Anadolu’daki Bazı Aziz Kültlerinin Geç Antik Çağ Sonrasında Kuzeybatı Karadeniz’in Sosyoekonomik ve Dini Yapısına Katkısı

Abstract

Geç Antik Çağ’da Anadolu’da birçok dini kültün etkisi görülmektedir. Azizler özellikle, Anadolu ve imparatorluk sınırlarındaki çoğu yerleşimin dini yapısının gelişmesine ve şekillenmesine etki ederek dini yapıların inşa edilmesini hızlandırmıştır. Bu durum kentlerin gelişmesine ve zamanla zenginleşmesine katkı sunmuştur. Farklılık gösteren aziz kültleri, Anadolu’nun diğer bölgelerinde olduğu kadar Karadeniz ve yakın çevresinde de büyük öneme sahiptir. Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde etkin güce sahip olan azizlerin, inanış kapsamında pagan kültleri ve yerleşik inançlarından etkilendikleri belirlenmiştir. Batıdan doğuya Karadeniz Ereğlisi, Safranbolu, Bartın, Amasra, Sinop gibi çeşitli yerlerde görülen; Alypios Stylites, Georgios, Hyakinthos, Hypatius, Anthimus, Niketas, Nikholaos, Philaretos, Phokas, Stephanos ve Theodoros gibi bazı azizlerin, bölgenin dini inanışı, yapılaşması ve sosyoekonomisine katkısı incelenmiştir.

Keywords

• Aziz
• Bizans
• Kuzeybatı Karadeniz
• Kült
• Sosyoekonomi

The Contribution of Some Saint Cults in Anatolia to the Socioeconomy and Religious Structure of the Northwest Black Sea After Late Antiquity

Abstract

The effects of many religious cults are visible in late antiquity in Anatolia. Especially the saints accelerated the construction of religious structures with their effects on the development and shaping of the religious structure of most settlements on the borders of Anatolia and the empire. Over time, this contributed to the development of cities and their enrichment. The differing saint cults have great importance in the Black Sea and its immediate surroundings as well as in other Anatolian regions. It was determined that the saints, who had effective powers in the Black Sea Region, were mostly influenced by pagan cults and the permanent and settled beliefs of regions. It is seen in various places from west to east such as Karadeniz Ereğlisi, Safranbolu, Bartın, Amasra, Sinop; The contribution of saints such as Alypios Stylites, Georgios, Hyakinthos, Hypatius, Anthimus, Niketas, Nikholaos, Philaretos, Phokas, Stephanos and Theodoros to the religious belief, structuring and socioeconomy of the region has been studied.

Keywords

• Saint
• Byzantine
• Northwest Black Sea
• Cult
• Socioeconomy

References

1. Ainsworth, W. F. (1842). Travels and researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, and Armenia by William Francis Ainsworth. Vol I (AMN09801). John W. Parker. London; SALT Research. https://archives.saltresearch.org/handle/123456789/97109
2. Anabolu, M. U. (1988). Batı Anadolu’da Bulunan Demeter ve Khitonien Tanrılar Tapınakları. VI. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Ankara: T. C. Kültür Bakanlığı Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Başkanlığı. 121−140.
3. Anderson, W. (2009). Late Byzantine Occupation of the Castle at Tios, Anatolia Antiqua, XVII. 265−277.
4. Andrews, W. E. (1824). Critical and Historical Review of Fox’s Book of Martyrs, Shewing the Inaccuracies, Falsehoods, and Misrepresentations in that Work of Deception. London: W. E. Andrews.
5. Anonim (1784). Martyrologium Romanum / Gregorii XIII. Venetiis: Typis Francisci ex N. Pezzana.
6. Anonim (1887). A Select Library of Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, (First Series) Volume II: St. Augustine’s City of God and Christian Doctrine (Edit: Philip Schaff). Buffalo: The Christian Literature Company.
7. Anonim (1984). O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs (Trans.: Harry J. Magoulias), Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
8. Anonim (1889). Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire, de géographie, de mythologie et de biographie par une société de professeurs et de savants. Tome: 2. (Edit.: Amédée Descubes). Paris: A. Le Vasseur et Cie.

