundamental courses implemented at the primary school level in Turkey, the Life Sciences course aims to help students understand their environment, interact with society, and acquire life skills. The historical development of this course is noteworthy in that it reflects the transformation of educational policies and social dynamics in Turkey. From the proclamation of the Republic to the present day, the Life Sciences course has been revised and updated numerous times, both structurally and in terms of content. In the early years of the Republic, following the 1924 Unification of Education Law, educational programs were simplified, and the integration of the individual into society became a priority. In the 1926 and 1936 curricula, the information provided in fragmented form under such headings as "natural science," "health science," and "homeland science" in the first three years of primary school was integrated over time and formed the basis for the Life Sciences course. The 1948 Primary School Curriculum was one of the first programs to systematically define the Life Sciences course. In 1968, the program became more structured, emphasizing the individual's responsibilities to themselves and society. This program was implemented for many years and strengthened the course's value education function. The 1998 program was restructured in a studentcentered manner, in line with the EU harmonization process and contemporary pedagogical approaches. In this context, the Life Sciences course was restructured with a studentcentered approach, and course content was simplified to take into account students' interests, needs, and developmental levels. The 2005 Life Sciences Curriculum stands out as the first program based on constructivist learning theory. With this program, the course was structured to emphasize process skills such as problemsolving, research, and observation, prioritizing active student participation. Values education was also explicitly emphasized in this program for the first time. The hours and content were simplified in the updates made in 2009 and 2015. The 2017 and 2018 curricula included greater emphasis on national, spiritual, and universal values. Finally, the Life Sciences curriculum was radically updated as part of the "Turkey Century Education Model," announced by the Ministry of National Education in 2024.Unlike previous programs, the new program adopted a "VirtueValueAction"based structure, aiming to translate values into behavior. Furthermore, the objectives specific to each grade level were reorganized, and a studentcentered, holistic approach, tailored to the needs of the times, was introduced. This historical process demonstrates that the Life Sciences course has been continuously updated in line with social developments, educational policies, and pedagogical approaches in Turkey, and has remained a fundamental cornerstone of the education system.

