The Convergence or Divergence of Pilgrimage and Tourism in Modern China

Abstract

Mountains have been attraction centers throughout the history of China as both pilgrimage and tourist sites because they are not only sanctified by Chinese religions but their natural beauty also attracts people. In this paper, I will problematize the application of the western construction of separation of ‘the secular’ and ‘the religious to the practice of pilgrimage in Modern China as well as offer a new perspective to better understand the practice of pilgrimage in Modern China. Accordingly, the scope of this paper is limited to pilgrimage in Modern China starting with the end of the Cultural Revolution (1969-1979).

Keywords

• Chinese Religious, Modern China, Secularism, Pilgrimage

References

1. Asad, T. (1993). Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
2. Chan, S. C., & Lang, G. (2011). Temples and Enterprises. In Chau, A. Y (Ed.), Religion in Contemporary China: Revitalization and Innovation (1st ed.) (pp.133- 154). T & F Books UK.
3. Cleary, T. (1993). The Flower Ornament Scripture: A Translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra. Shambhala.
4. Cohen E. (1992). Pilgrimage and Tourism: Convergence and Divergence in Sacred Journeys. In A. Morrinis (Ed.), The anthropology of pilgrimage (pp. 47- 61).Westport Conn.: Greenwood Press.
5. Digance, J. (2006). Religious and Secular Pilgrimage: Journeys Redolent with Meaning. In D. J. Timothy & D. H. Olsen (Eds.), Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys (pp. 36-48). London and New York: Routledge.
6. Dott, B. R. (2010). Spirit Money：Tourism and Pilgrimage on the Sacred Slopes of Mount Tai. In Oakes, T., & Sutton, D. S (Eds.), Faiths on Display: Religion, Tourism, and the Chinese State (pp.27-51). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
7. Goossaert, V., & Palmer, D. A. (2011). The Religious Question in Modern China. University Of Chicago Press.
8. Graburn, N. H. H. (1989). Tourism: The Sacred Journey. In V. L. Smith (Ed.), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

9. Hall, C. M. (2006). Buddhism, Tourism and the Middle Way. In D. J. Timothy & D. H. Olsen (Eds.), Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys (pp. 172-185). London and New York: Routledge.
10. Naquin, S., & Yu, C. F. (1992). Pilgrimage in China. In S. Naquin & C. F. Yu (Eds.), Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China (pp. 1-38). Berkeley: University of California Press.
11. Oakes, T., & Sutton, D. S. (2010). Introduction. In Oakes, T., & Sutton, D. S (Eds.), Faiths on Display: Religion, Tourism, and the Chinese State (pp.1-27). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
12. Olsen, D. H., & Timothy, D. J. (2006). Tourism and Religious Journeys. In D. J. Timothy & D. H. Olsen (Eds.), Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys (pp. 1-22). New York: Routledge.
13. Qianhui, X. (2000). Buddhism’s four montain sanctuaries in China. Beijing: China Travel and Tourism Press.
14. Rioux, Y. L. (2010). Pilgrim or Tourist? The Transformation of China’s Revolutionary Holy Land. In Oakes, T., & Sutton, D. S (Eds.), Faiths on Display: Religion, Tourism, and the Chinese State (pp.79-103). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
15. Ryan, C., & Gu, H. (2009b). The Growth and Context of Tourism in China. In C. Ryan & H. Gu (Eds.), Tourism in China: Destination, Cultures and Communities (pp. 1-10).London and New York: Routledge.
16. Svensson, M. (2010). Tourist Itineraries, Spatial Management, and Hidden Temples: The Revival of Religious Sites in a Water Town. In Oakes, T., & Sutton, D. S (Eds.), Faiths on Display: Religion, Tourism, and the Chinese State (pp.211-235). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
17. Turner, V. (1973). The Center out There: Pilgrim’s Goal. History of Religions, 12(3), 191-230.
18. Wong, Cora U.I. (2011). Buddhism and Tourism at Pu-Tuo-Shan, China. Retrieved from http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/5327/thesis.pdf;jsessionid=78A376AECFAAEB5B59649F097BB98DA9?sequence=3
19. Zhang, M., Huang, L., Wang, J. H., Liu, J., Jie, Y. G., & Lai, X. T. (2007). Religious Tourism and Cultural Pilgrimage: A Chinese Perspective. In R. Raj & N. D. Morpeth (Eds.), Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Management: International Perspective (pp. 98-112). Cambridge, U.S.A.: CAB International.
20. Yu, C. F (1989). Kuan-Yin Pilgrimage Documentary. New York: Columbia University Press.
21. Yu, C.F. (1992). P’u-t’o Shan: Pilgrimage and the Creation of the Chinese Potalaka. In S. Naquin & C. F. Yu (Eds.), Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China (pp. 1-38). Berkeley: University of California Press
22. 五嶽 wuyue. (2010). In Digital Dictionary of Buddhism. Retrieved from http://www.buddhism-dict.net.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?q=%E4%BA%94%E5%B6%BD
23. 四 大 名 山 Sida Mingshan. (2002). In Digital Dictionary of Buddhism. Retrieved from http://www.buddhism-dict.net.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/cgi- bin/xpr-ddb.pl?q=%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8D%E5%B1%B1