9. Anonim (2015). The Book of Saints Vol.: 2. London: Aeterna Press.
10. Artemi, E. (2015). Athanasius of Alexandria and “The Kingdom of the Desert” in His Works. Vox Patrum 35, 79−92.
11. Αρτοποτλοσ, Ιωαννησ Γ. (2004). Η Σαφραμπολη Τησ Μικρασ Ασιασ Και Το Προβλημα Tot Ονοματοσ Τησ Κατα Τη Βυζαντινη Περιοδο. Δελτίο Κέντρου Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Τομ. 14, Αθήνα, 9−40.
12. Aydın, A. (2011). Lahit Formlu Rölikerler-Reliquaries of The Sarcophagus Type. İstanbul: AKMED / Koç Üniversitesi Suna-İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü.
13. Barat, C. (2013). La Paphlagonie: Histoire et peuplement. Collection de l’Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l’Antiquité, 1277(1), 151−166. https://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_2013_act_1277_1_3733
14. Belke, K. (1996). Paphlagonien und Honorias, Tabula Imperii Byzantini Band 9, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
15. Bréhier, L. (1916). L’hagiographie byzantine des VIIIe et IXe siècles, hors des limites de l’Empire et en Occident. [Loparev, Vizantijskiia jitiia sviatuich VIIIe-IXe viekov (Vies byzantines des saints des VIIIe et IXe siècles). Journal des savants. 14ᵉ Année, Octobre. 450−465.
16. Bryer, A., & Winfield, D. (1985). The Byzantine monuments and topography of the Pontos. Dumbarton Oaks Studies, Volume 20. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
17. Buchwald, H. H. (1969). The Church of the Archangels in Sige Near Mudania. Wien: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachf.
18. Butler, A. (1841). Vies des pères, des martyrs, et des autres principaux saints. Tome 2, Paris: Mequignon Junior.
19. Butler, R. A. (2015). The Saints Complete Edition. Catholic Way Publishing.
20. Cahen, C. (1984). Osmanlılardan Önce Anadoluda Türkler (Çev.: Yıldız Moran), 2. Baskı, İstanbul: E Yayınları.
21. Chotzakoglou, C. G. (2013). Harbors and Sea-Routes of the Black Sea According To Greek Hagiographical Text. Medieval Ports in North Aegean and the Black Sea. Links to the Maritime Routes of the East. International Symposium Thessalonike (4-6 December 2013) Proceedings (Edit.: Flora Karagianni). Thessalonike: European Centre for Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Monuments. 94−98.
22. Crow, J., & Hill, S. (1995). The Byzantine Fortifications of Amastris in Paphlagonia. Anatolian Studies, 45, 251-265. https://doi.org/10.2307/3642924
23. Darrouzès, J. (1992). “Notes de de littérature et de géographie ecclésiastiques”. Revue des études byzantines, Tome: 50, 87−112.
24. Davidson, A. M. C. (1902). Translations from Lucian. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
25. Delehaye, H. (Edit.) (1902). Synaxarium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae e codice sirmondiano nunc Berolinensi, Brussels: Socios Bollandianos.
26. Delehaye, H. (1923). Les Saint Stylites. Subsidia hagiographica 14. Bruxelles: Société des Bollandistes 24, Paris: Librairie Auguste Picard.
27. Delehaye, H. (1909). Les légendes grecques des saints militaires. Paris: Librairie Alphonse Picard et Fils.
28. Demirci, K. (1985). Dinlerin Dejenerasyonu. İnsan Yayınları.
29. Doublet, G. (1889). Inscriptions de Paphlagonie. Bulletin de correspondance hellénique, 13, 293−319.
30. Drakoulis, D. P. (2012). “Regional Transformations and Settlement Network of the Coastal Pontic Provinces in the Early Byzantine Period”. The Black Sea, Paphlagonia, Pontos and Phrygia in Antiquity Aspects of Archaeology and Ancient History (Edit.: Gocha R. Tsetskhladze), Oxford: BAR International Series 2432, 79−95.
31. Dûring, B. ve Glatz, C. (2010). The Cide Archaeological Project 2009: First Results. Anatolia Antiqua, 18, 203−213.
32. Efthymiadis, S. (Edit.) (2014). The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography: Volume II: Genres and Context. Farnham, UK and Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
33. Ehrman, B. D. (2003). The Apostolic Fathers Volume I (I Clement. II Clement. Ignatius. Polycarp. Didache.), Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
34. Eyice, S. (1965). Küçük Amasra Tarihi ve Eski Eserleri Kılavuzu, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
35. Ferri, S. (1931). Il bios e il martyrion di Hypatius di Gangrai. Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici, 3, 69−103.