References

  • Atik, S., & Aykaç, N. (2019). Evaluation of life studies curriculum (1926-2018). Trakya Education Journal, 9(4), 708-722. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.520314
  • Aktay, S., & Çetin, H. S. (2019). 2015, 2017 ve 2018 Hayat Bilgisi Dersi Öğretim Programları. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20, 577-600. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.548537
  • Avcı, E. K., & Kayabaşı, Z. E. K. (2018). Content analysis of values in the objectives of life sciences course curriculum (1936-2018). Journal of Va-lues Education, 16(35), 27-56.
  • Belet, Ş. D. (1999). Evaluation of the life studies program implemented in primary education institutions (Master's thesis, Anadolu University (Tur-key).
  • Bektaş, M. (2009). Yesterday and today of social studies course. Pri-mary school social studies teaching and teacher's handbook (pp. 13-29). Ankara, Pegem Academy.
  • Bilasa, P., Aladağ, S., Guven, S., Kaymakcı, S., Yontar, A., Kapıcı, H. Ö., ... Akçay, H.(2016). Historical Development Of The Life Sciences Course Curriculum. Life Sciences Education (Pp.24-56), Ankara: Pegem A Aca-demy.
  • Çelik, Ö. (2020). The purpose, scope and content of the life studies cour-se. V. Aktepe and M. Gündüz. Teaching life studies from theory to practice, 2-22.
  • Demir, F. (2018). Values education in life studies course according to va-lues education approaches. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis), İnönü University Institute of Educational Sciences, Malatya.
  • Demir, M. K. (2016). Teacher Candıdate On The Reasons For Changıng The Lıfe Scıence Currıculum. The Journal of Academic Social Science Stu-dies, 6(47), 157-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS3543
  • Esemen, A., & Sadioğlu, Ö. (2019). National Values in the Outcomes of the Life Sciences Curriculum Renewed in 2018. Academy Journal of Educa-tional Sciences, 3(1), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.31805/acjes.501395
  • Güven, M. M. (2010). Changes, arrangements, and updates in the pri-mary school life studies curriculum in Turkey. Unpublished master's thesis, Selçuk University, Konya.
  • Güven, S. and Kaymakcı, S. (2016). Life Sciences Education, Pegem Academy.
  • Gündoğan, A. (2020). Historical development of the Life Sciences course in the world and in Turkey. V. Aktepe and M. Gündüz. Teaching Life Scien-ces from theory to practice, 22-55.
  • Kaya, E. (2018). The basis of Life Sciences, Social Studies and Science courses: Mass education system. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Küçüktepe, C. (2010). Primary education and its basic characteristics. Preparation for primary education and primary education programs, 85-140.
  • Ministry of National Education (MEB). (2018). Life Sciences course cur-riculum (primary school 1st, 2nd and 3rd grades). Ankara: MEB Publicati-ons.
  • Ministry of National Education (MEB). (2024). Türkiye's century educa-tion model: Life studies course curriculum (1st, 2nd and 3rd grades). Anka-ra: MEB Publications.
  • Oktay, A. and Sarıcan Esmer, E. (2018). Educational thought from past to present, the historical foundations of the Turkish education system and teacher training in Turkey. In A. Oktay (Ed.), Introduction to education (pp. 71-111). Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Özden, Y. (2004). Comparison of the Life Studies Pilot Program with the 1998 Life Studies Program. Unpublished master's thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun.
  • Salı, G., & Arslan, M. (2000). The application of mass education in pri-mary school programs during the Republican era. Education and Science, 25(117).
  • Şahin, M. (2009). The Development of Life Sciences Course Programs in Turkey from the Foundation of the Republic to the Present. J. Int. Soc. Res, 2(8).
  • Şimşek, A. (2019). Analysis of Postgraduate Theses Related to Life Sci-ences and Social Studies Course in Terms of Various Variables (Master's thesis, Necmettin Erbakan University (Turkey)).
  • Simsek, S., Kose, T. Ç., Alkan, V., Erdem, A. R., Horzum, I., Uzunkol, E., ... & Ozden, D. Ö. (2014). Life studies teaching for primary school teac-hers and prospective teachers. Anı Publishing.
  • Tay, B., & Baş, M. (2015). Comparison of the Life Sciences Course Cur-riculums of 2009 and 2015. Bayburt Faculty of Education Journal, 10(2).
  • Tay, B., & Ünlü, İ. (2014). Values and values education in primary school homeland information, society and country studies and social studies course curricula. In Values education with different aspects, 287-322.
  • Yaşaroğlu, C. (2017). A Comparatıve Study On The 2015 Lıfe Scıence Course Currıculum. Journal of International Social Research, 10(51). http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1821
  • Yaşaroğlu, C. (2018). Values in teaching programs: The example of the Life Sciences course. Anemon Muş Alparslan University Journal of Social Sciences, 6(5), 725-733. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.394551
  • Yıldırım, G. (2015). Taxonomıcal Investıgatıon Of 2015 And 2018 Lıfe Scıence Currıculum Outcomes. Journal of National Education, 51(233), 665-687. https://doi.org/10.37669 milliegitim.793390

