Globalization and the Efficacy of National Culture: A Methodological Framework for Analyzing the Neoliberal State

Abstract

This essay presents a methodological framework designed to examine the increased utility of national culture as a state legitimation strategy in response to economic protectionist capacity changes resulting from global political economic integration. Based on a reconceptualization of Karl Polanyi’s double movement, the framework enables future empirical research on neoliberal state institutions, while retaining sensitivity to the influence of both global political economic structures and national populations. The methodological strategy is presented in historical comparative context that highlights the integration of national cultural definitions into state institutional agendas as an alternative means to meet national protectionist demands and maintain legitimate authority. The essay concludes with two empirical examples designed to briefly illustrate the potential of the framework and offer suggestions for future application.

Keywords

• Nation-State, National Culture, Globalization, Methodology, Karl Polanyi

References

1. Althusser, Louis. (2001). Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. (Ben Brewster, Trans.). New York: Monthly Review Press.
2. Balthazar, Louis. (1986). Bilan du nationalisme au Québec. Montréal: Éditions L‟Hexagone.
3. Barrow, Clyde. (2005). The Return of the State: Globalization, State Theory, and the New Imperialism, New Political Science, 27(2), 123-145.
4. Beetham, David. (1991). The Legitimation of Power. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International.
5. Béland, Daniel and André Lecours. (2006). Sub-state Nationalism and the Welfare State: Quebec and Canadian Federalism. Nations and Nationalism, 12(1), 77-96.
6. Block, Fred. (1981). The Fiscal Crisis of the Capitalist State. Annual Review of Sociology , 1027.
7. Block, Fred and Margaret R. Somers.(1984). Beyond the Economistic Fallacy: The Holistic Sociology of Karl Polanyi. In Theda Skocpol (ed.), Vision and Method in Historical Sociology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Brecher, Jeremy and Tim Costello. (1994). Global Village or Global Pillage: Economic Reconstruction from the Bottom Up, Boston: South End Press.