36. Filimon, F. (2015). Pillar of the Communities: The Lives of Alypius The Stylite (MA Thesis), Budapest: Central European University.
37. Foss, C. (1991). “Amastris”. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Volume I.-II.-III. (Edit. A. P. Kazhdan), New York: Oxford University Press, 74−75.
38. Foss, C. (2002). Pilgrimage in Medieval Asia Minor. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 56, 129−151. https://doi.org/10.2307/1291859
39. Fourmy, M.-H. ve Leroy, M. (Edit.) (1934). “La vie de St. Philarète”. Byzantion 9, 85−170.
40. Frank, G. (2000). The Memory of the Eyes Pilgrims to Living Saints in Christian Late Antiquity, London: University of California Press.
41. Froehlich, G. ve Schulz, J. (2015). “Sant'lppazio (St. Hypatius von Gangra) Ein süditalienischer Kult um Potenz und Pastinaken”. Geschichte der Urologie, 12. Berlin, 1806−1810.
42. Gökoğlu, A. (1952). Paphlagonia. Kastamonu: Doğrusöz Matbaası.
43. Grotowski, P. L. (2010). Defining the Byzantine Saint-Creating a Message in Orthodox Art. Researchgate, Series Byzantina Studies on Byzantine and Post–Byzantine Art, Volume: 8 (Edit.: Piotr Ł. Grotowski and Sławomir Skrzyniarz), Warsaw. 133−158.
44. Guérin, P. (1888). Les petits bollandistes: vies des saints, Tome 5, Paris: Bloud et Barral.
45. Gür, D., & Gür, F. (2016). Hagios Phokas. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(3), 1−37. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbusos.19654
46. Gür, D. ve Yılmaz, S. (2016). Batı Karadeniz’de Saygı Gören Bazı Azizler Karadeniz Ereğlisi, Filyos, Safranbolu, Amasra, Bartın, Sinop. XX. Uluslararası Ortaçağ Türk Dönemi Kazıları ve Sanat Tarihi Araştırmaları Sempozyumu (2-5 Kasım 2015) (Edit.: Ela Taş), Cilt: I, Sakarya, 228−245.
47. Gür, D. (2019). Kuzeybatı Karadeniz’de Bizans Dönemi Dini Eserler (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
48. Güzel, F. (2018). Gangra (Çankırı) Sinodu. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(2), 96−109.
49. Gwatkin, H. M. (1900). Studies of Arianism, Chiefly Referring to the Character and Chronology of the Reaction Which Followed the Council of Nicæa, London: Deighton Bell and Co. Press.
50. Hasluck, F. W. (1971). “Bithynica”, The Annual of the British School at Athens (Session 1906/1907). Volume: 13, London. 285−308.
51. Head, B. V. (1911). Historia Numorum, a Manual of Greek Numismatics, Edition 2. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press.
52. Hefele, C. J. (1876). A History of the Councils of the Church, From the Original Documents, 236−429, Volume: 2. Edinburg: T. & T. Clark.
53. Iean Thioly, C. (1669). Les nouvelles fleurs des vies des saints, et fêtes de l'année, Tome Premier. France: Avec privilege du roi.
54. Jenkins, D., Alexapoulos, S., Bachrach, D., Couser, J., Davis, S., Hayton, D., & Sterk, A. (Transl.) (2001). The Life of St. George of Amastris (Eng. Translations), America: University of Notre Dame. 1−20.
55. Jones, A. H. M. (1971). The Cities of The Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
56. Kaçar, T. (2008). Early Christianity in the Black Sea: An Examination of the Literary Evidence. Colloquium Anatolicum, VII. İstanbul: Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü. 197−216.
57. Kan-Şahin, G. (2019). Bir Anadolu Eyaleti Olarak Honorias. Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi, 14(27), 11−42.
58. Kaya, M. (2019). Çankırılı Bir Hristiyan Azizi: Hypatius. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 79−94.
59. Kazhdan, A. ve Ševčenko, N. P. (1991). “Phocas”. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Volume 3, (Edit.: Alexander Kazhdan), New York: Oxford University Press. 1666−1667.
60. Kazhdan, A. (1991). “George of Amastris”. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Edit.: Alexander Kazhdan), New York: Oxford University Press. 837.
61. Kazhdan, A. (1999). A History of Byzantine Literature, 650-850. Athens: National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute for Byzantine Research.
62. King, C. (2008). Karadeniz (Çev. Zülal Kılıç), İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi.
63. Laflı, E., & Kan Şahin, G. (2012). Terra Sigillata and Red-Slipped Ware from Southwestern Paphlagonia. Anatolia Antiqua, 20, 45−120.
