LEADERSHIP IN GLOBAL POLITICAL SYSTEM: GEORGE MODELSKI AND LONG CYCLES IN WORLD POLITICS

Abstract

Systemic approaches or theories which are aimed to comprehend wholeness of processes are used both in natural and social sciences. Such approaches or theories in international relations discipline were emerged after the Second World War. In this framework, there has been developed various approaches or theories in the discipline, using different variables. World system approaches are among those addressing political, economic and social processes on macro scale, and explaining these processes in a holistic sense. World system approaches evaluate these processes on world scale, and utilized on other fields such as sociology, history, economy and philosophy. The Long Cycles Theory of George Modelski which is one of the world system approaches addresses the leadership and transformations in world politics. Modelski claims that a nation-state becomes leader in global political system, and this process continues on cyclical rhythms. Each long cycle brings about a new leader. However, Modelski’s approach is not only aiming to explain leadership in world politics but also to model development of global political system. Thus, this attempt distinguishes the long cycle theory from traditional system models in international relations.

Keywords

• World System,George Modelski,Modern World System,Global Political System,Nation-State

KÜRESEL POLİTİK SİSTEMDE LİDERLİK: GEORGE MODELSKİ VE DÜNYA POLİTİKASINDA UZUN DÖNGÜLER

Abstract

Sistemik yaklaşım veyahut teoriler, hem doğa bilimlerinde hem de sosyal bilimlerde kullanılan, bütünü anlamaya yönelik önermeler bütünüdür. Uluslararası ilişkiler disiplini içerisinde bütünü anlamaya yönelik yaklaşım veyahut teoriler, II. Dünya Savaşı sonrası dönemde ortaya konmaya başlamıştır. Bu çerçevede disiplinde çeşitli ekoller veyahut paradigmalar içerisinde, farklı değişkenlerin referans alındığı, bütünü anlamaya yönelik sistemik yaklaşım veyahut teoriler geliştirilmiştir. Politik, toplumsal ve ekonomik süreçleri makro ölçekli ve bütüncül bir çerçevede açıklamaya çalışan yaklaşımlardan biri de dünya sistemi yaklaşımlarıdır. Dünya sistemi yaklaşımları, dünya ölçeğindeki süreçleri, sistemin bütünü çerçevesinde değerlendiren ve sosyoloji, tarih, ekonomi, felsefe vb. diğer alanlardan istifade eden yaklaşımlardır. Bu çalışmalar dünya ölçeğindeki süreçlerin döngüsel ritimlerini şu ya da bu değişken bağlamında açıklamaya çalışmışlardır. Dünya sistemi yaklaşımları içerisinde yer alan George Modelski’nin “Uzun Döngüler Teorisi”, dünya politik süreçlerindeki liderlik ve dönüşümü modellemeye yönelik bir önermeler bütünüdür. Modelski, küresel politik sistem içerisinde bir ulus-devletin lider konuma geldiğini ve bu sürecin döngüsel ritimlerle devam ettiğini ileri sürmektedir. Her bir döngü yeni bir ulus-devletin lider konuma gelmesini beraberinde getirmektedir. Bununla birlikte Modelski’nin yaklaşımı yalnızca ulus-devletlerin liderlik olgusunu açıklamaya yönelik değildir. Zira Modelski aslında küresel politik sistemin gelişimini modellemeye çalışmıştır ki bu girişim onu uluslararası ilişkilerdeki geleneksel sistem modellerinden ayırmaktadır.

Keywords

• Dünya Sistemi,George Modelski,Modern Dünya Sistemi,Küresel Politik Sistem,Ulus-Devlet

References

1. Arı, Tayyar (2013). Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri Çatışma, Hegemonya, İşbirliği. Bursa: MKM Yayıncılık.
2. Bertalanffy, Ludwig V. (1972). The History and Status of General Systems Theory”. The Academy of Management Journal, 15(4), 407-426.
3. Bertalanffy, Ludwig V. (1968). General System Theory: Foundations Development, Applications. New York: George Braziller Press.
4. Bertalanffy, Ludwig V. (1950). “An Outline of General System Theory”. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1(1), 134-165.
5. Boulding, Kenneth E. (1956). “General Systems Theory-The Skeleton of Science”. Management Science, 2(3), 197-208.
6. Chase-Dunn, Christopher; Grimes, Peter (1995). ”World-Systems Analysis”. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 387-417.
7. Doran, Charles F. (1983). “Power Cycle Theory and the Contemporary State System”. Contending Approaches to World System Analysis, William R. Thompson (Ed.), California: Sage Publication, 165-183.
8. Dougherty, James E. (1976). “The Study of Global System”, World Politics: An Introduction, James N. Rosenau; Kenneth W. Thompson; Gavin Boyd (Eds.), Michigan: Free Press, 597-624.