9. Breton, Raymond. (2000). From Ethnic to Civic Nationalism: English Canada and Quebec. In John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (eds.), Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science (Vol. 5). New York: Routledge.
10. Camilleri, Joseph and Jim Falk (1992). The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World. Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar.
11. Castells, Manuel. (2004). The Power of Identity (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
12. Cerny, Philip G. (1999) Globalisation and the Erosion of Democracy, European Journal of Political Research, 36(1), 1-26.
13. Cox, Robert W. (1997). A Perspective on Globalization. In James Mittelman, ed.), Globalization: Critical Reflections. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
14. Cox, Robert W. (1987). Production, Power, and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History. New York: Columbia University Press.
15. Danspeckgruber, Wolfgang F. (2002). The Self-Determination of Peoples: Community, Nation, and State in an Interdependent World. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
16. Dicken, Peter. (1998). Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
17. Dumont, Mario. (2007). Une constitution québécoise pour encadrer les accommodements raisonnables. http://bulletin.adq.qc.ca/bulletins/2007-01-17_25.html. Retrieved January , , from
18. The Economist. (2007, November 3-9). The New Wars of Religion. The Economist, (8553), 15-16.
19. Eisenstadt, S.N. (2000). The Resurgence of Religious Movements in Processes of Globalization – Beyond End of History or Clash of Civilizations, International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 2(1), 4-15.
20. Engels, Friedrich. (1972/1942). The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State Eleanor Burke Leacock, ed.). New York: International Publishers.
21. Esping-Andersen, Gİsta. (1996). After the Golden Age? Welfare State Dilemmas in a Global Economy. In Gİsta Esping-Andersen (ed.), Welfare States in Transition: National Adaptations in Global Economies. London: Sage Publications.
22. Evans, Peter. (1997). The Eclipse of the State? Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Globalization, World Politics, 50(1), 62-87.
23. Frank, Thomas. (2004). What’s the Matter with Kansas: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
24. Geertz, Clifford. (1983). Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.
25. Geertz, Clifford. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.
26. Gellner, Ernest. (1983). Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
27. Giddens, Anthony. (2003). Runaway World: How Globalisation is Reshaping our Lives. New York: Routledge.
28. Gill, Stephen. (1996). Globalization, Democratization, and the Politics of Indifference. In James Mittelman (ed.), Globalization: Critical Reflections. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
29. Gill, Stephen. (1990). American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Gill, Stephen and David Law. (1988). The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Problems, and Policies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
31. Gilpin, Robert. (2000). The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
32. Graefe, Peter. (2004). The Quebec Patronat: Proposing a Neo-liberal Political Economy after All, The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 42(2), 171-193.
33. Guibernau, Montserrat. (1999). Nations without States: Political Communities in a Global Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
34. Habermas, Jürgen. (2001). The Postnational Constellation: Political Essays. Translated and Edited by Max Pensky. Cambridge: MIT University Press.
35. Hall, Stuart. (1997). The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity. In Anthony D. King (ed.), Culture, Globalization, and the World-System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation if Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
36. Halperin, Sandra. (2004a) War and Social Change in Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37. Halperin, Sandra. (2004b). “Dynamics of Conflict and System Change: The Great Transformation Revisited.” European Journal of International Relations 10(2): 263-306.
38. Hamby, Peter. (2006). Obama: GOP Does Not Own Faith Issue. Retrieved February 20, , from http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/10/08/obama.faith/.
39. Harvey, David. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Held, David. (1995). Democracy and the Global Order. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
41. Helleiner, Eric. (1994). States and the Reemergence of Global Finance: From Bretton Woods to the 1990s. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
42. Helleiner, Eric and Andreas Pickel (eds.). (2005). Economic Nationalism in a Globalizing World. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
43. Hobsbawm, Eric. (1991). Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. Horsman, Andrew and Matthew Marshall. (1994). After the Nation-State. London: Harper-Collins.
45. Isaak, Robert A. (2000). Managing World Economic Change: International Political Economy (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
46. Jessop, Bob. (2002). Globalization and the National State. In Stanley Aronowitz and Peter Bratsis (eds.), Paradigm Lost: State Theory Reconsidered. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
47. Jessop, Bob. (1993). Towards a Schumpeterian Workfare State? Preliminary Remarks on Post-Fordist Political Economy, Studies in Political Economy, 40, 7-39.
48. Keating, Michael. (2001). Plurinational Democracy: Stateless Nations in a Post Sovereignty Era. New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Keating, Michael. (1996). Nations against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland. London: Macmillan Press.
50. Keating, Michael and John McGarry. (eds.). (2001). Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order. New York: Oxford University Press.
51. Keynes, John Maynard. (1933). National Self-Sufficiency, Yale Review, 22(4), 755-769.