64. Laflı, E. & Kan-Şahin, G. (2015). Middle Byzantine Ceramics From Southwestern Paphlagonia. Anatolia Antiqua, Vol.: 23, 63−149.
65. Laflı, E. (2006). “A Roman Rock-Cut Cult Niche at Paphlagonian Hadrianoupolis”. 24. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Cilt: 2, Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Dösimm Basimevi, 43−66.
66. Laiou, A. E. ve Morrisson, C. (2007). The Byzantine Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67. Leonhard, R. (1915). Paphlagonia: Reisen und Forschungen im nördlichen Kleinasien, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen).
68. MacMullen, R.. (1997). Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries. New Haven: Yale University Press.
69. Mango, C. A. (2004). A fake inscription of the Empress Eudocia and Pulcheria’s relic of Saint Stephen. Nea Rhome, 1, 23−34.
70. Mango, C. (2005). The Meeting-Place of the First Ecumenical Council and the Church of the Holy Fathers at Nicaea. Δελτίον Της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 27−34. https://doi.org/10.12681/dchae.425
71. Marek, C. (1993). Stadt, Ära und Territorium in Pontus-Bithynia und Nord-Galatia, Istanbuler Forschungen, Band 39, Tübingen: Wasmuth.
72. Mayer, W. (Trans.) (2006). On Saint Phocas. In The Cult of the Saints: Select Homilies and Letters. New York: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press.
73. McGreer, E., Nesbitt, J., & Oikonomidès, N. (2001). Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 4: The East. Washington D. C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
74. Metcalfe, W. (1920). Gregory Thaumaturgus Address to Origen, Translations of Christian Literature, Series: 1, Greek Texts, New York: The Macmillan Company.
75. Mordtmann, A. D. (1925). Anatolien / Skizzen und Reisebriefe aus Kleinasie (1850-1859) (Edit.: F. Babinger.) Hannover: Orienbuchhandlung Heinz Lafaire.
76. Moreri, L. (1732). Le grand dictionnaire historique ou le mélange curieux de l’histoire sacrée et profane, Tome 1, Paris: Jacques Vincent.
77. Neale, J. M. (Edit.:) (2002). The Liturgies of SS. Mark, James, Clement, Chrysostom, and Basil, and the Church of Malabar, New Jersey: Georgias Press.
78. Oikonomidès, N. (1986a). Le dédoublement de Saint Théodore et les villes d'Euchaita et d'Euchaneia. Analecta Bollandiana, Volume: 104, 327-335.
79. Oikonomidès, N. (1986b). A Collection of Dated Byzantine Lead Seals, Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
80. Ötüken, Y. (1991). St. Nicholas Churches in Anatolia and Thrace. Erol Atalay Memorial (Edit: Hasan Malay), İzmir, 123−130.
81. Özdemir, Ü. (2005). Mencilis Mağarası. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 13, 135-150.
82. Öztürk, B. (2013). Herakleia Pontica (Zonguldak-Karadeniz Ereğli) Antik Kenti Epigrafik Çalışmaları ve Tarihsel Sonuçları, I. Uluslararası Karadeniz Kültür Kongresi International Conference on The Black Sea Regional Culture 06-09 Ekim 2011 Sinop (Edit.: Nuray Türker, Gülgün Köroğlu, Önder Deniz). Karabük: Karabük Üniversitesi, 505−528.
83. Papadakis, A. (1991). Gangra, Local Concil of. Içinde A. P. Kazhdan, A.-M. M. Talbot, A. Cutler, T. E. Gregory, & N. P. Sevcenko (Ed.), The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium (ss. 821−822). Oxford University Press.
84. Percival, H. R. (1900). The Seven Ecumenical Councils of The Undivided Church. New York: The Christian Literature Company.
85. Plinius. (2001). Epistulae, 10. (Genç Plinius’un Anadolu Mektupları), (Latinceden Çev.: Çiğdem Dürüşken ve Erendiz Özbayoğlu). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
86. Попов, Г. В. ve Рындина, А. В. (1979). .Живопись и Прикладное Искусство Твери. XIV–XVI века. Москва: Наука.
87. Quirini-Poplawski, R. (2014). “Seaside Shrines in the Late Mediaeval Black Sea Basin. Topography and Selected Historical and Art Historical Questions”. The Holy Portolano The Sacred Geography of Navigation in the Middle Ages. Fribourg Colloquium (Edit.: Bacci, Michèle and Rohde, Martin), Germany: De Gruyter, 95−120.
88. Ramsay, S. W. M. (1890). The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. John Murray.
89. Ramsay, W. M. (1904). The letters to the seven churches of Asia and their place in the plan of The Apocalypse. Grand Rapids: MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library