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 67 - 80, 01.10.2025

Abstract

References

  • Atik, S., & Aykaç, N. (2019). Evaluation of life studies curriculum (1926-2018). Trakya Education Journal, 9(4), 708-722. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.520314
  • Aktay, S., & Çetin, H. S. (2019). 2015, 2017 ve 2018 Hayat Bilgisi Dersi Öğretim Programları. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20, 577-600. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.548537
  • Avcı, E. K., & Kayabaşı, Z. E. K. (2018). Content analysis of values in the objectives of life sciences course curriculum (1936-2018). Journal of Va-lues Education, 16(35), 27-56.
  • Belet, Ş. D. (1999). Evaluation of the life studies program implemented in primary education institutions (Master's thesis, Anadolu University (Tur-key).
  • Bektaş, M. (2009). Yesterday and today of social studies course. Pri-mary school social studies teaching and teacher's handbook (pp. 13-29). Ankara, Pegem Academy.
  • Bilasa, P., Aladağ, S., Guven, S., Kaymakcı, S., Yontar, A., Kapıcı, H. Ö., ... Akçay, H.(2016). Historical Development Of The Life Sciences Course Curriculum. Life Sciences Education (Pp.24-56), Ankara: Pegem A Aca-demy.
  • Çelik, Ö. (2020). The purpose, scope and content of the life studies cour-se. V. Aktepe and M. Gündüz. Teaching life studies from theory to practice, 2-22.
  • Demir, F. (2018). Values education in life studies course according to va-lues education approaches. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis), İnönü University Institute of Educational Sciences, Malatya.
  • Demir, M. K. (2016). Teacher Candıdate On The Reasons For Changıng The Lıfe Scıence Currıculum. The Journal of Academic Social Science Stu-dies, 6(47), 157-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS3543
  • Esemen, A., & Sadioğlu, Ö. (2019). National Values in the Outcomes of the Life Sciences Curriculum Renewed in 2018. Academy Journal of Educa-tional Sciences, 3(1), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.31805/acjes.501395
  • Güven, M. M. (2010). Changes, arrangements, and updates in the pri-mary school life studies curriculum in Turkey. Unpublished master's thesis, Selçuk University, Konya.
  • Güven, S. and Kaymakcı, S. (2016). Life Sciences Education, Pegem Academy.
  • Gündoğan, A. (2020). Historical development of the Life Sciences course in the world and in Turkey. V. Aktepe and M. Gündüz. Teaching Life Scien-ces from theory to practice, 22-55.
  • Kaya, E. (2018). The basis of Life Sciences, Social Studies and Science courses: Mass education system. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Küçüktepe, C. (2010). Primary education and its basic characteristics. Preparation for primary education and primary education programs, 85-140.
  • Ministry of National Education (MEB). (2018). Life Sciences course cur-riculum (primary school 1st, 2nd and 3rd grades). Ankara: MEB Publicati-ons.
  • Ministry of National Education (MEB). (2024). Türkiye's century educa-tion model: Life studies course curriculum (1st, 2nd and 3rd grades). Anka-ra: MEB Publications.
  • Oktay, A. and Sarıcan Esmer, E. (2018). Educational thought from past to present, the historical foundations of the Turkish education system and teacher training in Turkey. In A. Oktay (Ed.), Introduction to education (pp. 71-111). Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Özden, Y. (2004). Comparison of the Life Studies Pilot Program with the 1998 Life Studies Program. Unpublished master's thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun.
  • Salı, G., & Arslan, M. (2000). The application of mass education in pri-mary school programs during the Republican era. Education and Science, 25(117).
  • Şahin, M. (2009). The Development of Life Sciences Course Programs in Turkey from the Foundation of the Republic to the Present. J. Int. Soc. Res, 2(8).
  • Şimşek, A. (2019). Analysis of Postgraduate Theses Related to Life Sci-ences and Social Studies Course in Terms of Various Variables (Master's thesis, Necmettin Erbakan University (Turkey)).
  • Simsek, S., Kose, T. Ç., Alkan, V., Erdem, A. R., Horzum, I., Uzunkol, E., ... & Ozden, D. Ö. (2014). Life studies teaching for primary school teac-hers and prospective teachers. Anı Publishing.
  • Tay, B., & Baş, M. (2015). Comparison of the Life Sciences Course Cur-riculums of 2009 and 2015. Bayburt Faculty of Education Journal, 10(2).
  • Tay, B., & Ünlü, İ. (2014). Values and values education in primary school homeland information, society and country studies and social studies course curricula. In Values education with different aspects, 287-322.
  • Yaşaroğlu, C. (2017). A Comparatıve Study On The 2015 Lıfe Scıence Course Currıculum. Journal of International Social Research, 10(51). http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1821
  • Yaşaroğlu, C. (2018). Values in teaching programs: The example of the Life Sciences course. Anemon Muş Alparslan University Journal of Social Sciences, 6(5), 725-733. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.394551
  • Yıldırım, G. (2015). Taxonomıcal Investıgatıon Of 2015 And 2018 Lıfe Scıence Currıculum Outcomes. Journal of National Education, 51(233), 665-687. https://doi.org/10.37669 milliegitim.793390

HAYAT BİLGİSİ DERSİNİN TÜRKİYE'DEKİ TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 67 - 80, 01.10.2025