9. Erkilet, Alev (2015). Toplumsal Yapı ve Değişme Kuramları: Sorokin-Parsons-Dahrendorf-Merton. İstanbul: Büyüyen Ay Yayınları.
10. Frank, Andre G.; Gills, Barry K. (1993). “The 5,000-Year World System: An Interdisiplinary Introduction”. The World System: Five Hundred Yeards or Five Thousand?, Andre Gunder Frank; Barry K. Gills (Eds.), London: Routledge Press, 3-58.
11. Goldstein, Joshua S. (1988). Long Cycles: Prosperity and War in the Modern Age Prosperity and War in the Modern Age. New Haven: Yale University Press. Hall, A. D.; Fagen, R. E. (1956). “Definition of System”. General Systems Yearbook 1, 18-28.
12. Hall, Thomas D. (1999). “World-Systems and Evolution: An Appraisal New Directions in World-Systems Research”. World-Systems Theory in Practice: Leadership, Production, and Exchange, P. Nick Kardulias (Ed.), Maryland: Rowman & Littlefıeld Publishers, 1-25.
13. Hammond, Debora (2013). “Systems Theory”. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Byron Kaldis (Ed.), California: Sage Publications, 979-984.
14. Hopkins, Terence K. (1982). “World-Systems Analysis Methodological Issues”. World-Systems Analysis: Theory and Methodology, Terence K. Hopkins; Immanuel Wallerstein; Robert Bach; Christopher Chase-Dunn; Ramkrishna Mukherjee (Eds.), California: SAGE Publications, 145-158.
15. Hopkins, Terence K.; Wallerstein, Immaneul; Bach, Robert I.; Chase-Dunn, Christopher; Mukherjee, Ramkrishna (1982). “Patterns of Development of the Modern World-System”. World-Systems Analysis: Theory and Methodology, Terence K. Hopkins; Immanuel Wallerstein; Robert Bach; Christopher Chase-Dunn; Ramkrishna Mukherjee (Eds.), California: SAGE Publications, 41-83.
16. Köni, Hasan (2001). Genel Sistem Kuramı ve Uluslararası Siyasetteki Yeri. Ankara: ASAM Yayınları.
17. Kuman, Shumpei (1987). “The Theory of Long Cycles Examined”. Exploring Long Cyles, George Modelski (Ed.), Colorado: Lynne Reiner Publishers, 56-84.
18. Modelski, George (2008). “Globalization as Evolutionary Process”. Globalization as Evolutionary Process Modeling Global Change, New York: Routledge Press, 11-29.
19. Modelski, George (2005). “Long-Term Trends in World Politics”. Journal of World-Systems Research, 11(2), 195-206.
20. Modelski, George (2000). “World System Rvolution”. World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change, Robert A. Denemark; Jonathan Friedman; Barry K.Gills; George Modelski (Eds.), London: Routledge Press, 24-53.
21. Modelski, George (1999). “From Leadership to Organization: The Evolution of Global Politics”. The Future of Global Conflict, Volker Bornschier; Christopher Chase-Dunn (Eds.), London: SAGE Publications, 11-39.
22. Modelski, George (1996). “Evolutionary Paradigm for Global Politics”. International Studies Quarterly, Special Issue: Evolutionary Paradigms in the Social Sciences, 40(3), 321-342.
23. Modelski, George (1987a). “The Study of Long Cycles”. Exploring Long Cycles, George Modelski (Ed.), Colorado: Lynne Reiner Publishers, 1-15.
24. Modelski, George (1987b). Long Cycles in World Politics. London: Macmillan Press.
25. Modelski, George (1987c). “A System of the Long Cycle”. Exploring Long Cyles, George Modelski (Ed.), Colorado: Lynne Reiner Publishers, 112-128.
26. Modelski, George (1983). “Long Cycles of World Leadership”. Contending Approaches to World System Analysis, William R. Thompson (Ed.), California: SAGE Publications, 115-139.
27. Modelski, George (1972). Principles of World Politics. New York: Free Press.
28. Modelski, George; Modelski, Sylvia (1988). Documenting Global Leadership. London: Macmillan Press.
29. Modelski, George; Morgan, Patrick M. (1985). “Understanding Global War”. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 29(3), 391-417.
30. Modelski, George; Thompson, William R. (1999). “The Long and the Short of Global Politics in the Twenty-First Century: An Evolutionary Approach”. International Studies Review, 1(2), Prospects for International Relations: Conjectures about the Next Millennium, 109-140.
31. Modelski, George; Thompson, William R. (1988). Seapower in Global Politics, 1494-1993. London: Macmillan Press.
32. Pidwirny, Michael J. (2002). Fundamentals of Physical Geography. 2nd edition, http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/contents.html.
33. Ritzer, George (2014). Klasik Sosyoloji Kuramları. 6. Baskıdan Çev. Himmet Hülür, Ankara: De Ki Basım Yayım.
34. Skyttner, Lars (2005). General Systems Theory: Problems, Perspectives, Practice. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
35. Thompson, William R. (1983a). “World System Analysis With and Without the Hypen”. Contending Approaches to World System Analysis, William R. Thompson (Ed.), California: SAGE Publication, 7-24.
36. Thompson, William R. (1983b). “The World-Economy, the Long Cycle, and the Question of World-System Time”. Foreing Policy and the Modern World-System, Pat Gowen; Charles W.Keyley (Eds.), Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 35-62.
37. Wallerstein, Immanuel (2011). The Modern World System I Capitalist Agriculture And the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. California: University of California Press.
38. Yenilmez, Yener K. (2015). “George Modelski”, Savaş Kuramları, Erhan Büyükakıncı (Ed.), Ankara: Adres Yayınları, 714-743.
39. Zahle, Julie (2013) “Holism in The Social Sciences”. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Byron Kaldis (Ed.), California: SAGE Publications, 425-430.