90. Ramsay, W. M. (1960). Anadolu’nun Tarihi Coğrafyası (Çeviri: Mihri Pektaş), Ankara: Milli Eğitim Basımevi.
91. Rapp, C. (2005). Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity: The Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age of Transition, Berkeley: University of California Press.
92. Ritter, M. (2015). “The End of Late Antiquity in Paphlagonia: Disurbanisation from a Comparative Perspective”. Geographica Historica-Band 32, Landscape Dynamics and Settlement Patterns in Northern Anatolia during the Roman and Byzantine Period (Edit. Kristina Winther-Jacobsen and Lâtife Summerer). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 119−133.
93. Roberts, A. ve Donaldson, J. (Edit.) (1883). Ante-Nicene Fathers Latin Christianity: The Writings of Gregory Thaumaturgus, Dionysius of Alexandria, and Archelaus (İngilizceye Çev: S. D. F. Salmond), Volume: XX, Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark.
94. Rosenwein, B. H. (2018). Reading the Middle Ages: Sources from Europe, Byzantium, and the Islamic World. Toronto University Press.
95. Ruge, W. (1901). “Dadybra”. Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen altertumswissenschaft neue bearbeitung unter mitwirkung zahlreicher fachgenossen heraüsgegeben, Band: IV. 1980.
96. Ruggieri, V. (1991). Byzantine Religious Architecture (582−867): Its History and Structural Elements, Roma: Pont Institutum Studiorum Orientalium.
97. Ryden, L. (2002). The Life of St. Philaretos The Merciful Written by His Grandson Niketas: A Critical Edition with Introduction, Translation, Notes, And Indices, Sweden: Uppsala.
98. Sakaoğlu, N. (1987). Amasra’nın Üç Bin Yılı, İstanbul: Zonguldak Valiliği Yayınları.
99. Schaff, P. (1998). History of The Christian Church, The Electronic Bible Society, Dallas TX.
100. Schaff, P. ve Wace, H. (2011). The Seven Ecumenical Councils. New York: Benediction Classics.
101. Schultze, V. (1922). Altchristliche Städte und Landschaften, II. Kleinasien. Gütersloh, C. Bertelsmann Verlag.
102. Sharp, R. S. (2010). The Outside Image: A Comparative Study of External Architectural Display on Middle Byzantine Structures on The Black Sea Littoral (Doctor of Philosophy Thesis), University of Birmingham.
103. Soykan, A. N. (2018). Bursa, Kumyaka (Sige), Başmelekler (Archangeloi) Kilisesi, [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
104. Sozomen. Ecclesiastical History (Book III: 14- IV: 24) (Translated: Chester D. Hartranft). From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2 (Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace) (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890), Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight.
105. Starodubcev, T. (2013). “Holy Gardener and Holy Bishop: The Images and Cult of Holy Martyrs Named Phokas- Свети вртлар и свети епископ: представе и поштовање светих мученика са именом Фока”. Zograf, Volume: 37, 37−53.
106. Thomas, S. F. (2000). Butler’s Lives of The Saints New Full Edition September, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press.
107. Tiefenbach, H. (2012). Anadolu’nun Azizleri, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
108. Van de Vorst, C. (1911). Saint Phocas. Analecta Bollandiana, Volume: 30, 252−295.
109. Vasiliev, A. A. (1946). The Russian Attack on Constantinople in 860. George Banta Publishing Company.
110. Vasiliev, A. A. (Edit.) (1900). “Zhitie Filareta Milostivogo”, Izvestija Russkogo Archeologičeskago Instituta Konstantinopole 5, 64−86.
111. Vikan, G. (2007). Byzantine Pilgrimage Art. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Collection Publications.
112. Walter, C. (1999). Theodore, archetype of the warrior saint. Revue Des Études Byzantines, 57(1), 163−210. https://doi.org/10.3406/rebyz.1999.1970
113. Wittek, P. (1970). Bizanslılardan Türklere geçen yer adları. Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1969 (Çev.: Mihin Eren), Cilt: 1, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 193−240.
114. Yılmaz, S. (2021). Bizans Sanatı’nda Öteki Dünya Anlayışı (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sanat Tarihi Anabilim Dalı.
115. Zuckerman, C. (1988). The reign of Constantine V in the miracles of St. Theodore the recruit (BHG 1764). Revue Des Études Byzantines, 46(1), 191−210. https://doi.org/10.3406/rebyz.1988.2230