Abstract

Hayat Bilgisi dersi, Türkiye'de ilkokul düzeyinde uygulanan temel derslerden biri olarak, öğrencilerin yaşadıkları çevreyi tanımalarını, toplumla etkileşim kurmalarını ve yaşam becerileri kazanmalarını amaçlamaktadır. Bu dersin tarihsel gelişimi, Türkiye'deki eğitim politikalarının ve toplumsal dinamiklerin dönüşümünü yansıtması bakımından dikkat çekicidir. Cumhuriyetin ilanından günümüze kadar geçen süreçte Hayat Bilgisi dersi, hem yapısal hem de içeriksel açıdan birçok kez yenilenmiş ve güncellenmiştir. Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında, 1924 Tevhidi Tedrisat Kanunu sonrası eğitim programları sadeleştirilmiş ve bireyin topluma uyumu öncelik kazanmıştır. 1926 ve 1936 programlarında, ilkokulun ilk üç yılında "tabiat bilgisi", "sağlık bilgisi" ve "vatan bilgisi" gibi adlar altında parçalı biçimde verilen bilgiler zamanla bütünleştirilmiş ve Hayat Bilgisi dersi için temel oluşturmuştur. 1948 İlkokul Programı ise Hayat Bilgisi dersinin sistemli olarak tanımlandığı ilk programlardan biri olmuştur. 1968 yılında program daha yapılandırılmış hale gelmiş, bireyin kendine ve topluma karşı sorumlulukları ön plana çıkarılmıştır. Bu program uzun yıllar uygulanmış ve dersin değerler eğitimi işlevini güçlendirmiştir. 1998 programı ise AB uyum süreci ve çağdaş pedagojik yaklaşımlarla uyumlu olarak öğrenci merkezli biçimde yeniden yapılandırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda Hayat Bilgisi dersi, öğrenci merkezli bir yaklaşımla yeniden yapılandırılmış; öğrencilerin ilgi, ihtiyaç ve gelişim düzeyleri dikkate alınarak ders içerikleri sadeleştirilmiştir. 2005 Hayat Bilgisi Öğretim Programı, yapılandırmacı öğrenme kuramı temelinde hazırlanan ilk program olarak dikkat çeker. Bu programla birlikte ders, öğrencilerin aktif katılımını esas alan, problem çözme, araştırma yapma ve gözlem gibi süreç becerilerini ön plana çıkaran bir yapıya kavuşturulmuştur. Ayrıca değerler eğitimi ilk kez bu programda açıkça vurgulanmıştır. 2009 ve 2015 yıllarında yapılan güncellemelerde saat ve içerik sadeleştirilmiştir. 2017 ve 2018 öğretim programlarında, millî, manevi ve evrensel değerlere daha fazla yer verilmiştir. Son olarak, 2024 yılında Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı tarafından açıklanan "Türkiye Yüzyılı Maarif Modeli" kapsamında Hayat Bilgisi dersi öğretim programı köklü bir biçimde güncellenmiştir. Yeni programda, daha önceki programlardan farklı olarak "ErdemDeğerEylem" temelli bir yapı benimsenmiş ve değerlerin davranışa dönüşmesi hedeflenmiştir. Ayrıca her sınıf düzeyine özgü kazanımlar yeniden düzenlenmiş; çağın ihtiyaçlarına uygun, öğrenci merkezli ve bütüncül bir yaklaşım ortaya konmuştur. Bu tarihsel süreç göstermektedir ki Hayat Bilgisi dersi, Türkiye'de toplumsal gelişmeler, eğitim politikaları ve pedagojik yaklaşımlar doğrultusunda sürekli olarak güncellenmiş ve eğitim sisteminin temel yapı taşlarından biri olmayı sürdürmüştür.