52. Kingfisher, Catherine. (ed.). (2002). Western Welfare in Decline: Globalization and Women’s Poverty. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
53. Korpi, Walter and Joakim Palme. (2003). New Politics and Class Politics in the Context of Austerity and Globalization: Welfare State Regress in 18 Countries, 1975- , American Political Science Review, 97(3), 425-446.
54. Kuo, David. (2006, November 16). Putting Faith Before Politics. Retrieved August 31, , &en=b9bb52e61bac21f2&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/16/opinion/16kuo.html?ex=
55. Larner, Wendy. (2000). Neo-liberalism: Policy, Ideology, and Governmentality, Studies in Political Economy, 63(2), 5-25.
56. Melucci, Alberto. (1980). New Social Movements: A Theoretical Approach, Social Science Information, 19(2), 199-226.
57. Newman, Saul. (1991) Review: Does Modernization Breed Ethnic Political Conflict?, World Politics, 43(3), 451-478.
58. O‟Connor, James. (1973). The Fiscal Crisis of the State. New York: St. Martin‟s Press.
59. Ohmae, Kenichi. (1995). The End of the Nation-State: The Rise of Regional Economies. New York: Free Press.
60. Panitch, Leo. (1994). Globalisation and the State. In Ralph Miliband and Leo Panitch (eds.), Socialist Register 1994: Between Globalism and Nationalism. London: The Merlin Press.
61. Pauly, Louis W. (1995). Capital Mobility, State Autonomy, and Political Legitimacy, Journal of International Affairs, 48(2), 369-388.
62. Pew Research Center for the Public and the Press. (2005). Religion A Strength And Weakness For Both Parties. Retrieved March 3, 2008, from http://people- press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=254.
63. Pieterse, Jan Nederveen. (2003). Globalization as Hybridization. In Roland Robertson and Kathleen E. White (eds.), Globalization: Critical Concepts in Sociology. London: Routledge.
64. Piven, Frances Fox. (1995). Globalizing Capitalism and the Rise of Identity Politics. In Leo Panitch (ed.), Why Not Capitalism? Socialist Register. London: Merlin Press.
65. Polanyi, Karl. (2001/1944). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press.
66. Riggs, Frank W. (1994). Ethnonationalism, Industrialism, and the Modern State, Third World Quarterly, 15(4), 583-611.
67. Robinson, William I. (2004). A Theory of Global Capitalism: Production, Class, and State in a Transnational World. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
68. Robinson, William I. (1996).. Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention, and Hegemony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
69. Rudra, Nita. (2002). Globalization and the Decline of the Welfare State in Less Developed Countries, International Organization, 56(2), 411-445.
70. Ruggie, John Gerard. (1982). International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar World, International Organization, 36(2), 379- 415
71. Sassen, Saskia. (1997). Losing Control: Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization. New York: Columbia University Press.
72. Schumpeter, Joseph. (1976). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Allen & Unwin.
73. Schwartzmantel, John. (1998). The Age of Ideology: Political Ideologies from the American Revolution to Postmodern Times. New York: New York University Press.
74. Seabrooke, Leonard. (2002). Bringing legitimacy back in to neo-Weberian state theory and international relations, Working Paper Series No. 2002/6. Canberra: Australian National University, Department of International Relations. Retrieved March 29, , from http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/40628/2/02-6.pdf.
75. Shaw, Martin. (1997). The State of Globalization: Towards a Theory of State Transformation, Review of International Political Economy, 4(3), 497-513.
76. Sklair, Leslie. (2002). The Transnational Capitalist Class and Global Politics: Deconstructing the Corporate-State Connection. International Political Science Review, (2), 159-174.
77. Smith, David A. Dorothy J. Solinger, and Steven C. Topik (eds.). (1999). States and Sovereignty in the Global Economy. London: Routledge.
78. Stanfield, J. Ron. (1986) The Economic Through of Karl Polanyi: Lives and Livelihood. New York: St. Martin‟s Press.
79. Stiglitz, Joseph; José Antonio Ocampo, Shari Spiegel, Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, and Deepak Nayyar. (2006). Stability with Growth: Macroeconomics, Liberalization, and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
80. Thomas, Caroline. (1999). Where is the Third World Now?, Review of International Studies, 25, 225-244.
81. Todd, Jennifer. (2005). Social Transformations, Collective Categories, and Identity Change, Theory and Society, 34(4), 429-463.
82. Touraine, Alain. (1977). The Self-Production of Society. (Derek Coltman, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
83. Tully, James. (1995). Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
84. Valensi, Lucette. (1981). Economic Anthropology and History: The Work of Karl Polanyi. In George Dalton (ed.), Research in Economic Anthropology (Vol. 4). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
85. Weber, Max. (1978). Economy and Society (Vol. 1). (Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich, eds.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
86. Weiss, Linda. (2003). Introduction: Bringing Domestic Institutions Back In. In Linda
87. Weiss (ed.), States in the Global Economy: Bringing Domestic Institutions Back In. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Weiss, Linda. (1998). The Myth of the Powerless State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
88. Williamson, John. (1993). Democracy and the „Washington Consensus,‟ World Development, 21, 1329-1336.
89. Weiss, Linda. (1990). Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
90. Wilson, William Julius. (1996). When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Knopf.
91. Yeates, Nicola. (2002). Globalization and Social Policy: From Global Neoliberal Hegemony to Global Political Pluralism, Global Social Policy, 2(1), 69-91.
92. Yşdice, George. (2005). The Expediency of Culture: Uses of Culture in the Global Era. Durham: Duke University Press.