References

  • Atik, S., & Aykaç, N. (2019). Evaluation of life studies curriculum (1926-2018). Trakya Education Journal, 9(4), 708-722. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.520314
  • Aktay, S., & Çetin, H. S. (2019). 2015, 2017 ve 2018 Hayat Bilgisi Dersi Öğretim Programları. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20, 577-600. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.548537
  • Avcı, E. K., & Kayabaşı, Z. E. K. (2018). Content analysis of values in the objectives of life sciences course curriculum (1936-2018). Journal of Va-lues Education, 16(35), 27-56.
  • Belet, Ş. D. (1999). Evaluation of the life studies program implemented in primary education institutions (Master's thesis, Anadolu University (Tur-key).
  • Bektaş, M. (2009). Yesterday and today of social studies course. Pri-mary school social studies teaching and teacher's handbook (pp. 13-29). Ankara, Pegem Academy.
  • Bilasa, P., Aladağ, S., Guven, S., Kaymakcı, S., Yontar, A., Kapıcı, H. Ö., ... Akçay, H.(2016). Historical Development Of The Life Sciences Course Curriculum. Life Sciences Education (Pp.24-56), Ankara: Pegem A Aca-demy.
  • Çelik, Ö. (2020). The purpose, scope and content of the life studies cour-se. V. Aktepe and M. Gündüz. Teaching life studies from theory to practice, 2-22.
  • Demir, F. (2018). Values education in life studies course according to va-lues education approaches. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis), İnönü University Institute of Educational Sciences, Malatya.
  • Demir, M. K. (2016). Teacher Candıdate On The Reasons For Changıng The Lıfe Scıence Currıculum. The Journal of Academic Social Science Stu-dies, 6(47), 157-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS3543
  • Esemen, A., & Sadioğlu, Ö. (2019). National Values in the Outcomes of the Life Sciences Curriculum Renewed in 2018. Academy Journal of Educa-tional Sciences, 3(1), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.31805/acjes.501395
  • Güven, M. M. (2010). Changes, arrangements, and updates in the pri-mary school life studies curriculum in Turkey. Unpublished master's thesis, Selçuk University, Konya.
  • Güven, S. and Kaymakcı, S. (2016). Life Sciences Education, Pegem Academy.
  • Gündoğan, A. (2020). Historical development of the Life Sciences course in the world and in Turkey. V. Aktepe and M. Gündüz. Teaching Life Scien-ces from theory to practice, 22-55.
  • Kaya, E. (2018). The basis of Life Sciences, Social Studies and Science courses: Mass education system. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Küçüktepe, C. (2010). Primary education and its basic characteristics. Preparation for primary education and primary education programs, 85-140.
  • Ministry of National Education (MEB). (2018). Life Sciences course cur-riculum (primary school 1st, 2nd and 3rd grades). Ankara: MEB Publicati-ons.
  • Ministry of National Education (MEB). (2024). Türkiye's century educa-tion model: Life studies course curriculum (1st, 2nd and 3rd grades). Anka-ra: MEB Publications.
  • Oktay, A. and Sarıcan Esmer, E. (2018). Educational thought from past to present, the historical foundations of the Turkish education system and teacher training in Turkey. In A. Oktay (Ed.), Introduction to education (pp. 71-111). Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Özden, Y. (2004). Comparison of the Life Studies Pilot Program with the 1998 Life Studies Program. Unpublished master's thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun.
  • Salı, G., & Arslan, M. (2000). The application of mass education in pri-mary school programs during the Republican era. Education and Science, 25(117).
  • Şahin, M. (2009). The Development of Life Sciences Course Programs in Turkey from the Foundation of the Republic to the Present. J. Int. Soc. Res, 2(8).
  • Şimşek, A. (2019). Analysis of Postgraduate Theses Related to Life Sci-ences and Social Studies Course in Terms of Various Variables (Master's thesis, Necmettin Erbakan University (Turkey)).
  • Simsek, S., Kose, T. Ç., Alkan, V., Erdem, A. R., Horzum, I., Uzunkol, E., ... & Ozden, D. Ö. (2014). Life studies teaching for primary school teac-hers and prospective teachers. Anı Publishing.
  • Tay, B., & Baş, M. (2015). Comparison of the Life Sciences Course Cur-riculums of 2009 and 2015. Bayburt Faculty of Education Journal, 10(2).
  • Tay, B., & Ünlü, İ. (2014). Values and values education in primary school homeland information, society and country studies and social studies course curricula. In Values education with different aspects, 287-322.
  • Yaşaroğlu, C. (2017). A Comparatıve Study On The 2015 Lıfe Scıence Course Currıculum. Journal of International Social Research, 10(51). http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1821
  • Yaşaroğlu, C. (2018). Values in teaching programs: The example of the Life Sciences course. Anemon Muş Alparslan University Journal of Social Sciences, 6(5), 725-733. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.394551
  • Yıldırım, G. (2015). Taxonomıcal Investıgatıon Of 2015 And 2018 Lıfe Scıence Currıculum Outcomes. Journal of National Education, 51(233), 665-687. https://doi.org/10.37669 milliegitim.793390
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Adem Arslan This is me

Publication Date October 1, 2025
Submission Date September 8, 2025
Acceptance Date September 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Arslan, A. (2025). THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE SCIENCES LESSON IN TÜRKIYE. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences, 9(2), 67-80.
AMA Arslan A. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE SCIENCES LESSON IN TÜRKIYE. IJSHS. October 2025;9(2):67-80.
Chicago Arslan, Adem. “THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE SCIENCES LESSON IN TÜRKIYE”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 9, no. 2 (October 2025): 67-80.
EndNote Arslan A (October 1, 2025) THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE SCIENCES LESSON IN TÜRKIYE. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 9 2 67–80.
IEEE A. Arslan, “THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE SCIENCES LESSON IN TÜRKIYE”, IJSHS, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 67–80, 2025.
ISNAD Arslan, Adem. “THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE SCIENCES LESSON IN TÜRKIYE”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 9/2 (October2025), 67-80.
JAMA Arslan A. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE SCIENCES LESSON IN TÜRKIYE. IJSHS. 2025;9:67–80.
MLA Arslan, Adem. “THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE SCIENCES LESSON IN TÜRKIYE”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences, vol. 9, no. 2, 2025, pp. 67-80.
Vancouver Arslan A. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE SCIENCES LESSON IN TÜRKIYE. IJSHS. 2025;9(2):67-80.